Pig Value Chain Study on Disease Transmission in Cambodia

Transcription

1 Pig Value Chain Study on Disease Transmission in Cambodia

2 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO s endorsement of users views, products or services is not implied in any way. Acknowledgement The presented study was funded by the European Union and implemented under the FAO project component (OSRO/RAS/901/EC) of a Regional cooperation program on highly pathogenic and emerging diseases in South and Southeast Asia. The Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) team in the Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP) and Cambodia has supported and facilitated this study. The authors would like to thank all persons such as smallholder pig farmers, small, medium and large farms, traders and middlemen, owners of the slaughterhouses and their workers, the retailers and butchers to dedicate some of their valuable time to interviews while they were busy doing their business. Thanks also go to the study team members - Mr. Suy Mon, Mr. But Bun Makara, Mr. Chea Cheang Ly, Mr. Lim Sambo, Mr. Vor Sina, Ms. Keo Srey Moch, Mr. Chiv Phiny, Mr. Pok Samkol and Dr. Khieu Borin. Special thanks go to Dr. Than Sophannara who facilitated the meeting with official traders and also thanks go to all veterinary officers in the surveyed provinces who facilitated meetings. For a correspondence, please contact: Jan Hinrichs Animal Health Economist Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease (ECTAD) FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP) 39 Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200, THAILAND jan.hinrichs@fao.org ECTAD Homepage: 2 P a g e

3 Pig Value Chain Study on Disease Transmission in Cambodia Edited by: Khieu Borin 1 & Jan Hinrichs 2 1 Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development PO Box 2423, Phnom Penh 3, Cambodia. 2 Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease (ECTAD) FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Bangkok, P a g e

4 Table of contents Summary... 8 Swine production... 8 Smallholder pig farmers... 8 Small, medium and large farms... 9 Traders and middlemen Slaughterhouses Butchers Introduction Objectives of the study Materials and methods III.1. Development of questionnaires III.2. Team formation and training III.3. Sampling III.3. Statistical analysis Pig producers IV.1. Smallholder pig producers IV.1.1. General information of smallholder producers IV.1.2. Experience in pig production and raising systems IV Pig production and feeding IV Type of pig production IV Current number of pigs and breeds IV Last batch of pigs kept according to type of production IV Most important inputs for pig production IV Feed resources for pig production IV.1.3. Diseases and vaccination IV Vaccination of pigs IV Disease outbreaks in pigs IV.1.4. Pig production cost IV Breeding sows IV Fattening pigs IV.1.5. Pig production supply chain IV Access to breeding stock IV Number of pigs sold IV Form of selling pigs IV Contract/arrangement made in selling pigs IV Reasons for selling pigs IV Problems with the marketing of pigs IV.1.6. Awareness of market information IV Checking market price and sources of information IV Persons set selling price IV.1.7. Awareness of services from Village Animal Health Workers (VAHWs) P a g e

5 IV.1.8. General interest on pig production IV.2. Small, medium and large farms IV.2.1. General information regarding the respondents IV.2.2. Information regarding the farm IV.2.3. Farm status IV Years of operation, type and production system IV Number of pigs and breed IV Type of feed and sources IV Status of pig to sell/buy and sow performance IV Contract farming practices IV.2.4. Supply and market chain IV Access to stock IV Source of boars for mating IV Number of pigs sold and their destination IV Price difference according to type of pigs and weight IV Seasonality demand of pigs IV Market information, sources and price IV Pig delivery and payment mode IV.2.5. Pig diseases IV.2.6. Waste management, water sources and inspection IV Waste management and water sources IV Farm inspection IV.2.7. General interest, difficulty and suggestion on pig production Traders and middlemen IV.3.1. Traders and middlemen profile IV.3.2. Business status of traders and middlemen IV Years of operation and family members involved IV Situation of pigs trading IV Position of traders and middlemen in pig market chain IV Demand and supply of pigs IV License for pig trading IV Types of license IV.3.3. Pigs supply chain IV Pig supplies IV Sale of pigs IV Access of pig weight IV Criteria for buying pigs IV Persons set price and mode of payment IV Number of pigs and breed purchased in previous month IV Price of pigs based on weight and breed bought in previous month IV Arrangement and seasonal demand of finishing pigs IV Checking before buying pigs P a g e

6 IV Arrangement for sale of pigs IV Numbers of pigs die during transportation in previous month IV Pig transport and frequency of cleaning and disinfection IV Documents requirement for transporting pigs IV.3.4. Trading partners IV Business dealers IV Trading association in Cambodia IV.3.5. Interest in pig trading Slaughterhouses IV.4.1. Information of slaughterhouses IV.4.2. Slaughterhouse/business status IV.4.3. Pig supply chain IV Suppliers and relative share of pig for slaughtering IV Type of vehicles owned and frequency of cleaning and disinfecting IV Assess pig value and arrangement with suppliers IV Number of pigs and live weight according to breeds IV Frequency of slaughtering pigs and number of heads slaughtered per day IV Carcass distribution and delivery IV Persons set selling price and mode of payment IV Seasonal demand of pork IV.4.4. Food safety issues IV Awareness of standard and penalty IV Performance of inspection/test for diseases IV.4.5. Waste management Butchers IV.5.1. Information regarding to butcher IV.5.2. Business status of the butcher IV.5.3. Pig and pig product supply chain IV Source of meat supply IV Sale of meat IV Amount of meat sold and prices IV Price of carcass and consumers' preference IV Price differed for meat classification IV Price set and arrangement of supply of pig meat IV Market information of pig meat and its sources IV Pig meat demand IV.5.4. Food safety in pig meat and meat products Conclusions References P a g e

7 List of figures FIGURE 1: BEST, MODERATE AND DIFFICULT TIME TO TRADE CULLED SOWS FIGURE 2: BEST, MODERATE AND DIFFICULT TIME TO TRADE CULLED BOARS FIGURE 3: BEST, MODERATE AND DIFFICULT TIME TO TRADE WEANING PIGLETS FIGURE 4: BEST, MODERATE AND DIFFICULT TIME TO TRADE FATTENING PIGS FIGURE 5: BEST, MODERATE AND DIFFICULT TIME TO TRADE FINISHED PIGS FIGURE 6: MOVEMENT OF PIGS TO PHNOM PENH AND SIEM REAP FIGURE 7: MOVEMENT OF PIGS WITHIN SELECTED PROVINCES FIGURE 8: ACCESS OF PIG WEIGHT BY TRADERS/MIDDLEMEN AND OFFICIAL IMPORTERS FIGURE 9: CRITERIA FOR BUYING CULLED SOWS AND BOARS BY TRADERS/MIDDLEMEN AND OFFICIAL IMPORTERS (MULTIPLE ANSWERS) FIGURE 10: CRITERIA FOR BUYING WEANING PIGLETS BY TRADERS/MIDDLEMEN AND OFFICIAL IMPORTERS (MULTIPLE ANSWERS) FIGURE 11: CRITERIA FOR BUYING FATTENING PIGS BY TRADERS/MIDDLEMEN AND OFFICIAL IMPORTERS (MULTIPLE ANSWERS) FIGURE 12: CRITERIA FOR BUYING FINISHING PIGS BY TRADERS/MIDDLEMEN AND OFFICIAL IMPORTERS (MULTIPLE ANSWERS) FIGURE 13: PRICES OF LIVE PIGS FIGURE 14: LOCATION OF TARGETED SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN PHNOM PENH FIGURE 15: LOCATIONS OF TARGETED SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN SIEM REAP FIGURE 16: PRICES OF CARCASS FROM SLAUGHTERHOUSES TO CONSUMPTION CENTERS FIGURE 17: MOVEMENT OF PIGS TO SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN PHNOM PENH FIGURE 18: MOVEMENT OF PIGS TO SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN SIEM REAP FIGURE 19: COMPARISON OF OVERALL PREFERENCE RATING OF CONSUMERS ON THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CARCASS VERSUS PHNOM PENH AND SIEM REAP P a g e

8 Summary The objective of this study is to understand the pig value chains and associated disease transmission risks. Expected study outputs were: (i) characterized traditional and commercial pig production systems, (ii) identified trading routes and volumes. Data collection via focus group discussions and individual interviews were conducted in seven provinces and Phnom Penh during November and December Questionnaire based interviews were conducted with 210 smallholder pig farmers, 47 small, medium and large farms, 80 traders or middlemen and 120 butchers. Swine production The analysis of swine production is stratified by the pig herd size: Smallholders with less than 10 pigs, small farms (10-50 pigs), small to medium scale farms ( pigs) and large farms with more than 200 pigs. Smallholder pig farmers The majority of smallholder producers keep crossbreed pigs (95%) in full confinement. The average herd comprises of 1-16 fattening pigs and 1-6 sows. Only a few farmers keep boars. Feed was indicated as the most important input followed by animal pen building material, breeds and labor. The majority of smallholder producers feed their pigs with concentrates in combination with agricultural by-products which are mainly rice bran and broken rice, forages and rice wine residue. About 70% of the interviewed farmers indicated they had used vaccination to protect their pigs against diseases. Vaccinations were more most frequently used to protect against Classical Swine Fever, pasteurellosis and Salmonella. However, 60% of farms experienced outbreaks of Classical Swine Fever, Salmonella and Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS). Symptoms are either treated by the owners or by Village Animal Health Workers (VAHW). When pigs do not recover they are either quickly sold to middlemen, one third is burned and buried and some are cooked for food. When cooking dead or sick pigs they are mostly consumed within the family and shared with neighbors. Each sow has 2 production cycles per year and the total expense per sow per year is 2,829,219 Riel for feed, vaccines, drugs, pen, boar service and castration of piglets. Sale of piglets and culled sows results in an annual revenue of 5,545,094 Riel. Piglets for fattening are sourced from neighboring farms within the villages (49%), from their own sows, from outside the village (29%) or via middlemen (11%). In 2011, 67% of sow keepers, sold on average 11.3 weaned piglets with an average price of 200,000 Riel per piglet. 8 P a g e

9 Finished pigs were sold at an average price of 730,000 Riel per head. The majority of farmers (70%) marketed their pigs via middlemen or traders and 27% sold directly to slaughterhouses. Some pigs were slaughtered within the village for self consumption in social events, such as weddings, village parties, death ceremonies. Pigs are transported by motorbike to collection points where they are assembled for further transport in pick-up cars or trucks with a loading capacity of pigs. Pig market price volatility was indicated as a major concern when marketing pigs. Other concerns were: the reliability of market price information, pig imports and limited choice of available traders or middlemen. Most smallholder farmers (80%) raise pigs as an easy means of saving (family bank). Small, medium and large farms Large farms (LF) employ up to 100 employees and small to medium scale farms (SMF) employ up to 12 persons in addition to family members. The majority of LFs are established in isolated places while SMF are situated near residential areas or within other business compounds, such as rice mills. All LF and SMF farms are private and their pigs are fully confined. Most SMF and all LF farms keep sows. They commonly keep either crossbreed or exotic breeds. On average, each SMF farms keeps 13 sows and each LF farm keeps 1,250 sows. All LFs keep boars and few SMF farms keep 1-3 boars. The SMF farms produced 7-70 piglets while the LF farms produced 450-2,000 piglets per year. On average, a LF (SMF) produced 507 (21) weaned piglets per year. LFs cull their sows at 7 litters and SMFs at 6.7 litters. The average litter size is 10.3 piglets for LF and 9.24 piglets for SMF. 68.4% of SMF and 22.2% of LF produce sufficient replacement stock. For those who do not produce enough own replacement of stock, they mostly buy their piglets from other companies (71%). The average distance to get stock is 112 km for SMF and 196 km for the LFs. About 2.9 times per year the SMF farms get 29 piglets and the LF farms purchase on average 807 piglets each time. The distance to get the sows is 203 km for SMFs and 100 km for LFs. Few SMF buy 1-2 boars about 1-3 times per year from Thailand within the distance of 300 km. On average, each SMF sells 7 times per year about 27 weaned piglets per time while LFs sells 350 weaned piglets per time. SMF (LF) sell on average 35 (502) finished pigs per year at an average price of US$ LFs sell finished pigs to traders or middlemen and their integrator company, while SMFs sell to slaughterhouses and traders or middlemen. 9 P a g e

10 Demand for pigs is high during festivities, such as Khmer or Chinese New Year and Pchum Bin. The fish harvesting season between December and February demand for pigs is low. The variation in number of pigs sold between these two seasons is relatively small. Most SMFs and LFs vaccinate their pigs against Classical Swine Fever, PRRS, and FMD and some vaccinate their pigs against Salmonella, Pasteurellosis, and Aujesky. During disease outbreaks about 16 pigs died in SMFs and 24 pigs died in LFs. Most SMFs treat sick pigs by themselves, while the LFs are assisted by veterinarians of the integrator company. SMFs commonly sell sick pigs to traders and middlemen while LFs sell them to slaughterhouses. The majority of interviewed farms indicated pig diseases, high feed cost, lack of capital to expand the business and lack of skill as main problems. Interviewed farms suggestions to improve their pig production business are: stabilizing pig prices, banning pig imports and improving veterinary and extension services. Traders and middlemen Almost 90% of all respondents consider pig trading as an important business activity. Nearly 50% of all respondents have more than 10 years experience in pig trading. The best time to trade finished pigs is from January to April due to high demand for pig meat. Unfavorable trade conditions are from October to December due to difficult road conditions to transport pigs and low demand for pig meat due to the availability of fish. Nearly half of the respondents slaughter pigs and a few own slaughterhouses. Interviewed traders are selling an annual volume of 464, ,620 pigs in Phnom Penh and 62,200-68,900 pigs in Siem Reap, respectively. The majority of traders collect pigs by themselves but some through a network consisting of an average of 7 collectors. Official importers arrange their pig supply with support of a company in Thailand. Most traders have their own targeted supply areas. Almost half of the traders have a license for trading pigs and this license is issued by different institutions under MAFF. Traders buy on average 9 culled sows per month. The culled sows are mainly sourced from smallholders and transported by motorbike with a load of 2 heads per time. Only a few traders are buying culled boars or weaned piglets. The average buying volume 181 weaned piglets per month with are also transported at average batch sizes of 8.72 heads on a motorbike. Nearly 80% of all interviewed traders and official importers are involved in trading finished pigs. Traders source finished pigs mainly from smallholders but some have access to supplies from contract farms. Each trader buys on average 490 heads per month while traders in Phnom 10 P a g e

11 Penh purchase about 7,500 heads. Finished pigs are mainly transported with pickup cars or minibuses. Traders mostly sell culled sows, boars and finished pigs to slaughterhouses. Some traders also slaughter by themselves. Pig weight is commonly estimated via visual inspection taking into consideration the body condition, breed, bell and back fat. Cash is the main mode of payment. The price is high for pigs with less than 100 kg live weight. Almost all traders indicated they would check the pigs health before buying. However, 41.8% of interviewees indicated they would buy low non healthy pigs at low prices and try to sell them quickly to slaughterhouses or meat processors. More than 50% of the interviewed traders own motorbikes and 46.7% of them clean these after each transport but almost never disinfect them. 21% of the interviewed traders own trucks and about two thirds of them indicated they usually clean their truck before loading pigs. Remorks (motor bike trailer) are owned by 19.5% of the interviewed traders. A few traders own pickup cars or minibuses. Half of them never disinfect their vehicle while some do it once a month. 52% of respondents had been asked by authorities at least once to stop their vehicles. This had most commonly be done by provincial or district vets and by the police. Trader indicated that common reasons for being stopped by authorities are to make a payment and to show the animal movement certificate. Common problems indicated by traders are a lack of capital and difficult road conditions. Their most common requests are to stabilize prices, to improve road condition and to establish a pig traders' association. Slaughterhouses The slaughterhouse business is generally inherited within the family. Each slaughterhouse employs on average 11 persons. All interviewed slaughterhouses have official permits from the Department of Animal Health and Production (DAHP) in Phnom Penh and Provincial Department of Agriculture (PDA) in Siem Reap. The average size of slaughterhouses in Siem Reap is 2,752 m 2 and in Phnom Penh it is 5,074 m 2. The coverage area for meat distribution in Siem Reap is 389 km 2 and 678 km 2 for Phnom Penh. All slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh are established next to residential buildings. 11 P a g e

12 In Siem Reap, 40.2 heads are slaughtered per day on average in each slaughterhouse while in Phnom Penh 146 are slaughtered per day and slaughterhouse. All interviewed slaughterhouses are rented to 5-10 traders who slaughter about pigs each. Almost all slaughterhouses provide space for animal quarantine. The majority of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh act as wholesalers and retailers while slaughterhouses in Siem Reap act mainly retailers. Most slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh only slaughter pigs and only a few also slaughter cattle. None of the slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh buy culled sows but most slaughterhouses in Siem Reap buy on average 9 culled sows per month from smallholders in the district around Krong Siem Reap. The supply of finished pigs for slaughtering in Siem Reap is mainly from smallholders and only a few are source from large or contract farms. In Phnom Penh slaughterhouses did not show any pattern with the regard to the farming system of sourced finished pigs. Each slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh buys on average 4,580 finished pigs. The slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh mainly use trucks (60 pigs/truck) and pickup cars (10 pigs/pickup car). In Siem Reap, remork and motorbikes are commonly used and on average each loads 4 pigs. Half of the slaughterhouses indicated that they weigh pigs and the other half also does visual inspection in addition. The majority of interviewed slaughterhouses slaughter pigs daily. Each slaughterhouse slaughters heads in Phnom Penh and heads in Siem Reap. Most slaughterhouses in Siem Reap sell carcasses to retailers and consumers. The slaughterhouse sells carcasses at different prices for different customers but the highest price is achieved when selling to consumers. All slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh sell the majority of carcasses to wholesalers and a few carcasses to retailers within Phnom Penh. The average price of carcasses sold to retailers is 12,667 riel/kg and 12,167 riel/kg for carcasses sold to wholesalers. Most slaughterhouses do conventional inspection of pigs before slaughter. If pigs are found sick, they are put in quarantine or rejected for slaughter and reported to veterinary authorities. In addition all slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap are inspected by veterinarians twice a day. All slaughterhouses cook blood before selling it to their clients but bones are sold fresh. More than half of the slaughterhouses drain excreta into a blocked water body or low ground while others use a waste water system. Common difficulties indicated by slaughterers are the lack of modern equipment for slaughtering pigs especially Phnom Penh, lack of buyers in Phnom Penh and lack of pigs for slaughter in Siem Reap. 12 P a g e

13 Butchers Most interviewed butchers are retailers but some are also wholesalers. More than half of the interviewed butchers also slaughter pigs by themselves in addition to sourcing from slaughterhouses and wholesalers. Butchers about 11,500-16,500 riel/kg when buying from wholesalers. All interviewed butchers sell meat directly to consumers and some of them also sell to meat processors, to meat retailers, to meat wholesalers and to restaurants. The carcass price is 14,000-20,000 riel/kg when sold to consumers, 11,000-18,000 riel/kg when sold to retailers and 14,000-18,000 riel/kg when sold to restaurants. While consumer pay cash, while processors buy on credit and retailers or restaurants can buy on credit or pay cash. Each butcher sells on average 98.4 kg of carcass and slaughter byproducts per day which results in generating a total revenue of 1,499,000 riel. Within the total volume sold, 85% is carcass and the remaining are internal tract, blood, head and legs. The price for a whole set of carcass is 12,500-20,000 riel/kg, 13,400 riel/kg for internal tract, 2,176 riel/kg for blood and 10,240 riel/kg for head and legs. The price of lean meat is 15,000-22,000 riel/kg, the price of pork chop is 17,100 riel/kg, the average price of meat with fat is 15,300 riel/kg and the price of intestinal tract including liver, heart, lung, spleen or kidney is 15,000 riel/kg. The bacon and rib are sold for 11,000-18,000 and 10,000-20,000 riel/kg respectively. Among 12 types of meat, lean meat and pork chop are the most preferred meat by customers. The price of meat differs by productions systems including traditional rearing and commercial systems. All interviewed butchers have verbal arrangements for the supply of carcass such as timely delivery, quality, disease freedom, etc. All interviewed butchers receive market information mostly from other butchers, whole sellers and slaughterhouses. During regular demand periods each butcher can sell kg/day at an average price of 16,600 riel/kg. Most butchers inspect pig meat by observing and looking at meat and some might also touch the meat and check the odor. 61.7% of butchers use leftover meat or carcass for processing into sausages and 66.7% refrigerate meat for sale during the next day. 13 P a g e

14 Introduction Pigs play an important role in providing income for families in the rural areas which allows them to pay school children, saving bank, maximizing the use of farm agricultural products and by-products, accumulating resources for traditional and cultural festivities and providing job opportunity for people in the dry season especially women. The demand for pork has been increasing rapidly due to rising income and urbanization. In Cambodia, livestock contributed about 7.6% of the GDP in 2002, and the total value of animal production was about USD 385 million (FAO 2005). The improvement of the Cambodian economy and the population growth lead to higher demand for meat including pork, beef and chicken meat. According to MAFF 2011, the population of pig peaked in 2006 (2.74 million heads) and since then has declined year by year. Compared with 2006 the yield of pigs in 2010 has declined by 25%. This decline is due to several factors including the decline of smallholder and small pig producers (bankruptcy of their pig production due to diseases outbreaks and low return from sale), the unstable price of pigs (seasonal fish harvest and importation of pigs both official and unofficial), high input costs (feed and drugs), availability of good quality and healthy weaning piglets. The supply of pigs to urban centers still largely relies on smallholder pig production but due to supply shortage the government provides license to import pigs from Thailand and Vietnam. From local production, the country might be able to supply about 60% of the total demand of pork in the urban centers especially Phnom Penh. In addition, the outbreak of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) in 2010 has even greater impact on the domestic supply of pigs. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO 2011) reported that pig production in 2010 has declined by 3.24% compared with Livestock intensification around Asia has also heightened the risks (both in terms of probability and severity) of the spread of trans-boundary animal diseases. Continental Southeast Asia is increasingly linked to other parts of Asia through both regulated and unregulated livestock trade. A virulent strain (serotype) of FMD traveled on a disease pathway between provinces in Southern China and Southern Vietnam, leading to one minor, and one severe, Vietnamese market collapse, in 2005 and , respectively (Psilos, 2007). Again it has happened in a similar pathway for the PRRS, where the impact was greatly destroying the smallholder production in Cambodia in The Government of Cambodia requires that the movement of livestock across provincial boundaries have a certificate of health but inspection and checking of animal health it is still rather just limited and weak due to several factors including human resources, facilities for quarantine, intervention from high ranking officers in the government etc. Common swine diseases reported in Cambodia include Classical Swine Fever (CSF), Erysipelas, pasteurellosis, salmonellosis and Foot and Mouth Disease. The Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) and Swine Influenza Virus (SIV) are also present in the country. 14 P a g e

15 The government is supplying vaccines to control diseases in large animals but not on pigs and poultry. However, vaccines for most diseases mentioned above can be found at the shops. Pig value chain actors include producers (smallholder pig producers, small, medium and large pig farms), collectors/middlemen, traders, slaughterhouses, whole sellers, retailers/butchers. The number of collectors/middlemen and traders dealing with pigs varies by provinces. The collectors/middlemen might source their supply of live pigs from various communities taking them to a collecting point where traders or sometime slaughterhouse owners load pigs into their pick-up car or small truck to the slaughterhouse. The slaughterhouse owners can play the roles as traders and also whole sellers. In each slaughterhouse, there are several groups of people who rent a place to slaughter pigs. This meat can be bought by retailers/butchers for sale and distribution to restaurants. Both, Phnom Penh and Siem Reap are considered major consumption centers for pig meat and are chosen for this study to further understand the movement of pigs and associated disease transmission risks. This study will document the trading routes from producers via traders and slaughterhouses and to the consumption centers. The approach was to trace back the trading routes and volumes from slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap to the provinces, including a characterization of the traditional and commercial pig production systems. A combination of classical value chain studies and epidemiological risk assessments will be conducted following the stepwise approach described in the guideline document (FAO 2012): "A practical aid for the design and implementation of livestock value chain studies for Highly Pathogenic & Emerging Disease (HPED) control". Objectives of the study To identify people, groups and organizations in the pig value chains from the producers, traders, processors and through to the retailers; To identify the different categories of pigs and products being traded, e.g. commercial breeds, native breeds, piglets, boars, sows, fattened pigs; To map routes, trading points and volumes for the supply of pigs into Phnom Penh and Siem Reap markets; To assess the profitability of pig traders; To describe the informal rules and linkages by which the actors in the supply chains are coordinated or driven to change practices; To identify practices that tend to increase risk for transmission of HPEDs. 15 P a g e

16 Materials and Methods III.1. Development of questionnaires Five types of questionnaires including i) smallholder farmers, ii) small, medium and large commercial pig farms, iii) traders including official importers and middlemen, iv) slaughterhouses and v) butchers/retailers were developed. The questionnaires were developed by CelAgrid team in consultation and with inputs from Dr. Jan Hinrichs, Animal Health Economist FAO RAP in Bangkok and Dr. Lotfi Allal, FAO Phnom Penh. The information collected for each questionnaire is as below: - Smallholder producer: production and feeding; diseases/vaccination; production cost; production supply chain; awareness of market information; village animal health workers; and general interest on pig production. - Small, medium and large commercial pig farms: information regarding the farms; business status including either contract farming or no; supply and market chain; waste management; and general interest on pig production. - Middlemen and trader: general information regarding the middlemen/traders; business status; product supply chain; trading partner and general interest in the trading business. - Slaughterhouse: general information regarding the slaughterhouse; business status; pig supply chain; food safety issue; waste management; general interest on business. - Butchers/retailers: general information regarding the butchers; business status; pig product supply chain; and food safety in pig meat and meat product. The drafts of the questionnaires were pre tested in Phnom Penh and Kandal to check the flow of questions and at the same time to train enumerators. III.2. Team formation and training The study team was divided into two sub-groups of which each has 4 team members (1 team leader and 3 enumerators). Each of the sub-groups was led by two senior researchers Mr. Pok Samkol and Mr. Chiv Phiny, while the 6 enumerators are Mr. Suy Mon, Mr. But Bun Makara, Mr. Chea Cheang Ly, Mr. Lim Sambo, Mr. Vor Sina and Ms. Keo Srey Moch. All enumerators had experience in conducting surveys with CelAgrid. Besides the team of data collection in the field, the survey also recruited a supervisor Dr. Khieu Borin. His role was to monitor and check the data collection, entry and analysis and report writing. The task division for each team is as below: Group 1: Phnom Penh, Takeo, Kampong Speu and Prey Veng. Group 2: Siem Reap, Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang and Kampong Thom. The team members have been trained on questionnaires before starting the field work. They all participated in pre testing of questionnaires to make sure that they all understand and see the flow of questions. The team met the chiefs of OAHP in each province for courtesy and at the same time informing them about the purpose of this study. The team also consulted with 16 P a g e

17 them about the selection of the location of the slaughterhouses, traders, pig farms, etc. As regular practice, the team met in every afternoon to discuss their concerns and problems, while the team leaders reviewed and checked the questionnaires for the information gap. III.3. Sampling The study is conducted in seven provinces and Phnom Penh of Cambodia (Table 1). Phnom Penh and Siem Reap are considered the important consumption centers for pig meat due to the density of population and tourists. A total of 210 smallholder pig farmers (Picture 1) and 47 small (Picture 2), medium and large farms in 7 provinces, 80 traders/middlemen (Picture 3) and 120 butchers (Picture 4) were interviewed. Beside pig traders and middlemen the team also interviewed with 2 official importers who trade pigs from Thailand into Cambodia. Also 12 slaughterhouses in Siem Reap and Phnom Penh were interviewed. Table 1: Sample sizes of the pig value chain study in 8 provinces and city of Cambodia. No Provinces Slaughterhouse Butchers Middlemen traders Official importers Commercial farms Smallmedium farms Smallholder farmers 1 Phnom Penh Prey Veng Takeo Kampong 4 Speu Siem Reap Banteay 8 Mean Chey Battambang Kampong 10 Thom Total Beside questionnaire used, focus group discussion was carried out with key farmers who have the experiences in pig production, their perspective and perception on pig production, effort in diseases prevention, areas of support from public and private institution, etc. On the other hand, focus group discussion was conducted with middlemen/traders. 17 P a g e

18 Photo 1: Team interviewed smallholder farmer in Krong Battambang, Battambang. Photo 2: Small farm in Krong Siem Reap, Siem Reap. Photo 3: Middleman transported his live pigs with Remork to supply slaughterhouse in Krong Siem Reap, Siem Reap. Photo 4: Team interviewed butcher in Thmei market, Krong Battambang, Battambang. III.3. Statistical analysis The qualitative and quantitative data on smallholder pig producers; small, medium and large commercial farms; trader/middlemen; slaughterhouses and butchers were coded and entered in the Excel spreadsheet program. The data were analysed using the descriptive statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 14.0). The results are presented as percentages, mean values by provinces, production system, overall mean and standard error (SE). 18 P a g e

19 Pig producers IV.1. Smallholder pig producers A total of 210 (30 per target province, except for Phnom Penh) were randomly selected for this study. A smallholder pig producer keeps up to 5 pigs with a mixture of ages and breeds and they can be fatteners and breeders. The feeding system is relied on local feed resources that can be found in the accessible areas which are grown naturally and/or cultivated. The smallholder pig producers keep pigs per family and they are generally rice farmers. Although pigs are not their major livelihood activity, smallholder pig producers continue to be the main supplier of pigs to the market. Three production systems are practiced: a) scavenging; scavenging system plus supplement; and c) full confinement. At present the full confinement is practiced due to the limited availability of space for pigs to roam except the Northeast provinces where ethnic minorities are still using the scavenging system. 19 P a g e

20 IV.1.1. General information of smallholder producers The average age of the respondents is 40.1 (20-70) years old. Out of 210 smallholder pig producers 9.53% have no education, while 65.2%, 24.3% and less than 1.0% in Prey Veng get grade 1-7, grade 8-12 and university levels respectively (Table 2). The average family member of respondents in the seven interviewed provinces is 5.28 (5-5.6) persons of which 2.48 are males and 2.79 females. Rice farming is the main occupation of almost 98% of respondents and the remaining, pig keeping and run village shop are their main occupation. Table 2: General information of small holder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia. Provinces Age Education level, % Total # male # female (Ave. ± SE) No Grade Grade Univ. family education members Banteay Mean Chey 40.8± ± ± ±0.21 Battambang 41.1± ± ± ±0.19 Kampong Speu 39.6± ± ± ±0.24 Kampong Thom 41.0± ± ± ±0.19 Prey Veng 36.8± ± ± ±0.24 Siem Reap 40.3± ± ± ±0.25 Takeo 40.8± ± ± ±0.28 Average 40.1± (n=20) 65.2 (n=137) 24.3 (n=51) 0.95 (n=2) 5.28± ± ±0.09 IV.1.2. Experience in pig production and raising systems On average, 26.7% of smallholder producers said that they have experience with 1-2 years, 21.9% with 3-5 years, 26.2% with 6-10 years and 25.2% with more than 10 years in pig raising (table 3). Almost half of the respondents in Battambang, Kampong Thom and Prey Veng start their pig raising 1-2 years ago. Table 3: Years of pig keeping of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia. Provinces 1-2 years, % 3-5 years, % 6-10 years, % > 10 years, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Average 26.7 (n=56) 21.9 (n=46) 26.2 (n=55) 25.2 (n=53) About 96% of smallholder producers practice full confinement in their production except few in Kampong Speu and Kampong Thom practice grazing with supplement and few in 20 P a g e

21 Battambang and Prey Veng tie the legs or neck of their pigs allowing pig in a limited space. The producers reported that in the confinement system they could better manage feeding and hygiene (Table 4). Table 4: Pig production system of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia. Provinces Grazing with supplement, % Full confinement, % Neck/leg tie down, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Average 1.90 (n=4) 96.2 (n=202) 1.40 (n=3) IV Pig production and feeding IV Type of pig production Seventy seven percent of the respondents raise fattening pigs, 44.8% have sows and few farmers in Siem Reap keep boars (Table 5). At present, the number of farmers keeping sows is increasing while about 10 years ago they have been difficult to convince to keep sows as they believe that sow keeping might require technical skill and availability of time to take them at least during delivery. Some others believe it can be successful to keep sows when they have their children married. Some farmers keep boars for own sows and also provide services to other farmers while most of respondents use the boars' service at their convenience distance. Those who keep boars serve within 2-27 villages, 1-6 communes but in the same district of km. They use remork (a cart pulled by a motorbike) as their main transportation means to bring boars to sow farms. The fee charge per sow is 50,000 riel. Table 5: Type of pig production of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia (multiple answers). Provinces Fattening, % Breeding sows, % Breeding boars, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Average 76.7 (n=161) 44.8 (n=94) 0.95 (n=2) 21 P a g e

22 IV Current number of pigs and breeds The majority of smallholder producers raise crossed breed pigs and only few keep local breeds. None raise exotic breeds. Producers understand that the exotic breed has higher performance and are generally preferred by slaughterhouses due to carcass low fat content, however the shortage of piglets and high price of piglet, demand of excellent care and feeding as well the adaptation to the local condition; they decide to raise crossbreed pigs for the meanwhile. Among 210 smallholder farmers 94 keep on average 1.57 (1-6) crossbreed sows (Table 6) except 5 smallholder farmers in Kampong Speu and Prey Veng who keep one local sow each. At the time of study, only 16 producers have lactating sows with an average of 9.31 (2-38) piglets and 7 (2-12) weaning piglets. Only two producers in Siem Reap have 1 crossbreed boar each. Among 210 smallholder farmers, 161 keep 5 (1-16) fattening pigs and 9 farms keep 2-5 local fattening pigs. At the time of study, only 16 farms keep on average 4.41 (1-8) finishing crossbreeds pigs ready for the market. Table 6: Current number of pigs and breeds in smallholder production systems in seven provinces in Cambodia. Weaning pigs Fattening Sows Piglets pigs Finished pigs Provinces # crossbreed # crossbreed # crossbreed # local # crossbreed # crossbreed Banteay Mean 7.00± Chey 1.67± (na) 5.33± ±1.50 Battambang 1.87± ± ± ± ± ±1.26 Kampong Speu 1.09± ± ± ± ± Kampong Thom 1.31± ± ± ± ±1.69 Prey Veng 1.45± ± ± Siem Reap 1.94± ± (na) ± ±2.00 Takeo 1.30± ± ± ± (na) Average 1.57± ± ± ± ± ±0.76 IV Last batch of pigs kept according to type of production The age of piglets at start of fattened period is 1.22 (1-2) month with the average weight of 8.36 (5-15) kg (Table 7). The average fattening period is 4.68 (3-10) months with the average finishing weight of 85.5 kg. The best price offered by trader/slaughterhouse is at 90 kg live weight. On average, each sow delivers 9.47 (5-16) piglets per lactation of which 1.35 (1-12) heads die before weaning. At the weaning stage, 5.83 (1-13) weaning piglets are sold and the remaining are kept for fattening. Interviewed producers in Takeo do not retain the weaned piglets for fattening due to high demand for piglets after the outbreak of PRRS. 22 P a g e

23 Table 7: Last batch of pig kept according to type of production of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia. Provinces Fattening pigs, Ave.±SE Breeding sows, Ave.±SE Age (months) for fattening Starter Weight (kg) for fattening Age of fatteners (months) to sale Weight (kg) of finisher for market # piglets at last farrow/ cycle/sow # piglets died at last farrow/ cycle/sow # weanlings sold Age (months) of weanlings for sale # weanlings retained for fattening Age (months) for market Weight (kg) of finishers for market 86.2±3.24 Banteay Mean 5.70± ± ± ± ± ±0.91 Chey 1.22± ± ± ±0.35 Battambang 1.12± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±4.70 Kampong Speu 1.17± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±2.89 Kampong Thom 1.28± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±4.23 Prey Veng 1.07± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± (na) 80.0 (na) Siem Reap 1.42± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±4.52 Takeo 1.17± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Average 1.22± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± P a g e

24 IV Most important inputs for pig production About 95.0% of respondents said feed is the most important input for their pig production followed by materials for building animal pen (68.6%), breed (67.1%), labor (33.8%), medicine (28.6%), service (6.19% except in Prey Veng) and their technical skill (3.33% only in Kg Speu, Prey Veng and Takeo) (Table 8). In theory if producers can manage well they can get 30% of the sale revenue as their net profit but in practice this is difficult to realize although there is a potential to minimize their input costs by using the available resources or/and cultivate suitable crops to be used for pig feeding. Table 8: Most important inputs for pig production of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia (multiple answers). Provinces Breed, % Feed, % Building, % Medicine, % Labor, % Service, % Skill, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Average 67.1 (n=141) 94.8 (n=199) 68.6 (n=144) 28.6 (n=60) 33.8 (n=71) 6.19 (n=13) 3.33 (n=7) IV Feed resources for pig production About 81% of smallholder producers feed their pigs with concentrated feed particularly in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Siem Reap and Takeo (Table 9). At the same time 72.8% used agricultural by-product such as rice bran and broken rice, 54.7% feed forages mix with byproduct and 15.2% feed rice wine residue. Although agricultural by-products are bulky for pigs to get enough nutrients for their growth, they can be produced by the farmer at low costs. When they feed forages such as water spinach, amaranth, water hyacinth etc. they cook them together with rice or/and broken rice. Some farmers produce rice wine with the main aim is to get wine residue to feed their pigs. The wine is sold to recover the cost of wine production. A few farmers (5.23%) in Kampong Speu, Prey Vong and Takeo feed their pigs with farm-made feed and 13.3% except in Kampong Speu used other feed sources such as kitchen waste and swill feed. Nearly 83.0% of producers feed their pigs 3 times per day, 14.3% feed 2 times and 2.9% feed 4 times per day. Farmers normally feed more frequently when pigs are young as they consider them as baby while they are older they feed larger quantity but less frequency.

25 Table 9: Feed resources for pig production of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia (multiple answers). Provinces Concentrated feed, % Farmmade feed, % Forage mix with byproduct, % Rice wine residue, % Agri. byproduct, % Other, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Average 81.4 (n=171) 5.23 (n=11) 54.7 (n=115) 15.2 (n=32) 72.8 (n=153) 13.3 (n=28) IV.1.3. Diseases and vaccination IV Vaccination of pigs Almost 70% of the 210 interviewed smallholder producers, vaccinate their pigs (Table 10). When asked for the type of vaccines used, 92.5% of producers vaccinate their pigs against classical swine fever followed by Pasteurellosis (74.7%), Salmonella (52.1%), FMD (33.6% except in Kg Thom), Oyzesky (28.1% except in Kg Speu), PRRS (12.3% except in Siem Reap) and only 3 in Banteay Mean Chey vaccinated against Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD). The vaccines of classical swine fever and pasteurellosis can be easily found in shops in their provinces. Table 10: Type of vaccines used by smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia. Provinces Any vaccination for your pigs, % If yes, what types of vaccines you used?, % (multiple answers) Yes No I II III IV V VI VII Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Average 69.5 (n=146) 30.5 (n=64) 52.1 (n=76) 74.7 (n=109) 92.5 (n=135) 33.6 (n=49) 28.1 (n=41) 12.3 (n=18) 2.10 (n=3) Note: I=Salmonella, II=Pasteurollosis, III=Classical Swine Fever, IV=FMD, V=Oyzesky, VI=PRRS, VII=CRD The vaccination is carried out by family members, VAHWs, private veterinarians and previous owners who sell piglets to them. However, family members in Kampong Speu do not vaccinate the pigs. 25 P a g e

26 Among the family members involved in vaccination, 15.1% of the vaccinations are administered by the husband and 6.80% by the wife and in few cases like in Battambang and Prey Veng the son and daughter also administer vaccines (Table 11). In the case of Kampong Thom and Banteay Mean Chey fathers are also involved. Among 146 farmers who have vaccinated their pigs, 52% of the farms are carried out by VAHWs, 13% by private vets and 13% by the previous owners. Table 11: Persons vaccinated the pigs of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia. Provinces Husband, % Wife, % Son, % Daughter, % Father, % VAHWs, % Private vet. % Previous owners, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Average 15.1 (n=22) 6.80 (n=10) 1.40 (n=2) 0.70 (n=1) 2.10 (n=3) 52.1 (n=76) 12.3 (n=18) 12.3 (n=18) Among the 146 farmers who vaccinate their pigs, only 29% understand the importance of vaccination against diseases in pigs and 71% just vaccinate their pigs because they are asked to do or because the service is for free. The respondent get the vaccines for their pigs from drug sellers (55.3%), except in Prey Veng 28.9% get it from NGOs who work in their villages, 10.5% in Battambang and Kampong Thom get from VAHWs, 10.5% in Banteay Mean Chey and Prey Veng is from private vets and only 2 farmers in Prey Veng and Banteay Mean Chey receive advice from the drug store (Table 12). Table 12: Sources of knowledge for vaccination of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia. Provinces Drug sellers, % VAHWs, % Private vet. % NGOs, % Drug store, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Average 55.3 (n=21) 10.5 (n=4) 10.5 (n=4) 28.9 (n=11) 5.30 (n=2) Most (97.4%) of the 146 farms who do vaccination of their pigs by themselves get the vaccines from the drug store and the remaining get it from private vets. 26 P a g e

27 IV Disease outbreaks in pigs 59% of 210 smallholder farmers experience serious disease outbreaks in their pigs although producers in Takeo and Prey Veng have fewer problems (Table 13). Among those who experienced serious disease outbreaks, classical swine fever is reported highest (35.5%) following by Salmonellosis (33.9%), PRRS (25.0% except in Prey Veng), Pasteurollosis (13.7% except in Banteay Mean Chey) and FMD (16.9% except in Takeo). Also, 5 producers in Banteay Mean Chey, Kg Speu, Prey Veng and Siem Reap said that their pigs get Oyzesky disease. Although 70% of all interviewed producers vaccinate their pigs, still 59% get infection in their pigs. As mentioned above, the majority of smallholder farmers mainly against 3 diseases such as classical swine fever, pasteurellosis and samonellosis and therefore chances for other diseases to infect there are still there. Outbreaks might also be caused by vaccine quality issues, storage, and delivery and administering of the vaccine to the pigs on site of the farm premises. Table 13: Diseases outbreak in pig of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia. Provinces Diseases outbreak in pig, % If yes, what kind of diseases? % (multiple answers) Yes No I II III IV V VI Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Average 59.0 (n=124) 41.0 (n=86) 33.9 (n=42) 13.7 (n=17) 35.5 (n=44) 16.9 (n=21) 4.00 (n=5) 25.0 (n=31) Note: I=Salmonella, II=Pasteurollosis, III=Pest, IV=FMD, V=Oyzesky, VI=PRRS On average, the number of days of a serious disease outbreak was 10.0 (1-45) days (Table 14a). The duration of an outbreak is shorter in Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and Takeo and longer in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Speu and Prey Veng. During the outbreak, on average 5.1 (1-20) heads are infected of which 2.19 (1-16) died. Except 3 farmers in Battambang, Kampong Speu and Prey Veng; most (97.6%) producers treat their pigs. 70% of smallholder farmers use VAHWs to treat their pigs during the outbreak particularly those in Battambang and Siem Reap. Farmers in Banteay Mean Chey (68.4%) and Prey Veng treat pigs by themselves and few use private vets. 27 P a g e

28 Table 14a: Duration, number of pigs infected, died and treatments of serious diseases of smallholder producers. Provinces # days of serious diseases outbreak, Ave. ±SE # pigs infected, Ave. ±SE # pigs died, Ave. ±SE Any treatment of your infected pigs, % If yes, who did the treatment?, % (multiple answers) Yes No VAHWs Private vet. Treated by themselves Banteay Mean Chey 11.3± ± ±0.48 Battambang 11.7± ± ± Kampong Speu 11.5± ± ± Kampong Thom 7.68± ± ±0.83 Prey Veng 10.3± ± ± Siem Reap 8.72± ± ± Takeo 9.18± ± ± Average 10.0± ± ± (n=121) 2.40 (n=3) 68.6 (n=83) 9.90 (n=12) 34.7 (n=42) After treatment of infected pigs, 38.8% smallholder farmers reported the recovery of their pigs, 35.5% of treated pigs do not recover at all and 25.6% farms have some pigs recovered and some not recovered (Table 14b). Almost 18% of unrecovered pigs except in Banteay Mean Chey and Prey Veng cook them for food, 52.7% sell them to market, 39.2% exception in Takeo and Prey Veng burn and bury them and 8.10% in Battambang and Prey Veng preserve them for food (Silage). Some farmers in Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and Takeo give unrecovered pigs either alive or dead to their neighbors and relatives and also exchange them with rice. Producers in Siem Reap and Banteay Mean Chey report that burn and bury are mainly practiced with the piglets as they are small with not much meat to eat. Some farmers believe unrecovered pigs from PRRS (blue ear) are not good for human consumption and it could infect their family. Table 14b: Actions on unrecovered pigs by smallholder producers. Provinces Recovery after treatment, % farm If no, what did you with them, % (multiple answers) Yes No Some Food Sale Burn and burry Give to neighbor Give to relative Exchange with rice Silage (Phaak) Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Average 38.8 (n=47) 35.5 (n=43) 25.6 (n=31) 17.6 (n=13) 52.7 (n=39) 39.2 (n=29) 2.70 (n=2) 2.70 (n=2) 5.40 (n=4) O those farmers who sell unrecovered pigs either alive or dead, 71.8% said that the buyers are middlemen and 25.6% except in Kampong Thom and Prey Veng sell to slaughterhouse (Table 8.10 (n=6) 28 P a g e

29 14 c). However, some producers in Battambang, Prey Veng and Siem Reap reported that they sell to retailers and villagers/neighbors. When dead or sick pigs are used for food, 92.3% of the farmers eat them within their own family, 53.8% share with their relatives, 30.8% invite their neighbors for the meal and 15.4% share it with several villagers. Poverty and lack of knowledge on disease risks including disease spread and infection risks for animals and humans can be assumed to be the main reasons for the above described practices. Table 14c: Buyers and the consumption of unrecovered pigs from smallholder producers. Provinces In case you sold, who were buyers? % (multiple answers) In case you made food, who involved in eating?, % (multiple answers) Middleman Slaughterhouse Retailer Villager/ neighbor My family Relative Neighbor Villager Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 71.8 (n=28) 25.6 (n=10) 2.60 (n=1) 5.10 (n=2) 92.3 (n=12) 53.8 (n=7) 30.8 (n=4) 15.4 (n=2) All producers restart pig production after serious disease outbreaks (Table 15). More than half (67.7%) of the interviewed smallholder farmers disinfect pens. All interviewed farmers in Takeo disinfect their pig pen while few in Kampong Speu practice disinfection. Producers use different disinfectants for their pig pens. Some use lime and/or wash pen with soap or hot water. After applying the disinfection, pens are kept empty for 3-5 days before restocking with new pigs. Table 15: Re-start of pig production after serious diseases outbreak and disinfection of pens by smallholder producers. Provinces Did you re-start of pig production after serious diseases outbreak? % If yes, did you do disinfection? % Yes No Yes No Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 100 (n=124) (n=84) 32.3 (n=40) 29 P a g e

30 IV.1.4. Pig production cost IV Breeding sows Among interviewed 210 smallholder farmers, 67 farmers raise on average 1.52 sows (1-4 heads). Within those who keep sows, 76% feed their sows with concentrated feed, 10% use rice wine residues, 61% use broken rice, 100% feed rice bran, 58% use water spinach and few use fresh trash fish and banana stems. About 60% purchase vaccines, 39% buy drugs and 21% use veterinary services. Assuming 2 production cycles per year, the total expense per sow per year is 2,829,219 riels which comprises of feed cost, vaccines, drugs, pen, boar service, castration etc (Table 16a). The total revenue from selling piglets and culled sows was 5,545,094 riel. Therefore the profit was 2,658,528 riel. Table 16a: Production cost per year for sows in smallholder production systems. Descriptions Unit Qty Unit price, riel Total, riel Expenses Animal Cost on sows head 1.52± ,760±80, ,469±129,968 Sows-cost per year* ,823±43,322 Feed Concentrated feed kg 194±43.2 3,745± ,627±130,358 Rice wine residue kg 2,372± ± ,785±170,346 Broken rice kg 465±76.4 1,606± ,200±63,209 Rice bran kg 1,297± ±28.9 1,138,294±133,512 Water spinach kg 529± ± ,774±39,063 Fresh trash fish kg 132±11.5 2,000± ,000±23,000 Banana stems Stem 110± ±120 83,344±28,705 Treatments & prevention Vaccines Time 8.28± ,487±1, ,423±22,122 Drugs Time 3.15± ,687±9,998 83,846±22,621 Vet service Time 3.14± ,357±2,774 35,928±6,556 Other cost Cost on pen building Unit 1.00±o.oo 531,461±69, ,461±69,869 Pen-cost per year ,942±12,862 Feeder and water Unit 1.67± ,666±11,619 72,908±48,506 trough Labors Day 41.3± ,636± ,858±33,655 Boar service Time 2.65± ,318± ,692±9,143 Castration Head 12.8±1.68 2,571± ,042±6,956 Revenue Sold piglets head 24.9± ,638±5,224 5,043,542±340,404 Sold culled sowstotal revenue head 1.52± ,232±111,528 1,504,657±303, P a g e

31 Sold culled sowsrevenue ,552±101,281 per year* Total expenses 2,829,219±244,390 Total revenue 5,545,094±392,979 Profit 2,658,528±322,418 Note: *sow could be used for three years breeding. IV Fattening pigs A total of 141 smallholder farmers among 210 interviewed farms keep on average 5.14 (1-18) fattening pigs. Among them 89% feed concentrates, 3% in Takeo and Prey Veng feed homemade concentrates, 17% use wine residue, 40% use broken rice; 90% use rice bran, 5% in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang and Takeo use maize; 41% feed water spinach; 2% in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang and Kampong Thom use trash fish and 21% use banana stems. About 40% interviewed smallholder farmers spend on vaccines, 28% spend on drugs for treating sick pigs, and 30% spend on veterinary services. Within 141 interviewed farmers with fattening pigs, 137 smallholder farmers invest on pens for their fattening pigs, 4 farmers tie neck or leg of their animals and 14% of interviewed farmers in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Thom and Siem Reap use feeder and water troughs. On average, each smallholder farmer spends 3,391,224riels on piglets, feed, vaccines, drugs, pen and labor with the revenue of 3,742,925riel and 351,700riel as profit (Table 16b). Table 16b: Production cost per cycle of fattening pigs of smallholder producers. Descriptions Unit Qty Unit price, riel Total, riel Expenses Animal Piglets head 5.14± ,563±3,029 1,026,156±63,592 Feed Concentrated feed kg 280±35.2 3,756± ,207±107,365 Home-made feed kg 1,447±613 2,162±614 2,266,500±829,695 Rice wine residue kg 2,795± ± ,682±132,783 Broken rice kg 243±30.9 1,732± ,530±37,681 Rice bran kg 817± ± ,877±61,401 Maize kg 240±97.2 2,800± ,000±141,370 Water spinach kg 198± ± ,831±17,460 Fresh trash fish kg 14.7± ±88.2 6,600±2,271 Banana stems Stem 203±58.8 1,956± ,530±223,190 Treatments & prevention Vaccines Time 3.65± ,123± ,5754±14,885 Drugs Time 2.41± ,612±5,377 41,700±8,582 Vet services Time 2.84± ,372±1,969 42,968±7,909 Inputs Pen-total cost Unit 1.00± ,866±55, ,866±55, P a g e

32 Descriptions Unit Qty Unit price, riel Total, riel Depreciation of pen-cost ,667±3,278 per production cycle Feed and water trough Unit 1.40± ,355±2,892 21,905±6,744 Labor Day 23.9± ,627± ,964±40,350 Revenue Sale of fattening pigs head 5.14± ,442±11,354 3,742,925±243,490 Total expenses 3,391,224±191,252 Total revenue 3,742,925±243,490 Profit 351,700±112,164 IV.1.5. Pig production supply chain IV Access to breeding stock Among the 210 interviewed smallholder producers, 24 use self produced piglets for fattening but only 1 farmer in Takeo breeds pigs through AI. 22 farmers buy piglets from middlemen, 102 farmers get piglets from neighbor/other farms in the villages, 61 farmers source their stock from other farms outside the villages (Table 17). For those farmers who get the supply of piglets from middlemen and neighbors/other farms in the village, travels km while they travel km to get the supply of piglets from farms outside their village and NGOs. AI is not yet common the studied sites but one respondent said it is easy to access this service and all who use natural mating get easy access to boars. Majority of those got the supply of piglets from neighbors/other farms in the village and middlemen access to piglets easily while about 40% who get piglets from outside the village said it is difficult to buy for piglets as they need information about the breeders and the health of piglets. Table 17: Access stock to raise of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia. Descriptions Yes Distance (km) from farms, Accessibility, % Ave.±SE Easy Difficult Breed on farm natural breeding 11.4 (n=24) (n=24) - Breed on farm - artificial insemination - (AI) 0.50 (n=1) 100 (n=1) - Middlemen 10.5 (n=22) 1.98± (n=21) 4.50 (n=1) Neighbor/other farms in the village 48.6 (n=102) 0.69± (n=93) 8.80 (n=9) Other farms outside the village 29.0 (n=61) 17.7± (n=38) 37.7 (n=23) NGO 1.00 (n=2) 36.0± (n=2) - 32 P a g e

33 IV Number of pigs sold A. Sows and boars Only 5 of the 210 interviewed farms, sold on average 1 sow each in The average price of sows was 1,310,000 riel per head. None boar was sold during the last year. B. Weaning pigs Among 99 sow keepers, 66 sell on average 11.3 (2-24) weaned piglets in 2011 (Table 18a). The price per weaning piglet is 200,000 (96, ,000) riel. About 71.0% of respondents said they sell direct to buyers other smallholder farmers, and some sold to middlemen/trader and other farms. A proportion of weaned pigs purchased by middlemen/trader and slaughterhouses are roasted for human consumption particularly during the festivities such as Chinese New Year and Cheng Meng (Chinese tradition of festivity for ancestors). The weaned pigs are traded within the same province they were kept. Nearly 55.0% answered that the buyer was from the same village, 18.2% except in Banteay Mean Chey said that buyers came from the same commune, 16.7% except in Kg Speu and Kg Thom reported that buyers were from the same district and 10.6% except in also Banteay Mean Chey, Kg Speu and Prey Veng mentioned that buyers were from the same province. Table 18a: Number of weaning piglets sold in Provinces # farms # heads sold Price, x10 3 Buyers, % Source of buyers, % A B C D I II III IV riel/ head Banteay Mean Chey ± ± Battambang ± ± Kampong Speu ± ± Kampong Thom ± ± Prey Veng ± ± Siem Reap ± ± Takeo ± ± ± (n=11) 1.50 (n=1) Total ±0.61 A=middlemen/trader, B=slaughterhouse, C=other farm, D=direct buyers. I=same village, II=same commune, III=same district, IV=same province. C. Finishing pigs 10.6 (n=7) 71.2 (n=47) 54.5 (n=36) 18.2 (n=12) 16.7 (n=11) Among the interviewed 210 smallholder farmers, 150 were able to sell on average 5 (1-18) finishing pigs in 2011 (Table 18b). The average price per head was 730,000 riel. About 70% of respondents sold their finishing pigs to middlemen/traders, 27% sold to slaughterhouses and few sold directly to buyers. Nearly 25% of them said that traders were within the same commune, 27% were within the same district and 27% were within the same province. Besides selling pigs to traders and middlemen, they also sold them to their villagers who would slaughter them and sold meat to the villages nearby or using them for ceremony such as wedding, village party, death ceremony etc. About 19% except in Kampong Speu sell their pig 10.6 (n=7) 33 P a g e

34 for these activities within the village and 3 respondents in Kampong Speu sell their pigs persons from Phnom Penh. Table 18b: Number of finished pigs sold last time by smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia. Provinces # farms # heads sold Price, x10 3 riel/ head Buyers, % Source of buyers, % A B C D I II III IV V Banteay Mean 764± Chey ±0.63 Battambang ± ± Kampong Speu ± ± Kampong Thom ± ± ± Prey Veng ± Siem Reap ± ± Takeo ± ± ± Total ±0.29 (n=104) (n=40) (n=1) (n=5) (n=28) (n=37) (n=41) (n=41) (n=3) A=middlemen/trader, B=slaughterhouse, C=other farm, D=direct buyers (those slaughter for own uses and not for sale). I=same village, II=same commune, III=same district, IV=same province, V=other provinces. IV Form of selling pigs All smallholder farmers said that buyers come to their farms to pick up their pig. Normally the bigger traders who might have the connection or link with slaughterhouse or owners of the slaughterhouses might go themselves to buy pigs at the agreeable collecting points and each of them might work with several motorbike middlemen in supplying pigs to fill in their truck. Also pickup cars with the capacity of loading pigs each are commonly used. IV Contract/arrangement made in selling pigs Of 210 smallholder farmers, 21% have verbal agreement with buyers (Table 19). Although they do not have the agreement written, the respondents described that buyers agree to buy (i) any pigs (63.6% except in Battambang), only healthy pigs (31.8% except in Kampong Speu and Kampong Thom), buy pigs only with adequate market weight (9.10% mainly in Takeo), pigs with veterinarians inspection (11.4% mainly in Kampong Thom) and vaccinated piglets (11.4% in Battambang, Kampong Thom and Siem Reap). Table 19: Contract/arrangement made in selling pigs of smallholder producers. Provinces Contract/arrangement for selling pigs, % Contract/arrangement description, % (multiple answers) Yes No Buy any pigs Only healthy Adequate market Vet inspection Vaccinated piglets pigs weight Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 20.9 (n=44) 79.1 (n=166) 63.6 (n=28) 31.8 (n=14) 9.10 (n=4) 11.4 (n=5) 11.4 (n=5) 34 P a g e

35 IV Reasons for selling pigs About 61% said that they sell pigs when they have reached slaughter weight particularly in Siem Reap, 31.9% sell them when they need cash and 29.0% sell their piglets when they get good weight and are capable to eat feed (Table 20). Nearly 7.0% except in Prey Veng and Takeo answered that they sell their pigs if they are sick or are culling sows, 5.23% except in Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom and Takeo sell them when the market price is high and less than 1.0% in Battambang and Takeo reported they sell them when buyers offer good price. Table 20: Reasons for selling pigs (multiple answers). Provinces Slaughter weight, % Need cash, % Offering good price, % High market price, % Piglets with adequate weight, % Sick and culled pigs, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 61.2 (n=130) 31.9 (n=67) 0.95 (n=2) 5.23 (n=11) 29.0 (n=61) 6.70 (n=14) IV Problems with the marketing of pigs Respondents reported the low pig price and high price fluctuations as their main concerns (70.9%) (Table 21). The imported pigs from neighboring countries are perceived by 17.6% of respondents to make their pig production unstable and usually they get lower prices when the market is saturated with imported pigs. The slaughterhouses generally prefer to buy imported pigs because they have higher carcass weight. In addition, 17.1% respondents said information about prices of pigs they receive is not reliable and they mainly rely on the prices offered by buyers and they sell them when they feel satisfied. About 10% of respondents reported that they cannot sell their pigs because of disease outbreaks or they sell them at a low price. Respondents (8%) said that they do not have much choice to select the traders/middlemen as few of them are available and the same traders/middlemen work in their villages. It seems that there are exclusive territories which traders/middlemen are covering which limits competition. 35 P a g e

36 Table 21: Problems in selling pigs of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia (multiple answers). Provinces Low and unstable price, % Lack of choice for buyers, % Lack of reliable information on market prices, % Competition of imported pigs, % Inability to sell due to disease outbreak, % Credited by buyers, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 70.9 (n=149) 8.09 (n=17) 17.1 (n=36) 17.6 (n=37) 9.52 (n=20) 1.90 (n=4) IV.1.6. Awareness of market information IV Checking market price and sources of information Almost all smallholder farmers except 2 in Kampong Thom and Takeo checked market price before selling their pigs (Table 22). Respondents (88%) receive information about pig prices from their neighbors, 47.1% from middlemen, 4.80% except in Kampong Speu receive it from slaughterhouse, 6.30% except in Siem Reap get it from market and 1.40% in Battambang and Prey Veng receive it from VAHWs. Table 22: Checking market price and their sources of information of smallholder producers. Check market price before If yes, where did you get? % (multiple answers) Provinces selling pigs, % Yes No Neighbors Middleman Slaughter house Market VAHWs Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 99.0 (n=208) 0.95 (n=2) 88.0 (n=183) 47.1 (n=98) 4.80 (n=10) 6.30 (n=13) IV Persons set selling price Nearly 72.0% of smallholder farmers said that the sale price is depending on the negotiation between buyers and sellers (Table 23). Beside the price negotiation, 18.6% of producers also reported that buyers set the price while 10.0% except in Kampong Thom and Prey Veng answered that producers set the selling price of pigs (n=3) 36 P a g e

37 Table 23: Persons set selling price of pigs of smallholder producers. Producers, % Buyers, % Negotiation between buyers Provinces and producers, % Banteay Mean 60.0 Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 10.0 (n=21) 18.6 (n=39) 71.4 (n=150) Among the interviewed smallholder farmers, 70.5% are satisfied with the price of pigs they get and 29.5% are not happy with the selling price. They are not satisfied because they think they are able to recover their production cost although they have no record for this calculation. In general none is keeping record of what they have spent on the production. IV.1.7. Awareness of services from Village Animal Health Workers (VAHWs) About 81.0% of respondents are aware of the services from VAHWs in their villages especially all respondents in Battambang, Kampong Thom and Siem Reap reported so (Table 24). When they ask for assistance from VAHWs, 55.6% call for their services when needed, 38.5% use them sometimes and only 5.90% except in Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and Takeo have not used them at all. For those who use VAHW service when their pigs get sick, they do the vaccination, castration, farrowing, and other technical assistance. For those who use them sometimes because their pigs get really sick and cannot treat pigs by themselves. Those who never use services from VAHWs because their animals never get sick and they can treat sick pigs by themselves. Table 24: Awareness and time to get assistance from VAHWs of smallholder producers. Provinces Awareness of VAHWs, % When did you get assistance from VAHWs? % Yes No When needed Sometimes Never Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 80.4 (n=169) 19.5 (n=41) 55.6 (n=94) 38.5 (n=65) 5.90 (n=10) 37 P a g e

38 Case study 1: Sow production in Kampong Thom Mrs. Tri Chanthoeun, 28 years old, lives in Kro Chab village, Acha Leak commune, Krong Treung Sen, Kampong Thom. She has 1-2 years experience in confined pen sow production. She raises a crossed breed sow that produced 9 piglets with 1 death in the last farrowing. She sold all delivered piglets at an age of 1.5 months. She said that the most important for her sow production is feed, labor and service. She uses concentrated feed, forage such as water spinach and amaranth, agricultural by-product such as rice bran and broken rice and kitchen waste. Normally concentrated feed is fed to piglets in addition to milk supply by their mother. She also vaccinates her pig against Salmonellosis and classical swine fever. There was no serious disease outbreak in her farm beside the pigs got low appetite and fever. Normally she was assisted by a VAHW when her sow got sick. Annually she can sell 16 piglets from 2 production cycles to other smallholder producers within her commune and each piglet costs 240,000 riel. On average, her sow is culled at an age of 3 years after 6 production cycles. Each year she can get the income from selling her cull sow of 225,000 riel. However, her expenses on feed, material, labor and service are estimated to amount 3,532,900 riel per year. Therefore the net profit she receives from her sow production is 532,100 riel per year. As the impression on the service of VAHWs, 67.5% said they are very helpful because they come on time when calling for their services, pigs recover after their treatment, they get access to vaccination regularly and they also provide other technical assistance. VAHWs are living within the village and accessibility to this service is important for the smallholder farmers however the degree of their services vary a lot depending on the capacity of the VAHWs and the training they received. IV.1.8. General interest on pig production In Cambodia the smallholder farmers still consider pig raising as an important means of saving (family bank) and this is one of the reasons for continuing the low input-low output practice (Case study 1). About 80% of the respondents said they consider raising pigs as a family bank, 54.7% because they have time available to do so, 36.2% consider pig raising is easy, 29% can find market for pigs easily, 12.8% have feed available at farm, 10.5% they see other people in village raise pigs and they also start, 5.23% especially (except in Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Thom and Siem Reap) get high price for their pigs and 1.9% raise pigs for festivity/ceremony (Table 25). Table 25: Reasons for pig keeping of smallholder producers (multiple answers). Easy to Easy High Feed raise to sell price availability Follow other people Time available Family bank For festival/ ceremony Provinces Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 36.2 (n=76) 29.0 (n=61) 5.23 (n=11) 12.8 (n=27) 10.5 (n=22) 54.7 (n=115) 79.5 (n=167) 1.90 (n=4) 38 P a g e

39 Among 210 smallholder farmers, 73.3% consider the feed cost as the main obstacle for their pig raising, 72.3% find disease outbreak important for their pig production, 50.0% do not have appropriate skills in pig production, 35.2% are lacking capital to sustain current levels of production costs, 36.2% do not have additional capital to expand their pig production and 27.1% consider not having good quality breeds (Table 26). Also, 14.3% except in Siem Reap reported that they are lacking good quality feed resources. Table 26: Difficulties in pig keeping of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia (multiple answers). Lack of good quality breeds for raising, % Low adaptability of exotic crossed to local conditi on, % Lack of good quality feed resource, % High cost of feeds, % Diseas es, % Lack of capital to sustain current levels of production cost, % Lack of capital to expand to a higher level of production, % Lack of appropria te skills in good pig productio n, % Unstable price due to imported pigs, % Provinces Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 27.1 (n=57) 1.90 (n=4) 14.3 (n=30) 73.3 (n=154) 72.4 (n=152) 35.2 (n=74) 36.2 (n=76) 50.0 (n=105) 6.19 (n=13) Smallholder farmers suggest having training on animal heal care (42.4%); the level of knowledge of VAHWs still needs to be improved to meet the farmers' needs (38.1%). Smallholder farmers expect the government to reduce the volume of imported pigs so that their pig business can be more profitable (33.3%). They suggest making credit available with interest rate affordable by farmers especially for pig production, assurance of pig price in the market (18.1%) and some consider making vaccines accessible and available for their needs and good quality of breeds. 39 P a g e

40 IV.2. Small, medium and large farms IV.2.1. General information regarding the respondents Three main types of swine production are common found in most regions of Cambodia. They are small farms (10-50 pigs), semi-commercial farms ( pigs) and the commercial farms (over 200 pigs). On average, the age of the respondents was 41.0 years old (ranges from years old) (Table 27). Per analysis the respondents of the small-medium farm (SMF) are younger than in large farms (LF). Respondents had the following education, grade 1-7 (42.6%), grade 8-12 (46.8%), university level (8.50%) and 1 respondent in Kampong Thom has the PhD degree. Almost all respondents (about 95.8%) are pig farm owners, one respondent in Battambang is farm worker and a CEO of the BVB Company pig commercial farm in Kampong Thom. 40 P a g e

41 Table 27: General information of respondents in the study sites. Descriptions SMF (N=37) LF (N=10) 1. Age of respondent, Ave. ± SE 40.6 ± ± Education level, % Grade (n=16) 40.0 (n=4) Grade (n=18) 40.0 (n=4) Colleague/university 8.10 (n=3) 10.0 (n=1) PhD (n=1) 3. Main occupation of the respondent, % Pig producer 97.3 (n=36) 90.0 (n=9) Worker 2.70 (n=1) - Chief Executive Officer (CEO) (n=1) IV.2.2. Information regarding the farm The numbers of persons employed in the farms differed according to the production system and numbers of pigs to take care. The LF farms employ employees and SMF employ 1-12 persons (Table 28). It should be noted that some of SMFs and FLs do not include their own family members such as husband, wife, sons and daughters as they are not in the payroll. All LFs reported that they have an official permit for the establishment of their farm and none of the SMFs have one. All the interviewed LFs get the permission to operate their farms from the Provincial Department of Agriculture (PDA) except a LF in Kampong Thom from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF). On average, the LFs occupy 165,883 (832-1,050,000) m2 and the SMFs use 2,380 (48-15,000) m 2. The size of land in this case refers to the area fenced of which the farms establish. About 64.0% of respondents answered that their farms are near to the residential buildings; while 25.5%, 31.9%, 36.2% and 42.6% of the farms are near to other farms, cropping areas, isolated place and village road (Table 28). The majority of LFs (70.0%) is established in isolated places and 78.4% of SMF build pig pens near the residential areas or with other business compounds such as rice mill to ease their operation. SMF farms have little knowledge or have not thought about the diseases that could transmit to their family members while the LF farm location is aiming at reducing diseases risk to their pig farming. 41 P a g e

42 Table 28: Information of small, medium and large farms in six provinces of Cambodia. Descriptions SMF LF 4. # persons employed in farms, Ave. ± SE 1-12 (n=37) (n=10) 5. Any official permit for your farms?, % Yes (n=10) No 100 (n=37) If yes, from which institute? % PDA (n=9) MAFF (n=1) 6. Total area (m 2 ) of your farm, Ave. ± SE 2,380± ,883±109, Type of establishment exists next to the farm, % (Multiple answers) Residential buildings 78.4 (n=29) 10.0 (n=1) Village road 40.5 (n=15) 50.0 (n=5) Isolated place 27.0 (n=10) 70.0 (n=7) Cropping area 35.1 (n=13) 20.0 (n=2) Other farms 18.9 (n=7) 50.0 (n=5) 42 P a g e

43 IV.2.3. Farm status IV Years of operation, type and production system On average, 25.5% established their farm more than 10 years ago and the remaining 36.2% of 3-5 years, 23.4% of 6-10 years and 14.9% just started 1-2 years (Table 29). Most SMF and 2 LF farms have been more than 6 years in pig business and 80% of the LF farms started their pig farming between 2007 and Due to the demand in the country, private companies have begun their investment in pig farming during the last five years such as BVB Pig Enterprise in Kampong Thom, Monrithy group in Sihanoukville and Som Siborin Pig Farm in Kandal province. CP group is the oldest in this business but started with feed mills and broiler and later on begun the pig contract farming business (Case study 2). The CP group arranges the contract farming especially in Kampong Spue and Kandal (appropriate location nearby Phnom Penh the demand site. The Monrithy Group recently imports the pure European breeds from UK and the BVB pig enterprise established their pig farming in Kampong Thom 3-4 years ago. Case study 2: Contract farming in Siem Reap Mr. Tan Meng Horng, 29 years old, lives in Pong Teuk village, Chup Tatrav commune, Angkor Thom district, Siem Reap. He has 3-5 years experience in pig production and does contract farming with CP Group Company. His farm is located far from residential areas. He raises 1,100 fattened pigs supplied by the parent contracted farm from Pich Nil, Koh Kong province. At the start of the fattening period, the piglet ages about 1 month and are fed for a period of 4.5 month to reach 100 kg live weight and cost 910,000 riel per head. He uses contracted feed. His pigs are vaccinated against Classical Swine Fever, FMD, Aujeszky s and Salmonellosis. There was PRRS outbreak in his farm which prolonged 15 days and affected 1,100 heads with 50 heads died. Those dead pigs were burned and thrown in the pond with the stocking waste of the farm. He got the assistant from the parent contracted farm to cure those infected pigs. Annually he can sell 2,200 finished pigs which transported by truck with 25 heads per load. The destination market is at Krong Siem Reap, Siem Reap province. All LF and SMF farms are privately owned enterprises and their pigs are fully confined. At present even smallholder farmers who keep 1-3 fattening pigs, they commonly practice confinement with the exceptional case of ethnic minorities in the Northeast provinces which raise pigs in semi-confined and free range systems. However these local pigs (black color) have not been seen in the market of large cities such as Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Table 29: Years of operation, type and production systems. Descriptions SMF LF 8. Years of farm operation, % 1-2 years 8.10 (n=3) 40.0 (n=4) 3-5 years 35.1 (n=13) 40.0 (n=4) 6-10 years 27.0 (n=10) 10.0 (n=1) Over 10 years 29.7 (n=11) 10.0 (n=1) 9. Type of farm enterprise, % Private 100 (n=37) 100 (n=10) Government owned - - Private and government P a g e

44 Case study 3: Pig production farm in Banteay Mean Chey Mr. Plang Sophon, 32 years old, lives in O Ambel village, O Ambel commune, Krong Serei Sorphorn, Banteay Mean Chey province. He has experience in pig production of more than 10 years using confinement system in a farm of 2,500 m 2. His farm locates next to residential areas, crop and village road. He has 17 crossbreed sows, 4 exotic boars and 20 crossbreed piglets. His sow gets the first mating at the age of 7 months with average litter size of 11 piglets. He sells the piglets at the age of 1 month with average weight of 12 kg and price of 240,000 riel/head. He uses concentrated feed and agricultural by-product such as rice bran and broken rice to feed his pigs. His pigs are vaccinated against Classical Swine Fever and FMD and there was no serious diseases' outbreak in his farm. Mr. Sophon installed plastic bio-digester to reduce pollution but at same time getting gas (i) for cooking and (ii) fuel for engine, while the residues flow to an empty space. Annually he sells 60 breeding sows, 50 breeding boars, piglets and 6 culled pigs. The breeding sows and boars are transported by truck and car/minibus, while piglets are transported by car/minibus and remork and cull pigs transported by remork only. The outlet market of breeding sows and cull pigs are within his own province, while piglets and breeding boars are sold to Siem Reap, Battambang, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Thom and within the province of Banteay Mean Chey. Beside the income received from selling pigs he also works as an AI technician trained by an NGO Cambodian Agribusiness Development Facility (CADF). He serves the AI breeding in 3 districts in Banteay Mean Chey charging 50,000 riel/sow and he also sells prepared pig sperm of 15,000 riel per dose to Battambang and Siem Reap. He now provides on job-training at his farm to other farmers and NGO staff on AI and the charge is US$ per person per week. 10. Production system of the farm, % Fully confinement 100 (n=37) 100 (n=10) Grazing/Scavenging - - Grazing with supplement - - IV Number of pigs and breed Out of 47 farms interviewed, 37 SMF farms (Case study 3) and 3 LF farms kept sows. Both SMF and LF farms commonly raise crossbreed pigs followed by the exotic breeds but none of the interviewed farms keeps local breeds (Table 30). Due to the rapidly increasing demand for pig products pig producers started to look for fast growing pigs and switched from local to cross and pure breed pigs. These changes have been observed in most regions of the country. On average the SMF farms raise 13 (1-50) sows and LF farms keep 1,250 ( ) sows per farm. Both SMF and LF farms mainly raise crossbreed sows. Among 47 farms, only 11 keep boars for breeding purpose. Few SMF farms keep 1-3 boards, because they use the breeding services from others and the 2 LF farms keep 5-50 boars. The remaining 8 LF farms do the contract farming of which they receive the weaning piglets from the parent contracted farm. In term of breed, both SMF and LF farms mostly keep crossbreed boars. The SMF farms produce on average 21 (7-70) piglets while the LF farms produce 450-2,000 piglets in Similarly to sows and boars, most SMF and LF farms keep crossbreed piglets. The weaning piglets are mostly crossbreeds and none exotic weaners are at the SMF farms. On average, LF farm raise 507 ( ) weaning piglets and SMF farms keep 21 (9-65) piglets. 44 P a g e

45 Table 30: Number of pigs and breeds. Descriptions SMF LF 11. A. # farms kept sows A. Breed of sows Local bred - - Crossbred 11.8± ±715 Exotic 1.47± ±273 Aver. 13.3±2.41 1,250± B. # farms kept boars 12. B. Breed of boars 9 2 Local bred - - Crossbred 1.67± ±19.0 Exotic 0.33± ±3.50 Aver. 2.00± ± C. # farms have piglets delivered C. Breed of piglets Local bred - - Crossbred 16.1±3.45 1,000±1,000 Exotic 4.67± ±175 Aver. 20.7±4.79 1,275± D. # farms have weaning pigs D. Breed of weaning pigs Local breed - - Crossbred 20.8± ±167 Exotic - 236±207 Aver. 20.8± ± E. # farms have fattening pigs E. Breed of fattening pigs Local bred - - Crossbred 20.5± ±63.4 Exotic 5.00± ±8.33 Aver. 25.5± ±59.7 IV Type of feed and sources The majority (93.6%) of SMF and FL farms use concentrated feed for their pigs (Table 31). However, 2 LFs also buy ingredients to prepare own feed. The SMF also use farm-made feed (8.10%), forage mixing with other feed (18.9%), agriculture by-product (62.2%), kitchen waste (27.0%) and rice wine residue (5.40%). In the intensive pig production bulky food is generally not part of the feeding system. Smallholder farmers still mix other feed ingredients or/and concentrated feed and y this try to reduce costs of feed and market price risks. 45 P a g e

46 Table 31: Type of feed and sources. Descriptions SMF LF Concentrated feed 91.9 (n=34) 100 (n=10) Farm-made feed 8.10 (n=3) - Forage mix 18.9 (n=7) - Agric. by-product 62.2 (n=23) 20.0 (n=2) Kitchen waste 27.0 (n=10) - Rice wine residue 5.40 (n=2) - IV Status of pig to sell/buy and sow performance The SMF farms sell piglets at the age of 5 weeks with the average weight of 10.1 kg and the LF farms sell their piglets at around 4 weeks with the average weight of 9.6 kg (Table 32). The facilities, management and feeding technologies help LF farms to shorten the lactating period. The prices at the weaning are US$61 for SMFs and US$79 for LFs. The price of weaning piglets increased by about 11% after the outbreak of PRRS due to the shortage of piglets and demand for piglets to re-start fattening. On average it takes about 7 months from piglets to breeding although surprisingly the LF farms take about 10 days longer before first mating. There is almost no difference in culling time between LFs (7 litters) and SMFs (6.7 litters). The average litter size is 9 of which the LF farms have on average of 10.3 piglets and the SMF farms get 9.24 piglets. In the modern pig industry, the average litter size is 12 piglets while the smallholder production is between piglets. There is still great potential in the management aspects to put in for the best reproductive performance of the sow-life time. The fattening period from weaning to the market is 5.34 months with the weight of 96.8 kg (0.59 kg daily weight gain) for SMF and 4.94 months with the weight of 106 kg (0.72 kg daily weight gain) for LF farms. Generally the best price for the finishing pigs by the slaughterhouse in Cambodia is between kg while reaching 100 kg they give lower price due to fat content however this might be their experience with the local pigs of which they accumulate fat at 100 kg. Table 32: Status of pig to sell/buy and sow performance. Descriptions SMF LF Age (week) to sell piglet, Ave. ± SE 5.23 ± ±0.21 Weight (kg) to sell piglet, Ave. ± SE 10.1 ± ±0.97 Price (US$) to sell piglet, Ave. ± SE 60.8 ± ±0.00 Age (month) to first mate, Ave. ± SE 7.12 ± ±0.29 Piglet (head) per litter, Ave. ± SE 9.24 ± ±0.88 # litter (times) before cull, Ave. ± SE 6.70 ± ±0.58 Weight (kg) to sell finished pigs, Ave. ± SE 94.8 ± ±3.95 Age (month) to sell finished pigs, Ave. ± SE 5.43 ± ± P a g e

47 IV Contract farming practices Eight among 10 LFs get the farming contract from CP group and none for SMFs (Table 33). Those with the contract farming reported that they have received (i) weaning piglets, (ii) concentrated feed, (iii) medicines and vaccines, (iv) veterinary services, (v) technical support and (vi) market information. They contractor buys the finishing pigs and none of the respondents reported that they get a loan from CP group. The obligations of the contracted farms includes (i) available land far from the residential areas; (ii) build/house of 64 m x 13 m ( heads), water supply, electricity and waste stocking; (iii) sufficient labors; and (iv) sell the finished pigs to the contractor. Three of 8 contracting farms encounter difficulties such as (i) slow growth rate (33.3%), (ii) late supply of medicine from contractor when their pigs got sick (66.7%), (iii) feed supply not on time (66.7%) and (iv) piglets supply not on time (33.3%). However these three contract farms were satisfied with the temporally solutions given by the contractor such as (i) technical support (50.0%), (ii) vet services (50.0%), and (ii) get feed from other farms for temporary use (50.0%). Table 33: Contract farming practices. Descriptions SMF LF 13. Any contract made of your farms, % Yes No A. If yes, what company/farm you contracted with? % CP Group Company Type of company/farm, % Private farm - - Private company Government farm Arrangement made in the contract, % 16. A. Obligation of parent contracted farm, % Provide stocks (mainly piglets) Provide formulated feed Provide medicines/vaccines Provide veterinary support Provide loan - - Provide technical support Provide market information Purchase the finished pigs B. Obligation of contracted farm, % Available land for farm establishment Available facility including building, water supply, waste stocking etc P a g e

48 Has enough labor to take care the pig Sell pigs to parent contracted farm Any problem in practicing contract farming?, % Yes No A. If yes, what was the problems?, % (Multiple answers) Slow grow rate of pigs Delay of medicine supply when pigs got sick Delay of feed supply Delay of providing stock Any solution to solve the problem?, % Yes No A. If yes, what was the solutions?, % (Multiple answers) Provide technical support Provide vet Get feed from other farms - 50.p 18. Are you satisfy with solutions?, % Yes No - - IV.2.4. Supply and market chain IV Access to stock Among the interviewed farms, 68.4% SMF and 22.2% LF farms produce own replacement of stock (Table 34). The low percentage of LF farms in replacing stock is because some of them receive piglets through contract farming. All interviewed farms in Banteay Mean Chey and Kampong Thom produce their own stock for replacement. For those who do not produce own replacement of stock, except those through contract farming, 7 SMF farms buy their piglets from middlemen (29%) and other companies (71%). The average distance of which the SMF farms get their piglets is 112 (1-280) km and 196 (15-400) km for the LFs. The large distance for LFs is to get the supply of piglets from CP group in Phnom Penh or Siem Reap. SMF farms in Siem Reap get their piglet supply from Battambang and some from Thailand while the LF farms said that the origin of their piglets are from Ta Khmao, Ang Snoul (mainly from CP farms) and Prek Samrong in Kandal and Kampong Seila in Koh Kong. All LFs and 57.1% SMFs said they have no problem with the access to piglets but 42.8% have difficulty. The reasons of difficult accessing the piglets are due to poor road conditions and the distance from their farms. Per time, the SMF farms get 29 (15-55) piglets with 2.9 (2-6) times per year and the LF farms get 807 ( ) piglets per time with 2.3 (2-4) times per year. The LF farms could have more than 2 batches per year but their limitation is to get the supply of piglets and collecting back on time of finishing pigs by the contractors. The contractors might 48 P a g e

49 delay in supplying piglets due to the shortage of piglets and delay (sometimes more than 2 months) in getting finishing pigs due to the saturated market. The SMF farms buy on average 4 sows per time and they get them 1.2 times per year. The LF farms also buy sows 1.2 times annual with 350 sows each time. As most LF farms began their pig business during the last 2-3 years, the number of sows that they get at this time might be high and would not represent the time when they are well established. Sows are mainly bought from companies such as CP group (Kampong Speu), Monrithy Group (Sihanoukville), in Siem Reap, in Battambang, in Kandal and from Thailand. None of LFs faces any difficulty in getting sows but 43% SMF farms have difficulty in getting sows and this links mainly with the distance and information about good sows. The distance to get the sows is 203 (6-500) km for SMFs and 100 km for LFs. Among the interviewed farms, only 2 SMF farms buy 1-2 boars per time and 1-3 times per year from Thailand and the distance from their farms to the source of boars is about 300 km. Table 34: Access stock and the availability Descriptions SMF LF 18. Any production for your own replacement of stock, % Yes 68.4 (n=26) 22.2 (n=2) No 31.6 (n=11) 77.8 (n=8) 18. A. If no, how do you access stock? Piglet for fattening # piglets bought per time, Ave. ±SE 29.3± ±237 # times purchased per year, Ave. ±SE 2.86± ±0.29 Type of suppliers, % Middleman 28.5 (n=2) - Other farm/private company 71.4 (n=5) - Parent contracted company (n=7) Distance (km) from farm, Ave. ±SE 112± ±72.4 Accessibility, % Easy 57.1 (n=5) 100 (n=6) Difficult 42.8 (n=3) - Sows for breeding # sows bought per time, Ave. ±SE 4.28± ±0.00 # times purchased per year Ave. ±SE 1.28± ±0.00 Type of suppliers, % Middleman - - Other farm/private company 100 (n=7) - Parent contracted company (n=1) Distance (km) from farm, Ave. ±SE 203± ±0.00 Accessibility, % Easy 57.1 (n=4) 100 (n=2) 49 P a g e

50 Difficult 42.9 (n=3) - Boars for breeding # boars bought per time, Ave. ±SE 1.5 ± # times purchased per year, Ave. ±SE 2.0 ±1.0 - Type of supplier, % Middleman - - Other farm/private company 100 (n=2) - Parent contracted company - - Distance (km) from farm, Ave. ±SE 300± Accessibility, % Easy 100 (n=2) - Difficult - - IV Source of boars for mating None of LF farms get the boars from outside for mating their sows but one LF raises own boars for this purpose (table 35). About 27% of the SMF farms also raise own boars for own use and also provide mating services to other farms and 68% get boars from other farms for their sows. Two LFs and 4 SMFs get semen for AI within their farms and one LF and 3 SMFs get semen from outside. Among 8 SMFs who raise boars, 5 do not take boars outside the farm. The AI in pig has been introduced into Cambodia recently and the pilot testing has been in Takeo, Kampong Speu and Kampong Chhnang through the EU financed project Smallholder Livestock Production Project. Table 35: Sources of boar for mating sows of small, medium and large farms in six provinces Descriptions SMF LF 19. Source boars for mating sows, % (Multiple answers) Own boar on farm 26.5 (n=8) 33.3 (n=1) Boar from other farm 67.6 (n=23) - AI from boar in the farm 11.8 (n=4) 66.7 (n=2) AI from outside the farm 8.80 (n=3) 33.3 (n=1) 20. Does your boars bring to other farms for mating, % Yes 38.0 (n=3) - No 62.0 (n=5) 100 (n=1) 20. A. If yes, how many villages/communes/districts that yours served? # village, Ave. ±SE 9.75±3.93 (n=3) - # commune, Ave. ±SE 2.75±0.85 (n=3) - # district, Ave. ±SE 1.75±0.48 (n=3) B. If you use boars from other farms, where are they coming from? % Same village 30.4 (n=7) - Same commune 34.8 (n=8) - Same district 34.8 (n=8) - Same province P a g e

51 IV Number of pigs sold and their destination Four main transportation means are used to bring pigs from different places to their farms or taking them from their farms to other places. - Remork is a cart with 2 wheels pulled by a motorcycle and it uses to carry people, good and animals. In the old time the cart is pulled by a bicycle (Picture 5). At present is widely used to carry people in cities especially for tourists. - Motorbike is commonly used by traders and middlemen to carry piglets to sell in the villages or finishing pigs to the slaughterhouses (Picture 6). - Puck up car is commonly is the cheaper mean of transport to carry local people of larger distance between provinces and cities but it is also used to carry goods and animals (Picture 7). - Truck is used to transport pigs of larger numbers from pig breeding farms to fattening farms or transport finishing pigs from borders or fattening farms to slaughterhouses (Picture 8). Picture 5: Remork loaded with pigs Picture 6: Motorbike carrying pigs Picture 7: Pick up car loaded with pigs Picture 8: Truck carrying pigs on road in Pursat Among 47 interviewed farms, 10 (9 SMFs and 1 LF) sell their gilts for breeding. On average, the SMF farms sell 3 gilts (1-5) per time while one LF farm sells 50 sows (Table 36). The LF farm uses trucks as the sole transport mean for gilts and the SMF farms use truck (11.1%), pickup car (20.2%), remork (20.2%) and motorbike (44.4%). As gilts to be used for breeding, they should be properly transported to reduce the avoidable problems during transportation and again the 51 P a g e

52 number of gilts loaded per time depends on the mean of transportation. The SMF farms load about 3 gilts per truck with about 4 trucks per year and LF farms load 30 gilts with 2 trucks per year. The price of one gilt sold by LF is US$415 and the SMFs can sell it on average price of US$276. The difference in price between SMF and LF is the pure breed. Farm owners want pure breed to be used as breeders. All LFs sell their gilts to other provinces and to other farms but majority of the SMFs sell their gilts within the province t0 smallholder farms and some through middlemen. The target provinces are Odor Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Speu, Siem Reap and Banteay Mean Chey for SMFs and Kandal and Pursat for LFs. None of the LFs sells boars but 6 SMFs sell 1-2 boars per time and use pickup truck, remork and motorbike as transport. Among 6 SMFs, 50% of them use pick up cars, 33.3% use motorbikes and 16.7% use remork to transport the breeding boars. Only one SMF in Banteay Mean that could transport about 50 boars (1 boar per pick up car) per year especially from Thailand for sale, the remaining transport using remork or motorbikes only 1-2 times per year for own uses. The average price is US$ per boar. The boars are mostly sold to small farms and other farms and some are sold through middlemen/traders. Four SMFs sell their boars to other provinces and two sell them within the province. The destinations are Siem Reap, Battambang, Kampong Speu and Odor Mean Chey. Among the interviewed farms, 19 sold weaning pigs (16 SMFs and 3 LFs) and on average each SMF sells 27 (2-60) weaners per time with an average of 7 times per year. LF sells 350 ( ) weaners per time with an average of 63 times per year. On average, each SMF loads 18 weaners and LF loads 233 weaners. The common transportation is trucks for LFs and pickup trucks and motorbikes for SMFs but they also use remorks. The average price of a weaning pig is US$53 (US$37-US$69) for the SMFs and US$81 (US$69-US$94) for LFs. The differences in price between SMF and LF are linked with weight, production system and breed. LFs sell their weaners all to other farms while most SMFs sell their weaning pigs to smallholder farms and other farms and some of them sell through middlemen. Two LFs sell weaners to other provinces and one sells weaners in the same province while most SMFs sell weaners in the same province but few sells weaners to other provinces. The destinations are Siem Reap, Battambang Kg Speu, Odor Mean Chey, Kandal, and Takeo for SMFs, while Kandal, Kampong Speu, Pailin, Pursat and Prah Sihanouk for LFs. All interviewed farms sell fattening pigs and 11 farms (10 SMFs and 1 LF) sell culled pigs including sows, boars, or underperforming pigs. The average number of finished pig per sale is 35.0 (4-75) heads for SMFs and 502 (50-850) heads for LFs. All LFs use trucks to transport when selling their finishing pigs, while the SMFs use 4 types of transport such as truck, pickup car/minibus, remork and motorbike. On average SMFs sell 15.1 (2-35) finishing pigs and LFs sell 50.1 (25-85) heads per truck per time. Per year each SMF could load 5.24 (1-18) times, and LF loads 30.6 (13-88) times. The average price of finishing pigs is US$242 (US$ ) for SMFs and US$244 (US$ ) for LFs. The variation of prices per head for the LFs is quite small because animals are homogeneous in weight but quite large for the SMFs. LFs sell their pigs to trader/middlemen, and parent contracting farm/company, while SMFs sell to slaughterhouses and also to trader/middlemen. In contract farming, owners must usually sell finishing pigs to 52 P a g e

53 the contracting company. However, in Siem Reap the parent contracting company (CP Group) allows them also to sell pigs to others including middlemen and slaughterhouses but those buyers must deposit money first in the bank before getting the pigs and they should collect pigs at the farms. The LFs sell most of their finishing pigs to other provinces and SMFs sell mainly within the district and province. The destinations are Phnom Penh, Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Speu, Siem Reap and Takeo for SMFs and Phnom Penh, Battambang and Siem Reap for LFs. The average number of culled pigs per sale is 2.80 (1-5) heads for SMFs and 4.0 heads for a LF. Only one LF sells culled pigs and it loads 4.0 heads per vehicle with about 20 times per year, while SMFs load 2.7 heads per time of an average of 1.6 times per year. The SMFs use truck, pickup car/minibus and remork for transportation but LF uses remork only. The price of culled pig is on average US$312 for SMFs and US$195 for LF. The buyers are middlemen/traders and slaughterhouses for SMFs and LF mainly sell to the slaughterhouses. The destinations of culled pigs are within the commune, district and province. Table 36: Number of pigs sold per time and their destination. Descriptions SMF LF 21. Breeding sows sold # farms sold gilts 9 1 # sows sold per time, Ave. ± SE 3.33± Type of vehicle used for transport, % Truck 11.1 (n=1) 100 (n=1) Pickup car/minibus 22.2 (n=2) - Remork 22.2 (n=2) - Motorbike 44.4 (n=4) - # sows load per vehicle used, Ave. ± SE 2.89± ±0.00 # vehicle loads per year, Ave. ± SE 3.89± ±0.00 Price (US$) per head, Ave. ± SE 276± ±0.00 Type of buyer, % Middleman/ trader 22.2 (n=2) - Slaughterhouse - - Other farms 22.2 (n=2) 100 (n=1) Smallholder producer 55.6 (n=5) - Destination of outlet, % Same village - - Same commune 11.1 (n=1) - Same district 22.2 (n=2) - Same province 66.7 (n=6) - Other province (n=1) 22. Breeding boars sold # farms sold boars 6-53 P a g e

54 # boars sold per time, Ave. ± SE 1.17± Type of vehicle used for transport, % Truck - - Pickup car/minibus 50.0 (n=3) - Remork 16.7 (n=1) - Motorbike 33.3 (n=2) - # boars load per vehicle used, Ave. ± SE 1.00± # vehicle loads per year, Price (US$) per head, Ave. ± SE 370± Type of buyer, % - - Middleman/ trader 16.7 (n=1) - Slaughterhouse - - Other farms 33.3 (n=2) - Smallholder producer 50.0 (n=3) - Destination of outlet, % Same village - - Same commune - - Same district - - Same province 66.7 (n=4) - Other province 33.3 (n=2) Weaning pigs sold # farms sold weaning pigs 16 3 # weaning pigs sold per time, Ave. ± SE 27.3± ±100 Type of vehicle used for transport, % Truck (n=3) Pickup car/minibus 43.8 (n=7) 0 Remork 18.8 (n=3) 0 Motorbike 37.5 (n=6) 0 # weaning pigs load per vehicle used, Ave. ± SE 18.1± ±101 # vehicle loads per year, Ave. ± SE 7.81± ±83.7 Price (US$) per head, Ave. ± SE 53.1± ±7.15 Type of buyer, % Middleman/ trader 12.5 (n=2) - Slaughterhouse - - Other farms 25.0 (n=4) 100 (n=3) Smallholder producer 62.5 (n=10) - Destination of outlet, % Same village 18.8 (n=3) - Same commune 6.30 (n=1) - Same district 18.8 (n=3) - Same province 50.0 (n=7) 33.3 (n=2) 54 P a g e

55 Other province 6.30 (n=2) 66.7 (n=1) 24. Finishing pigs sold # farms sold finishing pigs 33 8 # finishing pigs sold per time, Ave. ± SE 35.0± ±77.9 Type of vehicle used for transport, % Truck 18.2 (n=6) 100 (n=8) Pickup car/minibus 60.6 (n=20) - Remork 21.2 (n=7) - Motorbike - - # finishing pigs load per vehicle used, Ave. ± SE 15.1± ±8.56 # vehicle loads per year, Ave. ± SE 5.24± ±8.72 Price (US$) per head, Ave. ± SE 242± ±8.96 Type of buyer, % Middleman/ trader 57.6 (n=19) 12.5 (n=1) Slaughterhouse 42.4 (n=14) - Other farms - - Smallholder producer - - Parent contracted farm/company (n=7) Destination of outlet, % Same village - - Same commune 9.10 (n=3) - Same district 33.3 (n=11) - Same province 51.5 (n=17) 50.0 (n=4) Other province 6.10 (n=2) 50.0 (n=4) 25. Culled pigs (sow, boar or underperforming finishers) sold # farms sold culled pigs 10 1 # culled pigs sold per time, Ave. ± SE 2.8± ±0.00 Type of vehicle used for transport, % Truck 10.0 (n=1) - Pickup car/minibus 60.0 (n=6) - Remork 30.0 (n=3) 100 (n=1) Motorbike - - # culled pigs load per vehicle used, Ave. ± SE 2.7± ±0.00 # vehicle loads per year, Ave. ± SE 1.6± ±0.00 Price (US$) per head, Ave. ± SE 312± ±0.00 Type of buyer, % Middleman/ trader 50.0 (n=5) - Slaughterhouse 50.0 (n=5) 100 (n=1) Other farms - - Smallholder producer - - Destination of outlet, % 55 P a g e

56 Same village - - Same commune 10.0 (n=1) 100 (n=1) Same district 40.0 (n=4) - Same province 50.0 (n=5) - Other province - - IV Price difference according to type of pigs and weight Only the LF in Kampong Thom said that price of sows differs according to weight. When they are less than 90 kg, the sale price is US$ 3.17 per kg and if it is more than 90 kg the selling price is US$ 2.47 per kg. The SMF farms in Banteay Mean Chey said if pigs weigh less than 100 kg they get US$ 2.12 per kg but for over100 kg pigs they are given US$ 1.98 per kg live weight. The weaning piglets are sold by head as the common practice with all interviewed farms. The average price of the weaning piglets of 5-7 kg is US$48.1 and US$83.9 per head for 8-10 kg pig. The cull pigs are a bit cheaper than the finishing pigs and they also give lower price for culled pigs more than 100 kg (US$1.60 vs. US$2.02 kg for culled pig below 100 kg). But 1 SMFs in Banteay Mean Chey said that he sells culled pigs with less than 100 kg he gets US$ 2.02 per kg but lower (US$ 1.60 per kg) is given when they are more than 100 kg. IV Seasonality demand of pigs Thirty eight out of 47 interviewed farms reported a high demand of pig during the period of festivities such as Khmer (second week of April) and Chinese New Year (third week of February) and Pchum Bin in September-October (religious ceremony), etc with the period of 31.6 days (Table 37). The period of low demand for pigs is 62.4 days because of fish availability (fish harvesting time between December-February). Although the number of pigs sold in the low demand season declined, the variation of number of pigs sold per season is relatively small. During the high demand period the SMF farms sells on average 19.4 (5-30) pigs per time or 34.3 (7-100) pigs per season and the LF farms sell 790 (30-220) pigs per time or 1,359 ( ) pigs per season. During the regular demand of the year, the prices between SMF and LF farms are quite similar but in the high and low demand LF farms sell about 12% and 23% more expensive than pigs from SMFs. The price per head during high demand only increased for LF farms but not for the SMFs. However during the low demand the SMF farms suffer decline in price significantly. Table 37: Seasonality demand of pigs and its prices. Descriptions SMF LF 26. # farms reported high demand 27 7 Duration (# days), Ave. ± SE 32.1± ±15.4 # heads sold per time, Ave. ± SE 19.4± ±363 # heads sold per season, Ave. ± SE 34.3±5.75 1,359±792 Price (US$) per head, Ave. ± SE 228.2± ±12.3 Total price (US$) per time, Ave. ± SE 4,378± ,338±82,419 Total price (US$) per season, Ave. ± SE 7631± ,256±182, P a g e

57 27. # farms reported low demand 27 7 Duration (# days), Ave. ± SE 63.1± ±14.8 # heads sold per time, Ave. ± SE 16.9± ±654 # heads sold per season, Ave. ± SE 31.9 ± ,233±523.8 Price (US$) per head, Ave. ± SE 184± ± 14.8 Total price (US$) per time, Ave. ± SE 3,068± ,103±145,420 Total price (US$) per season, Ave. ± SE 5,749±1, ,309± 119, # farms for constant demand Duration, days, Ave. ±SE 270± ±25.8 Avg heads sold/time, ±SE 30.4± ±318 Avg heads sold/year, ±SE 84.0±17.8 3,173± 1,984 Avg price/head, USD * 225± ±18.6 Total avg price/time, USD * 13,230±7, ,841±74,710 Total aver. price/season, USD * 125,168±111, ,308±167,874 IV Market information, sources and price Nearly 98% of interviewed farms reported that they check the market price before selling pigs, except a LF in Kampong Speu did not (Table 38) and they collect information from several sources. The sources of information are from other farms (54.3%), middlemen (67.4%), slaughterhouse (28.3%), market (28.3%) and parent contracted farm/company (10.9%). About 48.9% interviewed farms reported that price is based on the negotiation between sellers and buyers, while 25.5%, 23.4% except LFs and 19.1% except SMFs said that persons who set the price were producers, trader/middlemen and parent contracted farm/company. Table 38: Market information, sources and decision on selling price. Descriptions SMF LF 28. Check market price before selling pigs, % Yes 100 (n=37) 90.0 (n=9) No (n=1) 28. Source of information on price, % (Multiple answers) Other farms 59.5 (n=22) 33.3 (n=3) Middleman 75.7 (n=28) 33.3 (n=3) Slaughterhouse 29.7 (n=11) 22.2 (n=2) Market 24.3 (n=9) 44.4 (n=4) Parent contracted farm/company (n=5) 29. Decision on price, % (Multiple answers) Producer 29.7 (n=11) 10.0 (n=1) Trader/middleman 29.7 (n=11) - Parent contracted farm (n=9) Negotiation between producer and buyer 56.8 (n=21) 20.0 (n=2) 57 P a g e

58 IV Pig delivery and payment mode All farms reported that buyers come to farms with their own vehicles to collect pigs (Table 39). For SMFs cash is the common mode of payment (83.8%), followed by credit (35.1%) and advance payment (2.7%). Most (80%) LFs use credit and the remaining use cash and advance payments. The SMFs in general do not have contracts with buyers and this is the reason to get cash payment for security purpose however LFs mostly do the contract farming and they know the parent contracted farms/company well. Table 39: Form of pig delivery and payment mode. Descriptions SMF LF 30. Form of pig delivery, % Buyers comes to the farm with their vehicle 100 (n=37) 100 (n=10) Delivery by farms with own vehicles 31. Mode of payment when selling pig, % Cash 83.8 (n=31) 10.0 (n=1) Credit 35.1 (n=13) 80.0 (n=8) Advance payment 2.70 (n=1) 10.0 (n=1) IV.2.5. Pig diseases Among the interviewed farms, most of SMFs and LFs vaccinate their pigs against Classical Swine Fever, PRRS, and FMD and some vaccinate their pigs against Salmonella, Pasteurella, and Aujesky (Table 40). Most interviewed farms (91.4% SMFs and 60.0% LFs) say that they get serious disease's outbreaks and the diseases are Salmonellosis (22.5%), Pasteurollosis (17.5%), and classical swine fever (25.0%), FMD (10.0%), Aujeszky (12.5%) and PRRS (60.0%). The vaccine against PRRS is not officially allowed by the government but has (Ingelvac PRRS MLV) already been used by SMF and LF farms in Cambodia. The quality of the vaccines is still a problem as they are not well preserved during transportation from Vietnam or Thailand. And in the country some shops might divide vaccines into smaller doses with use of poor facilities and equipment. On average, the duration of the disease outbreak is 17.1 days for SMFs and 22.7 days for LFs. One of the reasons of longer disease outbreaks for LFs is because of the large number of pigs in commercial production systems. The average number of pigs infected by the outbreak is 35.3 heads for SMFs and 375 heads for LFs. Although the number of infected pigs is high in LFs, the mortality is about 7% compare with 45% death in SMFs. 40 farms experienced a serious disease outbreak and treated their pigs. SMFs use VAHWs (35.3%), private vets (2.9%) and treat by themselves (70.6%), while the LFs get the assistance from vets of parent contracted farm/company (71.4%) and they also make their own treatment (57.4%). After treatments, 17.6% of SMFs reported the treatment is effective, 11.8% of SMFs said no while 70.6% SMFs and 100% LFs said that sometime is effective and sometime not. Sale of unrecovered pigs and burn/burry are common practice of the SMFs while the common practices of LFs are sale and return to parent contracted farms/company. The SMFs commonly 58 P a g e

59 sell their unrecovered pigs to traders and middlemen, 25% sell them directly to slaughterhouses and 19% sell them to meat processors but LFs sell them all to slaughterhouses. All farms reported that they start again the production after the outbreak of which 91.2% SMFs and 100% LFs disinfect their pig pens. Table 40: Common pig diseases, its length and solutions. Descriptions SMF LF 32. Which diseases did you usually vaccinate? % (Multiple answers) Salmonella 16.2 (n=6) 30.0 (n=3) Pasteurellosis 35.1 (n=13) 30.0 (n=3) Classical Swine Fever 94.6 (n=35) 90.0 (n=9) FMD 56.8 (n=21) 40.0 (n=4) Aujeszky 27.0 (n=10) 30.0 (n=3) PRRS 73.0 (n=27) 90.0 (n=3) 33. Any serious diseases outbreak in your farms? Yes 91.4 (n=34) 60.0 (n=6) No 8.10 (n=3) 40.0 (n=4) 33. A. If yes, what type of diseases?, % (Multiple answers) Salmonella 26.5 (n=9) - Pasteur0llosis 20.6 (n=7) - Pest 23.5 (n=8) 33.3 (n=2) FMD 11.8 (n=4) - Aujeszky 8.80 (n=3) 33.3 (n=2) PRRS 55.9 (n=19) 83.3 (n=5) 34. #days of diseases outbreak, Ave. ± SE 17.1± ± # pigs infected, Ave. ± SE 35.3± ± # pigs died, Ave. ± SE 15.9± ± Any treatment for your infected pigs? % Yes 100 (n=34) 100 (n=6) No Persons did treatment, % (Multiple answers) VAHWs 35.3 (n=12) - Private vet 2.90 (n=1) - Treat by myself 70.6 (n=24) 57.1 (n=4) Vet of parent contracted farm/company (n=5) 39. Any pigs recovered after treating them?, % Yes 17.6 (n=6) - No 11.8 (n=4) - Both of above 70.6 (n=24) 100 (n=7) 39. A. If no, what did you do with them? % (Multiple answers) 59 P a g e

60 Sell 57.1 (n=17) 14.3 (n=1) Burn and bury 53.6 (n=15) 57.1 (n=4) Give away 10.7 (n=4) - Give to parent contracted farm/company (n=3) 39. A1. If sold them, whom did you sell to? % (Multiple answers) Middleman/trader 56.3 (n=9) - Slaughterhouse 25.0 (n=4) 100 (n=1) Meat processor 18.8 (n=3) - Villager 12.5 (n=2) Did you re-start the production after diseases outbreak?, % Yes 100 (n=34) 100 (n=6) No A. If yes, did you do any disinfection on your pig pen, % Yes 91.2 (n=31) 100 (n=6) No 8.80 (n=3) - IV.2.6. Waste management, water sources and inspection IV Waste management and water sources Most LFs (80%) and 50% SMFs drain excreta, dung and general litter to a blocked water/low ground before discharge into current water and the remaining SMFs drain them into a public drainage (5.4%), store for rice/crop fertilizer (24.3%) and drained/store at the empty space (5.4%) and into a current water (Table 41). Water sources to supply for their farms are from piped water (23.4% SMFs), surface water from pond/lake (67.6% SMFs and 80% LFs) and well including tube and pumping (18.9% SMFs and 30% LFs). Table 41: Waste management and water sources. Descriptions SMF LF 41. Excreta Drained to a public drainage 5.40 (n=2) - Drained to a blocked water body/low ground 51.4 (n=19) 80.0 (n=8) Drained to a current water 13.5 (n=5) 20.0 (n=2) Store for fertilizer 24.3 (n=9) - Drained to empty space 5.40 (n=2) Dung Drained to a public drainage 5.40 (n=2) - Drained to a blocked water body/low ground 62.2 (n=23) 80.0 (n=8) Drained to a current water 5.40 (n=2) 20.0 (n=2) Store for fertilizer 24.3 (n=9) - Drained to empty space 2.70 (n=1) - 60 P a g e

61 43. General litter Drained to a public drainage 5.40 (n=2) - Drained to a blocked water body/low ground 51.4 (n=19) 80.0 (n=8) Drained to a current water 13.5 (n=5) 20.0 (n=2) Store for fertilizer 24.3 (n=9) - Drained to empty space 5.40 (n=2) Water sources used by farms, % (Multiple answers) Piped water 24.3 (n=9) - Surface water from pond/lake 67.6 (n=25) 80.0 (n=8) Well 18.9 (n=7) 30.0 (n=3) IV Farm inspection All LFs and 54.1 of SMFs reported that they are regularly inspected or visited or monitored. The inspection from OAHP is reported by 70% SMFs and 60% by LFs. 90% of LFs are inspected and monitored by parent contracted farms/company. 40% of the LFs are visited by other farms and 10% LFs are visited by Pig Farming Association (Table 42). The SMFs have more inspection or visits from feed companies (45%), by NGOs (25%), by clients (15%) and Pig Farming Association (15%). The purposes of the inspection, visits or monitoring, which is mainly done by OAHP, are to check health of the animal before getting them out to market. Parent contracted farms/company monitor the growth of the animals and the feed companies observe the performance of the pigs for the promotion of their feed. Table 42: Inspection, visits and monitoring of pig farms. Descriptions SMF LF 45. Any check/inspection in your farms? % Yes 54.1 (n=20) 100 (n=10) No 45.9 (n=17) A. If yes, who did the inspection? % Office of Animal Health and Production in the provincial or 70.0 (n=14) 60.0 (n=6) district level Department of Environment in the provincial or district level - - Other farms 5.00 (n=1) 40.0 (n=4) Pig farm association 15.0 (n=3) 10.0 (n=1) Clients (wholesalers, processors) 15.0 (n=3) - Consumers 5.00 (n=1) - Non-government organizations (NGO) 25.0 (n=5) - Feed company 45.0 (n=9) - Parent contracted farms (n=9) 45. What did they do in your farms?, % (Multiple answers) Check animal health 55.0 (n=11) 40.0 (n=4) Promote their feed resources 50.0 (n=10) 10.0 (n=1) Monitor/follow up pigs (n=9) 61 P a g e

62 Do nothing (n=2) IV.2.7. General interest, difficulty and suggestion on pig production There were several reasons of the owners interested in establishing the pig farms. Those are (i) easy to raise (38.3%), (ii) easy to sell (31.9%), (iii) high price (4.3%), (iv) availability of feed (25.5%), (v) follow the other people experience (12.8%), (vi) availability of time and labors at home (42.6%) and (vii) family income (85.1%) (Table 43). The majority of interviewed farms (81.2% SMFs and 72% LFs) reported that pig diseases are the main problem of which they could completely loss their investment. When animals grow slow and the price of pigs is fluctuating they could still get back part of the investment but diseases could make them bankrupt. They also concern about high feed costs (73% SMFs), lack of capital to expand the business (48.6% SMFs and 40% LFs), and lack of skill (51.4% SMFs and 20% LFs). The LFs have more advantage because they can get services from the parent contracted farms/company. Unstable price of live pigs (24.3% SMFs but 60% LFs), lack of good quality breed (14.9% but not for LFs) and lack of good quality feed are also concerns of pig farmers. The important inputs for pig business are feed (78.4% SMFs and 80% LFs), breed (67.6% SMFs and 70% LFs), building (48.6 MSFs and 50% LFs), and good quality of medicine (43.2% SMFs and 30.0% LFs), labors (43.2% SMFs and 40.0% LFs) and services (18.9% and 30.0% LFs). Although not mentioned by interviewed farms, available and affordable credit is important for the expansion and the growth of the SME. The suggestions from respondents to improve pig business are i) stable pig price (40.5% SMFs and 20% LFs), stop importing pigs from neighboring countries (27% SMFs and 10% LFs), veterinary services including VAHWs and extension services (13.5% SMFs and 10.0% LFs), extend livestock keeping and diseases treatment (12.8%) and no suggestion (14.9%). Table 43: General interest, difficulty and suggestions on pig production. Descriptions SMF LF 46. Reasons for farm operation, % (Multiple answers) Easy to raise 35.1 (n=13) 50.0 (n=5) Easy to sell 37.8 (n=14) 10.0 (n=1) High price 5.40 (n=2) - Feed availability 24.3 (n=9) 30.0 (n=3) Follow the other people 10.8 (n=4) 20.0 (n=2) Time available 40.5 (n=15) 50.0 (n=5) Family income 27.0 (n=10) 40.0 (n=4) 47. Any difficulties in pig production?, % (Multiple answers) Lack of good quality breeds 18.9 (n=7) - Lack of good quality feed resources 8.10 (n=3) 10.0 (n=1) High cost of feeds 73.0 (n=27) 10.0 (n=1) 62 P a g e

63 Diseases 89.2 (n=33) 70.0 (n=7) Lack of capital to sustain current levels of production cost 18.9 (n=7) 10.0 (n=1) Lack of capital to expand to a higher level of production 48.6 (n=18) 40.0 (n=4) Lack of appropriate skills in good pig production 51.4 (n=19) 20.0 (n=2) Unstable price of live pig 24.3 (n=9) 60.0 (n=6) 48. Most important inputs for pig production, % (Multiple answers) Breed 67.6 (n=25) 70.0 (n=7) Feed 78.4 (n=29) 80.0 (n=8) Building 48.6 (n=18) 50.0 (n=5) Medicine 43.2 (n=16) 30.0 (n=3) Labor 43.2 (n=16) 40.0 (n=4) Service 18.9 (n=7) 30.0 (n=3) Stop importing pigs from neighboring countries 27.0 (n=10) 10.0 (n=1) Stable price of live pig 40.5 (n=15) 20.0 (n=2) Veterinary services including VAHWs 13.5 (n=5) 10.0 (n=1) Extension services production and diseases' prevention 13.5 (n=5) 10.0 (n=1) No suggestions 5.40 (n=2) 50.0 (n=5) 63 P a g e

64 Traders and middlemen IV.3.1. Traders and middlemen profile Eighty (10 from each target site) traders/middlemen were selected for the interview. To facilitate their selection, they were chosen at the gates of the slaughterhouses when they were transporting pigs to the slaughterhouses however some traders also slaughter pigs that they buy to sell at the market. A trader might work with several middlemen who with their motorbike as transport take pigs to the collecting points. In this study the team was also able to interview two official traders by phone calls who import pigs from Thailand. On average, the age of the respondents is ranged from 21 to 62 years old of whom 20.7% aged years old, 26.8% aged years old, 34.1% aged years old, 17.1% aged years old and 1.22% aged 62 years old (Table 44). More than 50% of respondents reported that they had grade 1-7, 31.0% have grade 8-12 and 3.65% in Phnom Penh have university degree. However, 7.32% except in Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Speu and Phnom Penh have no education. 64 P a g e

65 The average member of the family is 4.86 members with 2.56 males and 2.30 females. It is relatively comparable with the figure of National Census 2008 of 4.7 members per family. However in our study the male members of the family are higher than female while the Census 2008 reported 94.7 males per 100 females. Table 44: Traders, middlemen and official importers profile. Provinces Age Education level, % Total # male # female (Ave. ± SE) No Grade Grade Univ. family education members Banteay Mean Chey 44.3± ± ± ±0.31 Battambang 40.1± ± ± ±0.31 Kampong Speu 41.0± ± ± ±0.30 Kampong Thom 38.5± ± ± ±0.42 Phnom Penh 39.0± ± ± ±0.33 Prey Veng 44.6± ± ± ±0.30 Siem Reap 33.6± ± ± ±0.26 Takeo 38.7± ± ± ±0.33 Total 39.9± (n=6) 51.2 (n=42) 31.0 (n=31) 3.65 (n=3) 4.86± ± ±0.12 Although trading pigs is an important business activity for the interviewed middlemen, 28.0% of respondents are also pig producers of whom 30.0% except in Kampong Speu, Phnom Penh and Prey Veng consider pig keeping to be very important, 52.2% except in Battambang and Kampong Speu said pig keeping is important while 17.3% in Kampong Speu, Prey Veng and Takeo consider less important (Table 45). In Phnom Penh, one importer also has pig farms. On the other hand, 11% of the respondents in Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Thom and Siem Reap said that they also raise cattle and poultry of whom 11.1% in Kampong Thom consider keeping other livestock species very important and 89.0% said it is an important food and sales income source for their family. The majority of respondents (89.0%) considers pig trading very important and 11.0% except in Battambang, Phnom Penh and Prey Veng said it is important for them. About 8.0% especially in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Thom and Prey Veng also have village shop of which 33.3% consider very important, 50.0% important and 16.7% in Prey Veng consider less important. Beside the occupation above, 2 interviewees in Takeo also sell their labor and they said when pig trading is not profitable or pigs cannot be found, the sale of their labor results in family income. Four respondents in Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and Phnom Penh are government employees of whom 50% said public work is very important for them and 50% consider it as important. Among respondents, 4 in Kampong Speu and Prey Veng are also rice farmers beside the trading pigs and 3 consider it very important and only 1 said it is important. Only 1 respondent in Prey Veng is also money lender but considers it less important than pig trading. 65 P a g e

66 Table 45: Information regarding to the occupation of the traders/middlemen and official importers. Provinces Pig producers, % Cattle/chicken/duck producers, % Trading, % Village shop, % Yes I II III Yes I II III Yes I II III Yes I II III Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 28.0 (n=23) 30.0 (n=7) 52.2 (n=12) 17.3 (n=4) 11.0 (n=9) 11.1 (n=1) 89.0 (n=8) (n=82) 89.0 (n=73) 11.0 (n=9) (n=6) 33.3 (n=2) 50.0 (n=3) 16.7 (n=1) Note: I=very important, II=important, III=less important. 66 P a g e

67 IV.3.2. Business status of traders and middlemen IV Years of operation and family members involved Among interviewed traders/middlemen, 47.6% especially in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang and Kampong Thom have more than 10 years experience in pig trading (Table 46). About 25% of respondents engage their family members in pig trading but none in Battambang and Siem Reap. Nearly 24% reported that their family members want to become the pig traders in the future especially in Banteay Mean Chey and Takeo. Table 46: Year of trading operation and family involved of the traders/middlemen and official importers. Provinces Year of operation, % Family members involvement, % Family members to become traders in future, % Over 10 Yes No Yes No years years years years Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 9.75 (n=8) 18.2 (n=15) 24.4 (n=20) 47.6 (n=39) 24.4 (n=20) 75.6 (n=62) 23.1 (n=19) 76.8 (n=63) IV Situation of pigs trading Most traders/middlemen face difficulties in selling culled sows throughout the year, with October to December being the most difficult period. From May-July the sale of culled sows seems easier (Figure 1) and a similar trend is also reported for selling culled boars (Figure 2). The period of October-December is when the harvest of the fish begins and people prefer to eat fish. 67 P a g e

68 % of pig traders/middlemen % of pig traders/middlemen Figure 1: Best, moderate and difficult time to trade culled sows Best time Moderate time Difficult time Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Figure 2: Best, moderate and difficult time to trade culled boars. Best time Moderate time Difficult time Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec The best time to sell weaning piglets for fattening is from January-April although between May-June the sale of weaning piglets is still moderate while the most difficult period to sell weaning piglets starts from July-December (Figure 3). It is very common that farmers begin to buy weaning piglets for fatting when they harvest rice as they could have cash by selling paddy rice and they also have rice by-products such as rice bran and broken rice. They also have more time to take care of the piglets as most of the farmers are less busy with crops and other farm activities. 68 P a g e

69 % of pig traders/middlemen % of pig traders/middlemen The sale of the fattening pig is quite regular throughout the year except April when sale is high and might be due to the Khmer New Year season of which some of the Khmer traditional food used is pig meat (Figure 4). The same seasonality pattern as with the sale culled sows and boars can be observed, traders have difficulty in selling fattening pigs due to the fish harvest season. Figure 3: Best, moderate and difficult time to trade weaning piglets Best time Moderate time Difficult time Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Figure 4: Best, moderate and difficult time to trade fattening pigs. Best time Moderate time Difficult time Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 69 P a g e

70 % of pig traders/middlemen Figure 5: Best, moderate and difficult time to trade finished pigs Best time Moderate time Difficult time Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec The best time to trade the finished pigs is from January-April. Most of the festivities such as Chinese New Year, Ancestor Ceremony (Cheng Meng), Khmer New Year, Wedding party etc. that need a lot of pig meat (Figure 5). Between May and August, pig trading slows down as demand decrease because farmers have little or no cash for pig meat. They are using their remaining cash for hiring labors and fertilizer for rice crop. Between September and October there is again a National festivity which takes place about 20 days in which Cambodians bring food to pagoda. Majority (73.2%) of respondents particularly in Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and Takeo give their reasons for best time to trade pigs is the availability of pigs in those periods while 17.1%, 28.0%, 13.4%, 12.2% and 54.9% have other reasons as festivity, high demand of meat, no outbreak of disease, harvest time provoked availability of feed which is for piglets to raise and a lot of pigs sell (Table 47).Pig raisers also plan for the festivities of which they could sell for at a higher price. 84% of the interviewed middlemen state reduced availability of pigs due to disease outbreaks (Case study 4) or farmers occupied with crop cultivation as the reason for difficulties in trading.57.3% of the middlemen said that the rain provoked difficult road conditions. 29.3% middlemen reported that difficulties in trading are caused by fish availability; and only 1.2% in Phnom Penh answered that imported pigs from neighboring country provoke difficulties for local traders. 70 P a g e

71 Case study 4: Pig trader/middlemen in Banteay Mean Chey Mr. Mom Yong, 62 years, lives in Teuk Thla village, Teuk Thla commune, Krong Serei Sorphorn, Banteay Mean Chey. He is a middlemen and trader who supplies pigs for other traders and sells meat in the market within his region. He has been running this business for more than 10 years. There is no pig collector working for him and he usually purchases directly from either smallholder producers or farms. His targeted pig collection areas are in the districts in Banteay Mean Chey included Mongkul Borei, O Chrov and Serei Sorphorn. By estimation, he buys 100 culled sows, 80 weaning piglets and 4,500 finished pigs annually to supply for slaughterhouse, processor (roasted piglets) and own slaughtering in Krong Serei Sorphorn and Poipet (Figure 1). He uses pickup car to transport the pigs daily with an average of 13 heads per day/time. From the total pigs purchased daily, 2-3 heads are kept for own slaughtering. His pickup car is cleaned and disinfected with soap after each pig transport. The required transportation documents for his business are transportation letter, number of pigs transported and health certificate. Each transport, he pays 20,000-30,000 riel official fee and 3,000 riel unofficial fee. Despite a PRRS outbreak there was no ban and his business was still running but the price had gone down significantly (Table 1). The price of live pigs was better before the PRRS outbreak and on average he can get a margin of 200 riel per kg. Slaughter volume, buying and selling prices. Descriptions Price of live pig when buying in (riel/kg) Price of live pig when selling out in (riel/kg) # pig for own slaughtering Before PRRS outbreak 9,000 9,200 2 During PRRS (2 months) 3,000 3,200 1 After PRRS outbreak 7,500 7, P a g e

72 Table 47: Reasons for best and difficult times of pig trading by the traders/middlemen and official importers. Provinces Reasons for best time of trading pigs, % (multiple answers) Reasons for difficult time of trading pigs, % (multiple answers) A B C D E I II III IV Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 17.1 (n=14) 28.0 (n=23) 13.4 (n=11) 73.2 (n=60) 12.2 (n=10) 57.3 (n=47) 29.3 (n=24) 84.1 (n=69) 1.20 (n=1) A= Festivity; B= High demand of meat; C= No outbreak of disease; D= Availability of pigs; E= Availability of feed after rice harvest. I=Difficult road due to rain; II=Fish availability; III=Less raisers due to diseases and farmers occupied with crop cultivation; IV=Pig imports from other countries. IV Position of traders and middlemen in pig market chain The group of interviewed traders and middlemen includes two importers who have the license to import pigs from Thailand for the market in Phnom Penh but they also purchase pigs from local raisers to fulfill the demand for pig meat in Phnom Penh. Their license is giving by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF). 2.43% of the respondents buy pigs from neighboring countries as reported above, 28.0% buy the pigs from local raisers (including smallholder producers and small, medium and large farms), 9.75% except in Banteay Mean Chey and Battambang own pig farms and trading pigs, 3.65% in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang and Kampong Thom own slaughterhouses, 41.5% except in Battambang are middlemen and 43.9% slaughter pigs at their premises or rent a place at a slaughterhouse and sell meat in the markets (Table 48). The owners of the slaughterhouse charge 4,000-5,000 riel per head (the fee covers the space, water, electricity and workers). This type of pig trading is mainly family business of which the husband is responsible to buy pigs from raisers and his wife sells pig meat in the market. 72 P a g e

73 Table 48: Position in pig market chain of the traders, middlemen and official importers (multiple answers). Provinces Buying from neighboring countries, % Buying from local pig raisers, % Own pig farm and trading pigs, % Own slaughter house, % Middlemen, % Slaughter to sell pig meat, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 2.43 (n=2) IV Demand and supply of pigs The calculated demand of pig meat 28.0 (n=23) 9.75 (n=8) 3.65 (n=3) 41.5 (n=34) 43.9 (n=36) More demand for meat has been observed as income improved especially in the cities and urban and peril-urban areas. The population of pig peaks in 2006 (2.74 million heads) but begins to decline year by year and comparing data in 2006 the yield of pigs in 2010 has declined by 33%. This decline is due to several factors including the decline of smallholder and small pig producers (bankruptcy of their pig production due to diseases outbreaks and low return from sale), the unstable price of pigs (seasonal fish harvest and importation of pigs both official and unofficial), high input cost (feed and drugs), availability of weaning piglets after PRRS. Per capita consumption is estimated to be 9.29 kg and the population in 2010 was 14,453,680 while the number of pigs was 2,057,413 heads. Assuming that 75% of the pigs are slaughtered for market this yields about 85,254,057 kg of carcass while the estimated annual demand in the same year would be 134,274,687 kg. Cambodia produces about 64% of pig consumption need based on statistics of 2010 and to fulfill the country demand for pig meat, additional million finishing pigs per year or around 1,500 heads daily would be required. The government had given licenses to import live pigs from Thailand of first stage 1,200 heads per day and later reduced it to 800 heads daily which is about 292, ,000 heads per year however this number might be double as there are also unofficial import from Thailand and Vietnam. Results from interviewing traders, 464, ,620 heads and 62,200-68,900 are traded respectively into Phnom Penh and Siem Reap annually (Table 49a). 73 P a g e

74 Table 49a: Demand of pigs and origin of supply for Phnom Penh and Siem Reap Demand Supplies Estimate, # heads/year Phnom Penh Siem Reap Kampong Chhnang 1,000-1,500 Kandal Prey Veng 1,000-1,500 Takeo 15,000-20,000 Koh Kong Kampong Speu 51,000-56,000 Pursat 1,000-1,500 Pailin 1,000-1,500 Kampot 1,000-1,500 Kampong Cham 1,000-1,500 Kampong Thom 20,120-21,120 Thailand 365, ,000 Total 464, ,620 Siem Reap 60,000-65,000 Kampong Thom Kampong Speu 500-1,000 Odor Mean Chey Banteay Mean Chey Pailin 500-1,000 Thailand 600-1,000 Total 62,200-68,900 The supply and origin of pigs Traders/middlemen are mainly purchasing pigs in the region of their respective provinces except in Prey Veng where they mostly bring them to Phnom Penh (Table 49b). According to the respondents, it seems that most traders (81.7%) supply pigs within their own province except Prey Veng in which pigs will be supplied to Phnom Penh. Although they (89%) rate as less important, the supply of pigs can also be delivered from high demand places especially Phnom Penh. This could mean that sometimes Phnom Penh is oversupplied with pigs and that they are then re-distributed to other provinces. 74 P a g e

75 Table 49b: Main buyers of pigs from traders/middlemen and official importers. Provinces In own province, % From Siem Reap, % From Phnom Penh, % From other provinces, % I II III I II III I II III I II III Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total (n=67) (n=3) (n=12) (n=8) (n=1) (n=73) (n=13) (n=1) (n=68) (n=6) (n=9) (n=67) I=very important, II=important, III=less important. It is important to group the movement of pigs as internal movements within provinces in Cambodia to the demand sites and the importation of pigs in this case from Thailand to Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. The demand of pigs for Siem Reap and Phnom Penh is estimated to 700 and 2,000 heads per days respectively. From Thailand, pigs are transported through Poipet (the municipality in Banteay Meanchey province) directly to the slaughterhouses in Siem Reap provincial capital but larger quantity is transported through National road no. 5 across provinces of Battambang, Pursat, Kampong Chhnang and Kandal before reaching to slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh (Figure 6). 75 P a g e

76 Figure 6: Movement of pigs to Phnom Penh and Siem Reap V Pig collectors, target and loading places Of the 82 traders/middlemen and official importer interviewed, 28.0% except in Kampong Speu said that they work with collectors who buy pigs for them especially traders from Phnom Penh and Battambang and 72% collect pigs by themselves (Table 50). On average, each trader works with 7 collectors but traders in Takeo and Prey Veng work with more collectors. The official importers reported that they make contracts with a company in Thailand to supply pigs per demand. Most traders (93.9%) reported that they have own target to buy pigs (Figure 7) and only few (6.1%) traders do not have target areas for buying pigs. - The target places for traders in Banteay Mean Chey are at the districts of Phnom Srok, Preah Netpras, Mongkul Borei, Serei Sorphorn, Svay Chek, O Chrov within their province and at Pouk in Siem Reap. They also buy pigs from CP Group but at the slaughterhouse in Serei Sorphon in Banteay Mean Chey province. 76 P a g e

77 - The traders in Battambang purchase within own province at the districts of Banon, Ek Phnom, Battambang, Bavel and Sang Ke and they also buy pigs in Pursat and Pailin. - In Kampong Speu they buy at Phnom Srouch, Chbar Morn and Boset within the province. - In Kampong Thom they purchase at the districts of Prasat Sambo, Santouk, Baray, Kampong Svay, Sandan, Tang Kork, Steung Sen, Balang and Storng within the province and they also get from Kampong Cham, Prah Vihear and Siem Reap. - The target places for traders in Phnom Penh are from Kampong Speu at the districts of Chbar Morn and Phnom Srouch, from Kandal at Kien Svay and Kandal Stoeung districts, from Takeo at the districts of Bati, Samrong, Treang, Prey Kabas and Tramkak, from Prey Veng at the district of Svay Antor and also from Kampong Cham and Kampong Chnang provinces. Also they buy pigs at Khan Sen Sok in Phnom Penh as the stock of live pigs imported from Thailand. Moreover, the traders in Prey Veng buy at districts of their own province namely Kampong Trabek, Me Sang, Bar Phnom, Romeas Hek, Prey Veng, Svay Antor, Kampong Leav, Peam Ror, Sithor Kandal and Pea Rang and also they can get at the districts nearby in Svay Rieng. - The districts of Angkor Thom, Angkor Chum, Pouk, Kralange, Bakong, Chi Kreng, Koulen, Sotnikum, Srei Snorm, Varin, Banteay Srei and Siem Reap in Siem Reap where those traders buy pigs. They also get from Anlong Veng in Odor Mean Chey province. - In Takeo traders buy pigs at Treang, Kiri Vong, Borei Cholasa, Tramkak, Samrong and Daun Keo districts within the province and they also buy from Cheung Prey in Kampong Cham, Svay Antor in Prey Veng and Dong Tong, Touk Meas, Chom Kiri and Kampong Trach in Kampot province. 77 P a g e

78 Figure 7: Movement of pigs within selected provinces Table 50: Pig collectors, buying and loading places for traders, middlemen and official importers. Provinces Using pig collectors/ middlemen by traders, % # collectors Ave.±SE Target places to buy pigs, % Yes No Yes No Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 28.0 (n=23) 72.0 (n=59) 7.13± (n=77) 6.10 (n=5) Among 82 interviewed traders/middlemen and official importers, 12.2% except in Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom and Phnom Penh reported that they load pigs in one vehicle from 78 P a g e

79 different collectors however almost 90% of them use more than one vehicle (Table 52). The reasons of transporting pigs in the one vehicle, few respondents said (i) lack of transportation, (ii) reduce cost of transport and (iii) pigs are unloaded in the same place. However, those who use more than one vehicle because they get more pigs than the vehicle can load. Sometimes traders might also load pigs from other traders to fill in the truck before leaving the collecting point and they said that this could be the way of helping each other especially friends and business partners. For the official importers they load pigs once at the border and take them directly to Phnom Penh and where unloading can be in one place or several slaughterhouses. Table 52: Pigs loading by traders/middlemen and official importers. Provinces Loading pigs from different collectors together, % If yes, why?, % (multiple answers) Yes No Lack of transportation means Reduce cost of transport Pigs go to same place Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 12.2 (n=10) 87.8 (n=72) 20.0 (n=2) 60.0 (n=10) 50.0 (n=5) IV License for pig trading Nearly 47.0% of all interviewed traders/middlemen have a license for trading pigs particularly the traders in Phnom Penh and Kampong Speu (Table 53). The permission for trading pigs is given by different institutions under MAFF at their respective provinces and DAHP. For the import of pigs the license is given by MAFF and MOC. 31.6% of all licenses are issued by OAHP, except in Kampong Speu and Phnom Penh. Licenses for official importers in Phnom Penh are issued by MAFF and MOC. On average, the license is valid for a period 323 (30-365) days. According to respondents, 81.8% have no limit on number of pigs' trade but the official importers in Phnom Penh and 2 traders in Prey Veng reported that they are given specific number of pig per day for import. The average number in the license for the official importers is 7,500 heads of which they are allowed to import 250 heads per day within a license of one and the traders in Prey Veng are allowed 45 heads per time. 79 P a g e

80 Table 53: License of trading pigs for traders/middlemen and official importers. Provinces Received license in trading pigs, % If yes, which institution issued the license? % # days allowed per license, Yes No I II III IV Ave.±SE Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 46.3 (n=38) 53.7 (n=44) 31.6 (n=12) 15.8 (n=6) 47.4 (n=18) 5.30 (n=2) 323±15.2 I=Provincial Office of Animal Health and Production (OAHP), II=Provincial Department of Agriculture (PDA), III=Department of Animal Health and Production (DAHP), IV=Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF) and Ministry of Commerce (MOC). IV Types of license The license for traders/middlemen and official importers is to control the movement of pigs in the country aiming at disease control and the license is mainly to trade pigs for meat and resale. In this case, the trade can be culled sows and boar, fattening and finishers and sometimes piglets. Majority (94.7%) of respondents get the license for trading pigs within the country, while 2 interviewed official importers have the license to import from Thailand (Table 54). Nearly 69% except in Prey Veng and Takeo said that the purpose of their business is for meat, while 50.0% is for resale with regard to their role as middlemen. All traders in Banteay Mean Chey and Siem Reap do both for meat and resale. Among respondents, 95% get annual business permission (patient), 68.4% except in Banteay Mean Chey and Siem Reap get health certificate when transporting pigs and 5% get license for importing pigs. The official importers use Poi Pet border gate in Banteay Mean Chey for importing pigs from Thailand and transport them via national road 5. Table 54: Type of license and institutions responsible for license. Provinces Countries, % Purposes of trading, % (multiple answers) Types of license received, % (multiple answers) Within country Thailand Meat Resale Annual patient Health certificate Import license Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 94.7 (n=36) 5.30 (n=2) 68.4 (n=26) 50.0 (n=19) 94.7 (n=36) 68.4 (n=26) 5.26 (n=2) 80 P a g e

81 IV.3.3. Pigs supply chain IV Pig supplies Traders/middlemen and official importers use different types of transports. Traders normally use pickup trucks especially when transporting pigs across provinces or to Phnom Penh but they also use remorks (a regular motorcycle pulling a card locally made). The standard capacity is between finishing pigs but sometime traders might put 3-5 pigs more to lower cost of transportation. The remork as it uses for short distance (within the district) it can load up to 10 pigs. The motorbike is mainly used by middleman to transport pigs from village to the collecting point and it can carry up to 2 pigs. The official importer mainly uses big truck with loading capacity of 200 pigs (about 90 kg each). Out of 82 traders/middlemen interviewed, 34 trade cull sows but none in Kampong Speu and Phnom Penh (Table 55a). - The traders in Banteay Mean Chey buy culled sows from the districts within the provinces namely Phnom Srok, Pras Netpras, Mongkul Borei and Serei Sorphon, while in Battambang they buy from Ek Phnom, Banon, Phnom Sampauv, Sangke, Bavel and Thmar Koul and also from Pailin, Pursat and Banteay Mean Chey provinces. - In Kampong Thom traders buy their culled sows from the districts of Prasat Sambo, Santouk, Kampong Svay, Baray, Sandan, Tangkouk, Stoeung Sen and Balang and also from Kampong Cham, Prah Vihear and Siem Reap. - In Prey Veng, Svay Antor district is target of culled sows for traders in Prey Veng. - Daun Keo district is the main supply of culled sows for traders in Takeo. - The traders in Siem Reap buy the culled sows from the districts of Angkor Thom, Angkor Chum, Pouk, Kralanh, Srey Snom, Siem Reap town, Bakong, Chi Kreng, Koulen and Varin and also from Odor Mean Chey province. Most (97.1%) traders buy culled sows from the smallholder producers, while 2 traders in Battambang also purchase them from large farms and other middlemen. On average, each trader buys 1.61 culled sows per time or 9.44 heads per month. Except 4 traders in Battambang who buy culled sows daily, the remaining does it 1-6 times per month. Fifty percent of traders except in Prey Veng, use motorbike as their transportation mean for culled sows, while 20.6% use remork, 20.6% use pickup car/minibus and 8.80% in Battambang and Prey Veng use trucks. The number of culled sows loading together with other pigs per vehicle is P a g e

82 Table 55a: Number of cull sows, origin and type of transportation. Provinces # trader Suppliers, % (multiple answers) # heads per # heads buy per Type of vehicles used, % # heads per vehicle I II III buying month A B C D used Banteay Mean Chey ± ±0.40 Battambang ± ±1.05 Kampong Speu Kampong Thom ± ±0.37 Phnom Penh Prey Veng ± ±0.50 Siem Reap ± ±0.25 Takeo (na) (na) Total (n=33) 5.88 (n=2) 8.80 (n=3) 1.61± ± (n=3) 20.6 (n=7) 20.6 (n=7) 50.0 (n=17) 2.00±0.28 I=Local or cross-breed pig small scale producer, II = Large scale or contract farm, III = Middleman, A=Truck, B=pickup car/minibus, C=Remork, D=Motorbike. Of the total 82 interviewees, 11 traders in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Thom and Siem Reap buy culled boars (Table 55b). Culled boars supply in Battambang is from Ek Phnom, Banon, Phnom Sampauv and Sangke districts within their respective province and they also get them from Pailin and Pursat. In Kampong Thom traders buy their culled boars from the districts of Prasat Sambo, Kampong Svay, Baray, Santouk and Sandan within province and also from Kampong Cham and Prah Vihear. The traders in Siem Reap get the culled boars from districts within the province such as Angkor Thom, Angkor Chum, Pouk, Kralanh, Srey Snom, Siem Reap, Bakong, Chi Kreng and Koulen. Traders (90.0%) get culled boars from smallholder producers, while in Battambang they also buy from large farms and middlemen. The average number of culled boars purchased per each trader is 1.27 heads per time or 20.2 heads per month. Two traders in Battambang and in Kampong Thom use truck and remork for transportation, 2 in Kampong Thom and in Battambang use pickup car/minibus and 7 traders use motorbike. The average culled boars loaded per vehicle are 1.45 heads. Table 55b: Number of cull boars, origin and type of transportation. Provinces # trader Suppliers, % (multiple answers) # heads per # heads buy per Type of vehicles used, % # heads per vehicle I II III buying month A B C D used Banteay Mean Chey Battambang ± ±0.33 Kampong Speu Kampong Thom ± ±0.00 Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap ± ±0.40 Takeo Total (n=10) 18.2 (n=2) 27.3 (n=3) 1.27± ± (n=1) 18.2 (n=2) 9.10 (n=1) 63.6 (n=7) 1.45±0.20 I=Local or cross-breed pig small scale producer, II = Large scale or contract farm, III = Middleman, A=Truck, B=Car/minibus, C=Romork motorbike, D=Motorbike. 82 P a g e

83 Of the traders/middlemen, 11 in Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Speu, Siem Reap and Takeo trade weaning pigs (Table 55c). - In Banteay Mean Chey the traders get the supply of weaning piglets from districts of Serei Sorphorn, Svay Chek, Mongkol Borei and O Chrov and they also get them from Pouk, Angkor Thom, Srey Snom, Kralanh in Siem Reap. - Districts of Phnom Srouch and Chbar Morn is the suppliers of weaning piglets for traders in Kampong Speu. - In Siem Reap, traders buy them from the districts of Angkor Thom, Angkor Chum, Pouk, Kralanh, Srey Snom within Siem Reap. - Traders in Takeo buy weaning piglets within the province in the districts of Treang, Tramkak, Samrong and Daun Keo. On average, each trader buys 9.00 weaning piglets per time or 181 heads per month but traders in Siem Reap buy on average 2 weaning piglets per time and 10 times per month. Almost all traders use motorbike to transport their purchased weaning piglets and 1 trader in Banteay Mean Chey uses pickup car/minibus. The average weaning piglets loaded per vehicle is 8.72 heads. Table 55c: Number of weaning piglets, origin and type of transportation. Provinces # Suppliers, % # heads # heads Type of vehicles used, % # heads per trader I II III per buy per A B C D vehicle used buying month Banteay Mean Chey ± ±1.84 Battambang Kampong Speu (na) (na) Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap (na) (na) Takeo ± ±0.91 Total (n=11) ± ± (n=1) (n=10) I=Local or cross-breed pig small scale producer, II = Large scale or contract farm, III = Middleman, A=Truck, B=pickup car/minibus, C=Remork motorbike, D=Motorbike. 8.72±0.91 Thirty two percent of traders (26 out of 82) trade fattening pigs and their main suppliers are mostly (88.5%) from smallholder producers while 19.2% get them from middlemen and 1 trader in Battambang buy them from large farm (Table 55d). - The origin of fattening pigs in Battambang is from Banon, Ek Phnom, Mong Russey and Phnom Sampauv within the province and also from Pailin and Pursat. - In Kampong Thom traders get them from Prasat Sambo, Kampong Svay, Baray, Santouk, Sandan, Stoeung Sen, Storng, and Balang within the province and also from Kampong Cham and Prah Vihear. - A trader in Phnom Penh buys their fattening pigs from Leuk Dek district in Kandal province. 83 P a g e

84 - The traders in Prey Veng get the fattening pigs from districts within the province namely Romeas Hek, Kampong Trabek, Me Sang and Bar Phnom and also from Svay Rieng province. - A trader in Siem Reap buys them from Angkor Thom, Angkor Chum, Pouk, Kralanh, Bakong, Chi Kreng, Koulen, Sotnikom, Srey Snom, Varin, Banteay Srei and Siem Reap town. - Traders in Takeo get them from Kiri Vong, Tramkak, Daun Keo, Samrong, Treang and Borei Cholasa within their province and also from Kampot and Kampong Speu. The average number of fattening pigs bought per trader per time is 10.7 but higher number for the traders in Phnom Penh, Prey Veng and Siem Reap. Per month traders can purchase on average of 194 heads. Traders (11.5%) use trucks, while 23.1%, 34.6% and 30.8% use pickup car/minibus, remork and motorbike respectively for transporting fattening pigs and on average they load 10.7 heads per vehicle. Table 55d: Number of fattening pigs, origin and type of transportation. Provinces # trader Suppliers, % (multiple answers) # heads per # heads buy per Type of vehicles used, % # heads per vehicle I II III buying month A B C D used Banteay Mean Chey Battambang ± ±9.50 Kampong Speu Kampong Thom ± ±3.33 Phnom Penh (na) (na) Prey Veng ± , ±5.76 Siem Reap (na) (na) Takeo ± ±2.59 Total (n=23) 3.80 (n=1) 19.2 (n=5) 10.7± ± (n=3) 23.1 (n=6) 34.6 (n=9) 30.8 (n=8) 10.7±2.41 I=Local or cross-breed pig small scale producer, II = Large scale or contract farm, III = Middleman, A=Truck, B=Car/minibus, C=Romork motorbike, D=Motorbike. Out of 82 interviewed traders/middlemen and official importers, 64 trade finishing pigs with 84.4% supply from smallholder producers, 20.3% from large farms/contract farming, 14.2% from the middlemen and 11.1% in Siem Reap from his own produce (Table 55e). - In Banteay Mean Chey their supply is from Phnom Srok, Mongkol Borei, Serei Sorphorn, O Chrov and Prah Netpras and CP Company (Siem Reap, Kampong Speu and Kandal). - In Battambang, traders/middlemen buy their finishing pigs within province of the districts of Banon, Ek Phnom, Sangke, Battambang, Bavel and Thamkol and also from Pailin, Pursat and Banteay Mean Chey provinces. - Traders in Kampong Speu get the supply from Phnom Srouch and Bor Set within the province and from Kampong Seila in Koh Kong province. - In Kampong Thom they get from Prasat Sambo, Santouk, Kampong Svay, Baray, Sandan and Tangkork within the province and also from Kampong Cham, Prah Vihear and Siem Reap provinces. 84 P a g e

85 - Traders and official importers in Phnom Penh get their pigs from Kien Svay, Leuk Dek and Mouk Kampoul in Kandal province. The traders in Takeo buy finishing pigs within their province at the districts of Bati, Samrong, Treang, Prey Kabas and Tramkak and from other provinces such Kampot, Kampong Speu, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Thom, Banteay Mean Chey and Battambang. - In Prey Veng they buy them from Svay Antor, Ba Phnom, Me Sang, Kampong Leav, Sithor Kandal, Pea Rang, and Pean Ror within the province and from Svay Rieng province. - Traders in Siem Reap get their supply from the districts of Angkor Thom, Angkor Chum, Pouk, Kralanh, Bakong, Chi Kreng, Koulen, Sotnikom, Srey Snom, Varin, Banteay Srei, Siem Reap town, Pouk within Siem Reap province and imported pigs from Thailand as well as CP Company. On average each trader buys 20.8 per time but trader in Phnom Penh get 3-10 times of pigs higher than others provinces. The number is high because each official importer loads 250 finishing pigs per day. The average number of finishing pigs traded per month is 490 heads per trader. Among interviewed traders, 21.9% use truck while 15.6%, 23.4% and 39.1% use pickup car/minibus, remork and motorbike respectively and on average they load 17.7 heads per vehicle. Actually the official importers load 250 heads per truck but the truck used by local traders can load up to 50 heads per time. 85 P a g e

86 Table 55e: Number of finishing pigs, origin and type of transportation. Provinces # traders Suppliers, % (multiple answers) # heads per buying # heads buy per Type of vehicles used, % # heads per I II III IV month A B C D vehicle Banteay Mean Chey ± ±2.50 Battambang ± ±5.00 Kampong Speu ± ±0.60 Kampong Thom ± , ±3.59 Phnom Penh ± , ±25.7 Prey Veng ± ± ± ±3.02 Siem Reap 1 Takeo ± ± ± ± ±5.48 Total (n=54) (n=13) (n=9) (n=1) (n=14) (n=10) (n=15) (n=25) I=Local or cross-breed pig small scale producer, II = Large scale or contract farm, III = Middleman, IV=Own production, A=Truck, B=Pickup car/minibus, C=Remork motorbike, D=Motorbike. 86 P a g e

87 IV Sale of pigs A large share of traders/middlemen sell their culled sows to slaughterhouses particularly in Siem Reap and Takeo (Table 56a). All traders in Prey Veng and most traders in Battambang slaughter culled sows by themselves. In Banteay Mean Chey they sell culled sows to meat processors, to other traders and slaughter them by their own. - The culled sows are sold in Serei Sorphorn in Banteay Mean Chey and in Battambang they are used within the province. - In Kampong Thom traders sell culled sows to Stoeung Sen, Baray, Prasat Sambo, Santouk within the province and only 2 traders sell them to Khan Dong Kor in Phnom Penh. - The traders in Siem Reap and Takeo sell culled sows to the slaughterhouse within their provincial towns. Because of the limited number of culled boars, few interviewed traders deal with them. Among those 11 traders who buy and sell culled boars, 54.5% sell to slaughterhouses especially in Siem Reap, 9.10% sell to other traders and 36.4% do their own slaughtering. The culled boars in Battambang and Siem Reap are sold within the provincial towns, while in Kampong Thom they are sold at the districts' market within the province namely Stoeung Sen, Baray, Santouk and provincial town and they also sell to Khan Mean Chey in Phnom Penh. Table 56a: Sale of culled sows and boars by traders/middlemen and official importers. Provinces Culled sows, % Culled boars, % Slaughter -house Meat processor Other trader Own slaughtering Slaughter -house Other trader Own slaughtering Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 55.9 (n=19) 2.90 (n=1) 8.80 (n=3) 32.4 (n=11) 54.5 (n=6) 9.10 (n=1) 36.4 (n=4) Among 82 traders/middlemen, only 14% deal with weaning piglets and they mostly sell them to smallholder producers except Banteay Mean Chey of which traders sell most to processors (mostly use for BBQ) (Table 56b). - The traders in Banteay Mean Chey sell weaning piglets within the provincial town, except 1 also sells to Siem Reap, Battambang and Pursat provinces. - Traders in Siem Reap sell them mainly to Siem Reap town, traders in Kampong Speu sell them to the districts of Chbar Morn and Phnom Srouch. - Traders in Takeo sell them within Takeo in the districts of Treang, Tramkak, Samrong and Daun Keo and they also sell them to other provinces such as Kampot, Kampong Speu and Kandal. 87 P a g e

88 Only 32% of 82 interviewed traders/middlemen deal with fattened pigs. On average, 26.9% sell fattened pigs to slaughterhouses, 26.9% sell to meat processors, 7.70% sell to smallholder producers, 11.5% sell to other traders and 26.9% do their own slaughtering. All traders in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap slaughter fattened pigs by themselves. - The traders in Battambang sell fattened pigs in provincial town. - In Kampong Thom they sell them to Prasat Sambo, Baray, Santouk, Storung Sen, and Kampong Svay districts within the province and also to Khan Dangkor and Mean Chey in Phnom Penh. - In Phnom Penh, they sell them to Khan Toul Kork within the capital and in Prey Veng they sell them to Kampong Trabek, Pean Ro, Ba Phnom and Pras Sdach within the province and also to Khan Toul Kork and Mean Chey in Phnom Penh. - The traders in Takeo sell fattened pigs in Daun Keo and Treang districts within the province and also to Khan Mean Chey and Toul Kork in Phnom Penh, Kandal province and Sihanouk Ville. The weaning and fattened pigs are mainly used for BBQ especially during the festivities including Chinese New Year and wedding. The pigs used for this purpose are between kg live weights. Table 56b: Sale of weaning and fattened by traders/middlemen and official importers. Provinces Weaning pigs, % Fattened pigs, % Processor Small scale producers Slaughterhouse Meat processor Small scale producer Other traders Own slaughtering Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 36.4 (n=4) 63.6 (n=7) 26.9 (n=7) 26.9 (n=7) 7.70 (n=2) 11.5 (n=3) 26.9 (n=7) Among 82 interviewed traders/middlemen, 78% deal with finishing pigs of which 53.1% of traders sell them to slaughterhouses, 9.40% sell them to other traders and 51.6% do their own slaughtering (Table 56c). - The traders in Banteay Mean Chey sell them in provincial town and 1 also sells them to Poi Pet and to provincial town of Battambang. - The traders in Kampong Speu sell the finishing pigs at the districts within the province such as Phnom Srouch, Chbar Morn and also to Sre Ambil in Koh Kong, Sihanouk ville and Khan Sen Sok in Phnom Penh. 88 P a g e

89 - The traders in Kampong Thom reported that they sell them to Stoeung Sen, Baray, Prasat Sambo, Santouk within the province and to Prah Vihear province and Khan Mean Chey and Dangkor in Phnom Penh. - The traders in Phnom Penh sell most of finishing pigs to slaughterhouses within Phnom Penh. - The traders in Prey Veng sell them within the province in the districts of Kampong Trabek, Peam Ror and Svay Antor and also to Khan Mean Chey and Toul Kork in Phnom Penh. Almost all traders in Siem Reap sell the finishing pigs in provincial town, except 1 also sell them to Rattanakiri, Stoeung Treng and Kratie provinces. - Traders in Takeo said that districts in the province namely Daun Keo, Tramkak, Treang and Samrong and Khan Mean Chey and Toul Kork in Phnom Penh are their targets. Traders who also slaughter finishing pigs, 30.3% sell slaughtered pigs to retailers and 78.8% sell them directly to consumers in the markets. All traders in Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Speu and Kampong Thom sell directly to the consumers at the markets. Table 56c: Sale of finishing and slaughtered pigs by traders/middlemen and official importers. Provinces Finishing pigs, % (multiple answers) Slaughtered pigs, % (multiple answers) Slaughterhouse Other Own Meat to Own sale traders slaughtering retailers Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 53.1 (n=34) 9.40 (n=6) 51.6 (n=33) 30.3 (n=10) 78.8 (n=26) IV Access of pig weight Among 82 interviewed traders/middlemen, 51.2% of them value pigs by visual inspection, 35.4% of them do weighing and 13.4% estimate weight by visual inspection (Figure 8). 89 P a g e

90 Figure 8: Access of pig weight by traders/middlemen and official importers Visual inspection, % Weighing, % Both, % IV Criteria for buying pigs Traders are given chance to as much as answers for their criteria to buy pigs. Most of traders/middlemen (88.2%) assess culled sows and boars by looking at the body condition, 76.5% look at health of the animals (probably animals are not sick), 73.5% assess the weight, 73.5% look at the breed (crossbreed might gain better carcass), 64.7% look at bell and back fat, 50.0% at age and 14.7% on production system (Figure 9). Figure 9: Criteria for buying culled sows and boars by traders/middlemen and official importers (multiple answers) Age, % Production system, % no sign of sickness, % Body condition, % Back fat, % Weight, % Breed, % 90 P a g e

91 For weaning piglets most of the traders/middlemen are looking at weight (90.9%), breed (90.0%), age (81.8%) and body condition (81.8%) while 63.6% are assessing the health of the animals and 45.5% are looking at the color (Figure 10). It is very common beside body condition, health and breed, smallholder farmers look at the colors of pigs and this color has nothing to link with the market but some farmers prefer black pigs as they think they can grow them better, some prefer black with red plots and others prefer males than female pigs. So traders need to look at the colors in order to satisfy their clients. Figure 10: Criteria for buying weaning piglets by traders/middlemen and official importers (multiple answers) Age, % Color, % 45.5 Production system, % no sign of sickness, % Body condition, % Weight, % Breed, % 81.8 Majority (96.2%) of traders/middlemen look at the weight of fattening pigs before buying them, breeds (88.5%), body condition (80.8%), back fat (65.4%), healthy (61.5%), age (50.0%) and color (23.1%) but 1 trader in Phnom Penh looks at the production system (Figure 11). The fattening pigs can be used for different purposes such as BBQ, sale to other farmers for continue fattening. A trader in Phnom Penh look at almost all criteria except color, while in one trader in Siem Reap evaluate the health of pigs, body condition, back fat, weight and breed. All in Takeo judge on the body condition, weight and breed. 91 P a g e

92 Figure 11: Criteria for buying fattening pigs by traders/middlemen and official importers (multiple answers) Age, % Color, % Production system, % 61.5 No sign of sickness, % 96.2 Body condition, % Back fat, % Weight, % Breed, % Most of traders/middlemen dealing with finishing pigs judge on the breed (89.1%), weight (87.5%), body condition (82.8%), back fat (81.3%), no sign of sickness (71.9%) but some look at the age, production systems and color of finishing pigs (Figure 12). Figure 12: Criteria for buying finishing pigs by traders/middlemen and official importers (multiple answers) Age, % Color, % 71.9 Production system, % No signs of sickness, % 87.5 Body condition, % Back fat, % 82.8 Weight, % 81.3 Breed, % 92 P a g e

93 IV Persons set price and mode of payment About 84% of traders/middlemen reported that price of pigs is depending on the negotiation between sellers and buyers but sometimes price depends on buyers or sellers (Table 57). Cash is the important mode of payment as mentioned by 78.0% respondents but 41.5% of respondents said that credit also used. However 8.50% traders also use the advance payment. Normally traders who purchase the pigs from CP Company must deposit the money into bank or pay first before getting the pigs. The advance payment is somehow practice and the buyers or traders already set the price at the time of payment but the weight of pigs can be done at the time of selling them. The credit system will leave the price depending on the market price but pigs must be sold to the creditors and this system is mainly practice when there is high competition for buying pigs due to high demand or scarcity of pigs. Table 57: Persons set price and usual mode of payment of traders/middlemen and official importers. Provinces Persons set selling price,% Usual mode of payment,% (multiple answers) Seller/producer Buyer Negotiation between seller and buyer Cash Credit Advance payment Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 6.10 (n=5) 9.80 (n=8) 84.1 (n=69) 78.0 (n=64) 41.5 (n=34) 8.50 (n=7) IV Number of pigs and breed purchased in previous month Among the 34 traders/middlemen who buy culled sows; 5 except in Siem Reap bought 4.20 (1-15) local culled sows, 22 traders/middlemen bought 8.91 (1-90) crossbreed pigs and 2 in Battambang buy 17.5 (15-17) exotic breeds during the month previous to the study (Table 58). Out of 11 traders buying culled boars, only 1 in Kampong Thom purchased local breed in the previous month, while 6 bought crossbreed culled boars and 2 bought exotic breed. The number of local culled boar bought was 1 head, on average of 13.6 (1-60) crossbreed culled boars and 12.5 (10-15) exotic breed culled boars. In regard to the weaning piglets; 2 in Banteay Mean Chey and Takeo bought local weaning piglets with an average of 47.5 (20-75) heads, 10 bought 194 (7-456) crossed breed and none reported that they bought exotic breed previous month. While 6 traders/middlemen bought 195 (10-700) local fattening pigs and 16 traders purchased 145 (1-600) crossbreed previous month. 93 P a g e

94 On average, 27.6 (2-72) local finishing pigs, 242 (5-1,210) crossbreed and 1,824 (50-7,500) exotic breed were purchased by the interviewed traders and official importers during the month previous to the study. The 2 official importers in Phnom Penh said last month they purchased crossbreed and 6,750-7,500 exotic finishing pigs and the supply of crossbreed was from the local farms, while exotic breed was from Thailand. 94 P a g e

95 Table 58: Numbers of pigs by breeds bought in previous month by traders/middlemen and official importers. Provinces # culled sows, Ave. ±SE # culled boars, Ave. ±SE # weaning piglets, Ave. ±SE # fattening pigs, Ave. ±SE Local Cross Exotic Local Cross Exotic Local Cross Local Cross breed breed breed breed breed breed breed breed breed breed ± 75.0± Banteay Mean Chey (na) ± ± 17.5± 37.5± 12.5± 188.2± Battambang (na) Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total (na) 2.25± (na) 2.50± ± (na) (na) 4.20± ± ± ± ± (na) 13.6± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 55.8 # finishing pigs, Ave. ±SE Local Cross Exotic breed breed breed 5.00± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± P a g e

96 IV Price of pigs based on weight and breed bought in previous month The price of culled sows was high when they were below 102 kg live weight. The price of a local culled sow with less than 102 kg was 725, riel, 720, riel for a crossbreed and 860, riel for exotic breed. The price of culled sows with a weight over 102 kg was 626, riel for a local culled sow, 718, riel for crossbreed and 750, riel for exotic breed. Similarly, the price per head was given lower when a culled boar was more than 113 kg. In Battambang a culled boar less than 113 kg the price was 740, riel compared with 700, riel of over 113 kg a culled crossbreed boar. Only traders in Banteay Mean Chey and Takeo bought weaning piglets with less than 9.00 kg for 145, riel per head compared with 185, riel per head of crossed weaning piglets with more than 9.00 kg. The traders in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom and Siem Reap reported that they also gave different prices to finishing pigs based on weight and breed (Figure 13). On average, the price per head of less than 73.6 kg was 760, riel for local pigs and 765, riel for crossbreed, while more than 73.6 kg the prices were 776, riel and 798, riel for local and crossbreed pigs respectively. 96 P a g e

97 Figure 13: Prices of live pigs IV Arrangement and seasonal demand of finishing pigs Most traders/middlemen and official importers (81.7%) said that they have the arrangement with the producers/suppliers for supplying pigs (Table 59). The official importers make the contract with trading companies in Thailand to supply pigs to the border. All traders said that there is seasonal demand of pigs throughout the year. Table 59: Arrangement for buying pigs and seasonal demand. Provinces Any arrangement with producer for buying pigs?, % Experience of seasonal demand of pigs,% Yes No Yes No Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 81.7 (n=67) 18.3 (n=15) 100 (n=82) - 97 P a g e

98 Traders reported that the high demand of pigs is during the festivities and wedding period, while low demand is correlated to the harvest of fish and during the wet season. On average, the duration for the high demand is 47.3 days with the longer period in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Thom and Siem Reap and shorter period in Kampong Speu and Prey Veng (Table 60). During the high demand, one average each can trade 26.0 heads daily with the average price each of 732,ooo.00 riel compared with low demand of an average of 14.2 heads with the average price of 607, riel. The total value of trading per week in the high demand season is 160,196, riel per week compare with 90,599, riel in the low season. Throughout the year the average number of days for constant demand is 224. During this time each trader can sell 18.3 heads with the average price of 647, riel per head and total trading value is 124,647, riel per week. 98 P a g e

99 Table 60: Seasonal demand of pigs. Provinces High demand Low demand Constant demand # days, Ave.±SE Ave. # of heads/day, Ave.±SE Ave. price/head, x10 3 Ave.±SE Total value sold/week, x10 3 Ave.±SE Banteay Mean Chey 70.7± ± ±113 39,563± 15,654 Battambang 58.0± ± ± ,299± 49,791 Kampong Speu 23.7± ± ± ,484± 5,385 Kampong Thom 78.0± ± ± ,518± 64,017 Phnom Penh 26.6± ± ± ,740± 258,289 Prey Veng 11.6± ± ± ,397± 34,873 Siem Reap 67.8± ± ± ,949± 45,611 Takeo 46.5± ± ± ,539± 47,829 Total 47.3± ± ± ,196± 44,093 # days, Ave.±SE Ave. # of heads/day, Ave.±SE Ave. price/head, x10 3 Ave.±SE Total value sold/week, x10 3 Ave.±SE 117± ± ± ,318± 3, ± ± ± ,579± 14, ± ± ±58.5 5,867± 1, ± ± ± ,484± 13, ± ± ± ,246± 235, ± ± ± ,870± 19, ± ± ± ,059± 49, ± ± ± ,563± 13, ± ± ± ,599± 37,817 # days, Ave.±SE Ave. # of heads/day, Ave.±SE Ave. price/head, x10 3 Ave.±SE Total value sold/week, x10 3 Ave.±SE 177± ± ± ,041± 6, ± ± ± ,774± 29, ± ± ± ,916± 2, ± ± ± ,906± 23, ± ± ± ,177± 243, ± ± ± ,339± 20, ± ± ± ,544± 165, ± ± ± ,375± 21, ± ± ± ,647± 43, P a g e

100 IV Checking before buying pigs Of 82 traders/middlemen and official importers, 97% said that they check pigs before buying and only 3 traders in Phnom Penh do not check because trust each other in the business. They check by looking at body condition, skin, ear, toe and nose of the pigs. Among 79 traders who do checking, 41.8% traders/middlemen if pigs are not healthy they buy cheap and sell them quick while 49.4% do not buy them and they do not report to vets (Table 61). Only 1 in Takeo buy cheap and put them quarantine and another 1 in Kampong Thom does not buy them but report to vets. Table 61: Practice of traders/middlemen and official importers for ill pigs. Provinces Buy cheap and sell quickly, % Buy cheap and put in quarantine, % Don t buy and report to vet, % Don't buy but don't report to vet, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 41.8 (n=38) 1.30 (n=1) 1.30 (n=1) 49.4 (n=39) Out of 39 buyers who buy sick pigs, 64.1% except in Prey Veng said it affects to their business because they lose money (Table 62). The majority (72.0%) particularly in Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Thom, Phnom Penh and Takeo said they take the risk if they still look fine they can make profit otherwise they are sold lower price and 28.0% and all traders in Kampong Speu reported that they cannot sell them because buyers refuse. Table 62: Affects of buying ill pigs. Provinces Affect of business when If yes, how? buying ill pigs,% Yes No Sell in low price,% Lack of buyer, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 64.1 (n=25) 35.9 (n=14) 72.0 (n=18) 28.0 (n=7)

101 Forty one percent who buy sick pigs, sell them to slaughterhouses, while 41.0% slaughter by themselves and sell directly to consumers and 38.5% sell them to meat processors (Table 63). Per analysis, all traders in Banteay Mean Chey and Siem Reap sell all to slaughterhouses. Table 63: Destination of the sale of ill pigs (multiple answers). Provinces Slaughterhouse,% Slaughter and sell directly Meat processor,% to consumer,% Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total (n=16) (n=16) 38.5 (n=15) IV Arrangement for sale of pigs Out of 82 traders/middlemen and official importers, 37.8% make the arrangement with the buyers (Table 64). With this arrangement, 80.6% arrange the sale with the slaughterhouse owner, 12.9% with meat processors and 6.45% in Takeo with other farmers. Table 64: Arrangement made by traders/middlemen and official importers in selling pigs. Provinces Any arrangement made,% If yes, with whom? Yes No Slaughterhouse, Meat Farmers, % % processor, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 37.8 (n=31) 62.2 (n=51) 80.6 (n=25) 12.9 (n=4) 6.45 (n=2) Under this arrangement, the traders/middlemen should (i) supply pigs daily (60.9%), (ii) supply pigs on time (65.2%) and (iii) price of pigs is negotiable (34.8%) and slaughterhouses should (i) accept the number of pigs as agreed (86.4%), (ii) pay cash after getting the pigs (63.6%), price set based on body condition and breed (28.6%) and be able not to buy of pigs supply not diseases free (9.50%). (Table 65). 101 P a g e

102 On average, the middlemen/traders make the trading margin of 4.67% compared to their buying price when selling to the slaughterhouses. This increase is high in Kampong Speu (6.50%) and Prey Veng (6.25%) and low in Banteay Mean Chey (3.83%), Phnom Penh (3.50%) and Siem Reap (2.83%). Table 65: Description of arrangement between traders/middlemen and slaughterhouses. Provinces Obligation of the traders, % (multiple answers) Obligation of the slaughterhouse, % (multiple answers) Supply Supply Price based Reject pig pigs on on ill pigs daily time negotiation Accept pigs based on order Pay cash after receiving pigs Price set according to body condition and breed % price increase when selling to slaughter house, Ave. ±SE Banteay Mean Chey ±0.72 Battambang ±0.31 Kampong Speu ±1.14 Kampong Thom ±0.46 Phnom Penh ±0.50 Prey Veng ±0.25 Siem Reap ±0.30 Takeo ±0.00 Total 60.9 (n=14) 65.2 (n=15) 34.8 (n=8) 86.4 (n=19) 63.6 (n=14) 28.6 (n=6) 9.50 (n=2) 4.67±0.33 IV Numbers of pigs die during transportation in previous month On average, the number of vehicles used for transporting pigs during the previous month to this study was 24.9 (1-130) per trader (Table 66). In one case a trader used 130 vehicles during the previous month being supplied by 4-5 collectors daily. Among 82 traders/middlemen and official importers, 69% said their pigs died during the transportation with an average number of 3.12 (1-15) heads and the reasons were (i) long distance to the users (12.3% except in Prey Veng, Siem Reap and Takeo), (ii) heat stress (56.1%), (iii) too crowded (43.9%), (iv) pigs got sick (19.3% except in Banteay Mean Chey and Phnom Penh) and (v) sellers gave too much food before loading (17.5% except in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap). 102 P a g e

103 Table 66: Estimated number of pigs die during transport in previous month. Provinces # transport per buying in last one month, Ave. ±SE Total pigs transport, Ave. ±SE # pig died, Ave. ±SE Long distance to user Reasons of pigs died, % (multiple answers) Heat Too Sick crowded Too much eating when selling Banteay Mean Chey 23.8± ± ± Battambang 25.7± ± ± Kampong Speu 28.2± ± ± Kampong Thom 18.7± ± ± Phnom Penh 27.2± ± ± Prey Veng 34.5± ± ± Siem Reap 21.1± ± ± Takeo 20.2± ± ± Total 24.9± ± ± (n=7) 56.1 (n=32) 43.9 (n=25) 19.3 (n=11) 17.5 (n=10) IV Pig transport and frequency of cleaning and disinfection Among the interviewees, 17 own trucks to load their pigs but none in Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Speu and Kampong Thom (Table 67a). Only 1 trader in Phnom Penh never cleans the vehicles, while 64.7% and 29.4% clean before and after each travel respectively. About 12% of traders never disinfect their tucks and 11.8% disinfect once every 3 months. The official importers said that their trucks are cleaned and disinfected at the border before loading pigs into Cambodia. Table 67a: Trucks use to transport pigs and frequency of cleaning and disinfection. Provinces Owned, % Frequency of cleaning,% Frequency of disinfection,% I IV V I II III IV V VI Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 20.7 (n=17) 5.90 (n=1) 64.7 (n=11) 29.4 (n=5) 11.8 (n=2) 17.6 (n=3) 35.3 (n=6) 23.5 (n=4) 11.8 (n=2) 11.8 (n=2) I=never, II=once per month, III=once per week, IV=before each pig transport, V=after each pig transport, VI=once every three months. Of the total, 14 owned car/minibus and none is recorded in Prey Veng. Among those, 50.0% clean before each pig transport and another 50.0% do after each pig transport (Table 67b). Nearly 29.0% never do the disinfection of their car/minibus, while 14.3% in Takeo disinfect 103 P a g e

104 once per week, 28.6% in Kampong Thom and Phnom Penh disinfect before each pig transport and 28.6% disinfect after each pig transport. Table 67b: Car/minibuses use to transport pigs and frequency of cleaning and disinfection them. Provinces Owned, % Frequency of cleaning, % Frequency of disinfection,% IV V I III IV V Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 17.1 (n=14) 50.0 (n=7) 50.0 (n=7) 28.6 (n=4) 14.3 (n=2) 28.6 (n=4) 28.6 (n=4) I=never, II=once per month, III=once per week, IV=before each pig transport, V=after each pig transport. Sixteen traders/middlemen (19.5% of all interviewed traders) owned a remork motorbike. Within their property; 6.30% in Battambang clean once per month, 25.0% clean before each pig transport and 68.8% do after each pig transport (Table 67c). Also, 50.0% never disinfect, 18.8% disinfect once per month, 12.5% disinfect once per week and 18.8% disinfect after each pig transport. Table 67c: Remork use to transport pigs and frequency of cleaning and disinfection. Provinces Owned, Frequency of cleaning, % Frequency of disinfection,% % II IV V I II III V Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 19.5 (n=16) 6.30 (n=1) 25.0 (n=4) 68.8 (n=11) 50.0 (n=8) 18.8 (n=3) 12.5 (n=2) 18.8 (n=3) I=never, II=once per month, III=once per week, IV=before each pig transport, V=after each pig transport. There are 45 traders/middlemen who owned motorbikes to transport their pigs in the trading business. Of the motorbike owners; 2.20% in Kampong Speu never clean, 6.70% clean once per month, 15.6% clean once per week, 28.9% clean before each pigs transport and 46.7% clean after each pig transport. Besides that, 48.9% never do the disinfection their motorbikes, while 104 P a g e

105 4.40%, 15.6%, 4.40% and 26.7% disinfect once per month, once per week, before each pig transport and after each pig transport (Table 67d). Table 67d: Motorbikes use to transport pigs and frequency of cleaning and disinfection. Provinces Owned, Frequency of cleaning,% Frequency of disinfection,% % I II III IV V I II III IV V Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 54.9 (n=45) 2.20 (n=1) 6.70 (n=3) 15.6 (n=7) 28.9 (n=13) 46.7 (n=21) 48.9 (n=22) 4.40 (n=2) 15.6 (n=7) 4.40 (n=2) 26.7 (n=12) I=never, II=once per month, III=once per week, IV=before each pig transport, V=after each pig transport. IV Documents requirement for transporting pigs Among 82 interviewees, 58.0% reported that documents are needed for transporting pigs especially all traders in Phnom Penh (Table 68a). Among those, 59.6% reported that they need to have business license (patent), license from vet (31.9%), certificate of animal health (31.9%), letter of buying (8.50%), receipt of service payment (10.6%) and importation license (4.30%). Table 68a: Requirement of documents for transporting pigs. Provinces Documents required for transporting pigs, % If yes, what type of documents?, % (multiple answers) Yes No A B C D E F Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 57.3 (n=47) 42.7 (n=35) 31.9 (n=15) 59.6 (n=28) 31.9 (n=15) 8.50 (n=4) 10.6 (n=5) A= transportation license from vet; B= business license; C= certificate of animal health; D= letter of buying; E= receipt of service payment; F= importation license 4.30 (n=2) More than half (52.0%) except respondents in Siem Reap are asked to stop their vehicles by provincial/district vets (65.1%), by police (41.9%), by Military Police (39.5%), by vet from DAHP (16.3%), by custom officers (11.6%) and by local authority and provincial economic police (2.3) (Table 68b). Those who were not asked to stop their vehicles gave the reason that they were transporting pigs (i) within the district/province (84.6%) and (ii) small local business (15.4%). 105 P a g e

106 Table 68b: Institutions asking vehicles to stop during transportation pigs. Provinces Ask for stopping during transport pigs, % If yes, who ask for stopping your vehicle?, % (multiple answers) If no, why?, % Yes No A B C D E F G I II Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 52.4 (n=43) 47.6 (n=39) 65.1 (n=28) 16.3 (n=7) 41.9 (n=18) 39.5 (n=17) 11.6 (n=5) 4.70 (n=2) 2.30 (n=1) 84.6 (n=33) 15.4 (n=6) A= Provincial/district vets; B= Vet from DAHP; C= Police; D= PM; E= Custom agent; F= Local authorities; G=Provincial economic police. I= buying only within district/province; II= small local business. Among traders who are asked to stop their vehicles, 62.8% said that the stopping authorities just wanted money, particularly in Kampong Thom and Takeo, 60.5% said they were asked for an animal movement certificate, 18.6% said the authorities checked animal health of the pigs in the vehicles and 20.9% said that sick pigs might separated for quarantine in they were are detected (Table 68c). Within the 82 traders/middlemen and official importers, 45 and 47 of them pay for official fee and unofficial fee for the pigs transportation respectively. On average, traders/middlemen are required to make 95, (2,000-1,000,000) riel official payments and 20, (1, ,000) riel for unofficial payments for each trip. The traders in Siem Reap pay provincial vets 1, riel per head of pig at the slaughterhouses. Table 68c: Reasons for stopping and fee charge for each transportation of pigs. Provinces Purpose of stopping, % (multiple answers) Spent (riel) for transportation, Ave.±SE A B C D Official fee Unofficial fee Banteay Mean Chey ,000-30,000 10, ,000 Battambang , ,000 10,000-35,000 Kampong Speu ,000-25,000 5,000 Kampong Thom , ,000 1,000-80,000 Phnom Penh ,000-1,000,000 2, ,000 Prey Veng , ,000 5,000-30,000 Siem Reap , ,000 2,000-40,000 Takeo ,000-50,000 3,000-22,500 Total ,489±31,169 20,713±3, P a g e

107 Case study 5: Piglet middlemen in Banteay Mean Chey Mr. Ri Chet, 32 years, lives in Bok Thom village, Rong Kor commune, Krolanh district, Banteay Mean Chey. He is a piglet middleman. He has been running this business for 9-10 years. There is no pig collector working for him and usually he only purchases directly from smallholder producers. The targeted areas for pig collection are in Kralanh and Phnom Srok in Banteay Mean Chey and Samrong in Odor Mean Chey. He buys 7-10 piglets daily. He sells those to smallholder producers in Poipet, Malai and Serei Sorphorn in Banteay Mean Chey and Kampong Kdey in Siem Reap and to processor (roasted piglets) in Serei Sorphorn. During high demand periods (festivities) for roasted piglets with a weight of about 20 kg he can sell 10 heads per day. He uses motorbike to transport the piglet with 7-10 heads per time. His motorbike is cleaned and disinfected with soap after each pig transport. Documents for transportation are not required as he operates small business. However, he pays about 10,000 riel unofficial fee for each transport. During the PRRS outbreak, his business was stopped because no supply of pigs. The price of piglets was better before PRRS outbreak; however, he can get a trading margin of at least 20,000 riel per head. Selling volume, buying and selling prices. Descriptions Price of piglets Price of piglets # piglets sold when buying in (riel/head) when selling out in (riel/head) Before PRRS 220, , , , outbreak During (2 months) After PRRS outbreak 190, , , , (n=26) (n=8) (n=9) (n=27) A= animal movement certificate; B=animal health; C=separate sick animals; D=unofficial payment IV.3.4. Trading partners IV Business dealers Nearly 98% of the traders/middlemen make business deals with pig raisers and farmers, 64.6% are partners with slaughterhouse owners and 51.2% do trading with other traders (Table 69). All traders in Siem Reap also trade with slaughterhouse owner. Almost all traders/middlemen (91.5%) prefer working with raisers and farmers (Case study 5), 72.0% prefer to trade with other traders and 58.5% prefer to trade with slaughterhouse owners. 107 P a g e

108 Table 69: Trading partners and preferences (Multiple answers). Provinces Persons to trade with, % Preference to trade with?, % Raiser/ farmer Slaughterhouse Other traders Raiser/ farmer Slaughterhouse Other traders owners owners Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 97.6 (n=80) 64.6 (n=53) 51.2 (n=42) 91.5 (n=75) 58.5 (n=48) 72.0 (n=59) IV Trading association in Cambodia Out of 82 interviewees, only 7.3% in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Speu and Phnom Penh know that there is a traders' organization in Cambodia while 53.7% said that there is no such association in Cambodia and 39% do not know about the existence of the pig trading association. Among those who know this association, 66.7% are members of the association in Battambang and Banteay Mean Chey (Table 70). About 33% of the respondents think that it is important to have the pig traders association formed but 18% of them said it should not be formed and 49% of them are not sure about what could association help them. A small percentage of interviewees mentioned about the association and at present there is no specific association for trading pigs. However, there are a few Pig Raising Associations in some provinces but there is no national association representing the pig producers. Table 70: Existence of pig trading association in Cambodia. Provinces Trader organizations / associations exist in Cambodia, % If yes, are you belong to these associations,% Do you think association should be formed?, % Yes No Don t know Yes No Yes No Don t know Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 7.30 (n=6) 53.7 (n=44) 39.0 (n=32) 66.7 (n=4) 33.3 (n=2) 32.9 (n=27) 18.3 (n=15) 48.8 (n=40) 108 P a g e

109 About 83.0% of the respondents know that there are informal traders' networks in Cambodia especially in Kampong Thom, Prey Veng and Siem Reap (Table 71). Among those, 72.1% work in these networks within the province and with traders in other provinces, 32.4% they work through these informal networks because they are friends and about 3% especially in Battambang and Kampong Speu work in these networks because they are family members and relatives. Table 71: Informal network of traders in Cambodia. Provinces Informal traders networks in Cambodia, % Yes No Family's members/ relatives If yes, how is the informal networks?, % (multiple answers) Friends Other traders in and outside the province Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 82.9 (n=68) 17.1 (n=14) 2.90 (n=2) 32.4 (n=22) 72.1 (n=49) IV.3.5. Interest in pig trading Out of 82 interviewees, 76.8% they are interested in pig trading because it is easy to get profit, 32.9% because they are free from other works, 24.4% said because it is family heritage, 19.5% follow other friends and relatives and 18.3% do this pig trading because they have no other jobs (Table 72). Table 72: Interest in pigs trading in Cambodia (multiple answers). Provinces Easy to get profit, % Family heritage, % Follow the other people, % Free from other works, % No job, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total 76.8 (n=63) 24.4 (n=20) 19.5 (n=16) 32.9 (n=27) 18.3 (n=15) 109 P a g e

110 Traders/middlemen consider the lack of capital (17.1%) and difficult road (14.6%) very serious difficulties in pig trading (Table 73). Table 73: Difficulties in pig trading. Descriptions Very serious, % Serious, % Less serious, % 1. Obey the govt. law 3.70 (n=3) 28.0 (n=23) 68.3 (n=56) 2. Un-official tax payment 9.80 (n=8) 29.3 (n=24) 61.0 (n=50) 3. Pigs lose weight/get weak after buying 7.30 (n=6) 47.6 (n=39) 45.1 (n=37) 4. Lack of adequate pigs for buying 12.2 (n=10) 46.3 (n=38) 41.5 (n=34) 5. Lack of transportation mean 1.20 (n=1) 17.1 (n=14) 81.7 (n=67) 6. Lack of capital 17.1 (n=14) 36.6 (n=30) 46.3 (n=38) 7. Use a lot of labor 9.80 (n=8) 23.2 (n=19) 67.1 (n=55) 8. Difficult road 14.6 (n=12) 35.4 (n=29) 50.0 (n=41) 9. Lack of customers 11.0 (n=9) 41.5 (n=34) 47.6 (n=39) 10. Customer owed 11.0 (n=9) 34.1 (n=28) 54.9 (n=45) Respondents make the following suggestions in order to improve their pigs trading: help to make the price of pigs' stable (24%), improve the road condition (19.5%), establish pig traders' association (17.1%), provide training to pig raisers especially the smallholder farmers so that they could produce good quality of pigs, concerned authorities should issue relevant documents on time when asking for (Table 74): Table 74: Suggestions to improve pig trading (multiple answers). Provinces A, % B, % C, % D, % E, % F, % G, % H, % I, % J, % Banteay Mean Chey Battambang Kampong Speu Kampong Thom Phnom Penh Prey Veng Siem Reap Takeo Total (n=6) (n=14) (n=6) (n=16) (n=8) (n=20) (n=4) (n=7) (n=2) (n=18) A= Reduce slaughtering fee; B= Form the pig trader association; C= Stop imported pigs; D=Improve the road; E= Train farmers on pig raising; F= Keep stable of pig price; G= Reduce tax; H= Provide trading license on time; I= Reduce unofficial fee; J=No suggestion. 110 P a g e

111 Slaughterhouses IV.4. Slaughterhouses Also 12 slaughterhouses in Siem Reap and Phnom Penh were interviewed. Their selection is based on the list available from DAHP and their willingness to allow team to interview. IV.4.1. Information of slaughterhouses On average, the age of the respondents is 48.7 years old (Table 75). In overall, 58.3% never attended school and 41.7% have grade 1-7. Per observation, the slaughterhouse business is generally inherited through generation of family especially from parents. Among respondents, each slaughterhouse has 5.0 members with 2 males and 3 females. The interviewees in Phnom Penh reported that their main occupation is slaughterhouse business, while in Siem Reap 33.3% said that they are owners of slaughterhouses, 33.3% are slaughterhouse managers, 16.7% are pig killers and 16.7% also works as mobile restaurant to 111 P a g e

112 serve food during the occasional ceremony such as wedding, cerebration etc. This mobile restaurant is generally organized on the roadside. The slaughterhouses employ 6.75 (1-20) persons at the start of business but 11.2 (2-40) persons at present. Fewer workers in Phnom Penh are employed compared to slaughterhouses in Siem Reap. The reason is that Siem Reap is nearby the source of labors and slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh need to look for labors from provinces. All interviewed slaughterhouses have official permits. More than 40% of respondents reported that they receive the permit from the Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH) while 75% received from the Provincial Department of Agriculture (PDA). The average size of slaughterhouse in Siem Reap is smaller (2,752 m 2 ) than in Phnom Penh of 5,074 m 2. The coverage area of slaughterhouses in Siem Reap for meat distribution is 389 km 2 and 678 km 2 for Phnom Penh. All slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh are established next to residential buildings and only 1 of them also is next to the empty space. However, 66.7%, 33.3%, 16.7% and 16.7% of slaughterhouses in Siem Reap are next to empty space, residential building, rice/crop field and rice mills respectively (Figure 14 & Figure 15). 112 P a g e

113 Figure 14: Location of targeted slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh 113 P a g e

114 Figure 15: Locations of targeted slaughterhouses in Siem Reap In Siem Reap, the actual average slaughtering is 40.2 heads/day per slaughterhouse, while in Phnom Penh each could do 146 heads/day to supply to the markets in Phnom Penh. Table 75: General information of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Descriptions Phnom Penh Siem Reap 1. Age of respondent, Ave. ± SE 47.7± ± Education level, % No education 66.7 (n=4) 50.0 (n=3) Grade (n=2) 50.0 (n=3) Grade College/university Family members, Ave. ± SE 5.67± ±0.67 # male, Ave. ± SE 2.17± ±0.33 # female, Ave. ± SE 3.50± ± Main occupation of the respondent, % Slaughterhouse owners 100 (n=6) 33.3 (n=2) Slaughterhouse manager (n=2) Pig slaughter (n=1) Mobile restaurants to serve food for wedding and other ceremonies (n=1) 114 P a g e

115 5. # workers at start, Ave. ± SE 4.67± ± # workers at present, Ave. ± SE 11.1± ± Having had the official permit, % 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) 8. If have, which institutions, % (multiple answers) Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH) 50.0 (n=3) 33.3 (n=2) Provincial Department of Agriculture (PDA) 50.0 (n=3) 100 (n=6) 9. Total areas of slaughterhouse (sq. m), Ave. ± SE 5,074±2,149 2,752±1, Coverage area for meat distribution (sq. km), Ave. ± SE 678± ± Type of establishment exists next to your slaughterhouse, % (multiple answers) Other slaughterhouse - - Empty space 16.7 (n=1) 66.7 (n=4) Residential building 100 (n=6) 33.3 (n=2) Rice/crop field (n=1) Rice miller (n=1) 12. Capacity of slaughtering (# pigs per day), Ave. ± SE 146± ±30.1 IV.4.2. Slaughterhouse/business status Except 2 slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh operate over 10 years, the rest operate between 1-10 years. All interviewed slaughterhouses are private enterprises and they supply meat throughout of the year (Table 76). All slaughterhouses rent to several individuals by charging them a fee. Few owners (33.3%) 0f the slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap also slaughter pigs for the markets. Each slaughterhouse is rent out to 5-10 individuals of which each individual slaughters pigs daily. 91.6% of slaughterhouses provide space for quarantine of animals. Majority of slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh are wholesalers and retailers while in Siem Reap there are more retailers. Most slaughterhouses (83.3%) in Phnom Penh only slaughter pigs and the remaining slaughter pigs and cattle while in Siem Reap, 83.3% slaughter pigs, cattle and buffaloes and the remaining only slaughter pigs. Table 76: The status of the slaughterhouse/business in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Descriptions Phnom Penh Siem Reap 13. Years of slaughterhouse established, Ave. ± SE 1-2 years years 16.7 (n=1) 66.7 (n=4) 6-10 years 50.0 (n=3) 33.3 (n=2) Over 10 years 33.3 (n=2) Type of enterprise that slaughterhouse currently have, % Private 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) Government owned P a g e

116 Both private and government Slaughterhouse/business operation, % Regular (throughout the year) 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) Seasonal (only part of the year) Type of service that slaughterhouse provide in relation to slaughtering, % (multiple answers) Slaughter only own animal 33.3 (n=2) 33.3 (n=2) Provide slaughtering service for a fee 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) Provide quarantine service 100 (n=6) 83.3 (n=5) 17. Position in the pig market chain, % (multiple answers) Slaughterhouse and carcass wholesaler 66.7 (n=4) 33.3 (n=2) Slaughterhouse and meat retailer 83.3 (n=5) 100 (n=6) Slaughterhouse and meat processor - - Slaughterhouse, retailer and processor Kind of animals to slaughter, % Only pig 83.3 (n=5) 16.7 (n=1) Pig and cattle 16.7 (n=1) - Pig, cattle and buffalo (n=5) 19. Proportion of pigs in relation to other types of animals that slaughtered, % 100% 83.3 (n=5) 16.7 (n=1) 75% (n=4) 50% 16.7 (n=1) 16.7 (n=1) 25% - - IV.4.3. Pig supply chain Prices at different players to the consumers Figure 16 shows the flow and prices at different players from slaughterhouses to the consumers. From slaughterhouses carcass is sold to whole sellers, processors, retailers, restaurants and consumers and similar flows also go to different players except to the consumers. The price of carcass is high when carcass is sold to restaurant and consumers. 116 P a g e

117 Figure 16: Prices of carcass from slaughterhouses to consumption centers IV Suppliers and relative share of pig for slaughtering Only 4 slaughterhouses in Siem Reap get the supply of culled sows from the pig smallholder producers (Table 77). The supply of culled sows for these slaughterhouses in Siem Reap is from Sot Nikum, Chi Kreng and Prasat Bakong districts. Per time, only one culled sow is purchased with a total of 9 heads per month. Only remork and motorbike are used for transporting culled sow and each can loads 1.75 (1-3 heads) heads. Although not very common, a slaughterhouse in Siem Reap buys 1 culled boar per month from smallholder producer in Prasat Bakong district, Siem Reap. The motorbike is used for transporting the culled boar. None of slaughterhouse raise finishing pigs themselves for slaughter. The supply of finishing pigs for slaughtering in Siem Reap is mainly from smallholder producers and few of them get pigs from large farm/contract farms and middlemen while in Phnom Penh slaughterhouse get the supply of pigs equally from smallholder producers, large farms/contract farms and middlemen. - The supply of pigs to slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh are from (i) Kampong Trabek, Svay Anthor and Me Sang districts in Prey Veng province, (ii) Dong Tong district in 117 P a g e

118 Kampot province, (iii) Phnom Srouch and Samrong Torng districts in Kampong Speu province, (iv) Kandal Steung and Kean Svay districts in Kandal province, (v) Tramkak, Bati and Treang districts in Takeo province, (vi) Kampong Chhnang province; (vii) Pursat province; (viii) Pailin province, (ix) Kampong Cham province, (x) Siem Reap, (xi) Kampong Thom, (xii) Khan Sen Sok in Phnom Penh and (xiii) from Thailand (Figure 17). Figure 17: Movement of pigs to slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh - In Siem Reap, the slaughterhouses get their of pigs supply from Chi Kreng, Sot Nikum, Prasat Bakong districts and Oddar Meanchey but a slaughterhouse in Krong Siem Reap also gets pigs from CP Group in Ang Snoul district in Kandal province and from Thailand (Figure 18). 118 P a g e

119 Figure 18: Movement of pigs to slaughterhouses in Siem Reap Per time, on average each slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh buys 148 (13-536) or 4,580 (210-16,080) finishing pigs per month while in Siem Reap, 38 (1-190) per time or 1145 ( ) finishing pigs per month. The slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh mainly trucks and pick up cars for transporting pigs and about 10 pigs per pickup car and 60 pigs per truck can be loaded but sometime remork is also used. In Siem Reap, remork and motorbikes are very common transport for all slaughterhouses and on average it can load 4 (2-10) pigs but sometime pick up cars are also used. Table 77: Suppliers and the relative share of pig for slaughtering in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Descriptions Phnom Penh Siem Reap Supply of culled sows to slaughter 20. A. Type of suppliers, % Local or crossbred pig small scale producers (n=4) Large scale or contract farm - - Middlemen P a g e

120 Own production A. Average heads per buying, Ave. ± SE ± A. # pigs buying per month, Ave. ± SE ± A. Type of vehicle used for transport, % Truck - - Pick up car/minibus - - Remork (n=2) Motorbike (n=2) 24. A. #heads per vehicle used, Ave. ± SE ±0.48 Supply of finishing pigs to slaughter 20. B. Type of suppliers, % (multiple answers) Local or crossbred pigs from smallholder producers 66.7 (n=4) 100 (n=6) Large scale or contract farm 66.7 (n=4) 16.7 (n=1) Middlemen 66.7 (n=4) 16.7 (n=1) Own production B. Average heads per buying, Ave. ± SE 158± ± B. # pigs buying per month, Ave. ± SE 4,580±2,426 1,145± B. Type of vehicle used for transport, % (multiple answers) Truck 50.0 (n=3) - Pick up car/minibus 50.0 (n=3) 16.7 (n=1) Remork 16.7 (n=1) 100 (n=6) Motorbike (n=5) 24. B. #heads per vehicle used, Ave. ± SE 33.3± ±1.22 IV Type of vehicles owned and frequency of cleaning and disinfecting Fifty percent of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh own trucks but none in Siem Reap. All interviewed slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh reported that they clean their truck after each pig transport (Table 78). However, 66.7% said that they disinfect their trucks once per week and 33.3% mentioned that they do before transportation. Similarly, 50% and 16.7% of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap respectively own pick up car/minibus and they cleanse their vehicles once after each pig transport. Each of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh disinfects their pick up car differently; once a week, once per month and before each pig transport and a slaughterhouse in Siem Reap that disinfects pick up car does it after pig transport. A slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh owns remork and he cleanses it once per month but never disinfects it. All slaughterhouses in Siem Reap own remorks and most of them clean and disinfect their remorks once after using it. 120 P a g e

121 Eighty percent of slaughterhouses owned motorbike in Siem Reap and they cleanse their vehicles before each pig transport and 20% reported that they do after each pig transport. Also 80% of them said they disinfect after each pig transport and 20% do once per week. The disinfection in this case, they use normal soap especially in Siem Reap to reduce smell of pig manure in their vehicles. Table 78: Type of vehicles owned and frequency of cleaning and disinfecting by slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Descriptions Phnom Penh Siem Reap Truck 25. A. Owned, % Yes 50.0 (n=3) - No 50.0 (n=3) 100 (n=6) 26. A. Frequency of cleaning, % Never - - Once per month - - Once per week - - Before each pig transport - - After each pig transport 100 (n=3) A. Frequency of disinfecting, % Never - - Once per month - - Once per week 66.7 (n=2) Before each pig transport 33.3 (n=1) After each pig transport - - Car/minibus 25. B. Owned, % Yes 50.0 (n=3) 16.7 (n=1) No 50.0 (n=3) 83.3 (n=5) 26. B. Frequency of cleaning, % Never - - Once per month - - Once per week - - Before each pig transport - - After each pig transport 100 (n=3) 100 (n=1) 27. B. Frequency of disinfecting, % Never - - Once per month 33.3 (n=1) - Once per week 33.3 (n=1) - Before each pig transport 33.3 (n=1) - After each pig transport (n=1) Remork 121 P a g e

122 25. C. Owned, % Yes 16.7 (n=1) 100 (n=6) No 83.3 (n=5) C. Frequency of cleaning, % Never - - Once per month 100 (n=1) - Once per week - - Before each pig transport (n=1) After each pig transport (n=5) 27. C. Frequency of disinfecting, % Never 100 (n=1) - Once per month - - Once per week (n=1) Before each pig transport - - After each pig transport (n=5) Motorbike 25. D. Owned, % Yes (n=5) No 100 (n=1) 16.7 (n=6) 26. D. Frequency of cleaning, % Never - - Once per month - - Once per week - - Before each pig transport (n=1) After each pig transport (n=5) 27. D. Frequency of disinfecting, % Never - - Once per month - - Once per week (n=1) Before each pig transport - - After each pig transport (n=4) IV Assess pig value and arrangement with suppliers Fifty percent of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap reported they assess the value of pigs by weighing, while another 50% said that they do so based on both by weighing and visual inspection (Table 79). Only 2 slaughterhouses in both interviewed locations said that they have an agreement with pigs' suppliers and this agreement is verbal. All reported that they order pigs with negotiated price while the suppliers have an obligation to supply healthy pigs with market prices as verbal agreement. However, some slaughterhouses also have verbal agreement with traders to bring pigs to their slaughterhouses for slaughtering by them. In this case the slaughterhouse provides (i) slaughtering place, (ii) supplies workers for slaughter, and (iii) supplies water and electricity. Traders are required to (i) bring healthy pigs for slaughtering, 122 P a g e

123 (ii) transport carcass to the markets, (iii) pay for service. The cost of the service is of 4,000-5,000 riel per head. Table 79: Assess pig value and arrangement with suppliers for buying pigs of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Descriptions Phnom Penh Siem Reap 28. Assess pig value, % Inspect by ocular - - Weighing 50.0 (n=3) 50.0 (n=3) Both of above 50.0 (n=3) 50.0 (n=3) 29. Any arrangement with suppliers, % Yes 16.7 (n=1) 16.7 (n=1) No 83.3 (n=5) 83.3 (n=5) 30. Type of arrangement, % Verbal 100 (n=1) 100 (n=1) Contract - - Other (specify..) If yes, please describe the arrangement, % Obligation of the slaughterhouses Order pigs 100 (n=1) 100 (n=1) Price negotiation 100 (n=1) 100 (n=1) Obligation of the suppliers Supply pig by order with healthy 100 (n=1) 100 (n=1) Price based on market 100 (n=1) 100 (n=1) IV Number of pigs and live weight according to breeds The variation of number of pigs bought is large between slaughterhouses in Siem Reap and Phnom Penh. On average, each slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh purchased 66 (42-90) local pigs, 2,913 (90-14,311) crossbreed pigs and 1,370 (60-2,250) improved breeds per month. Each slaughterhouse in Siem Reap bought 824 (31-3,000) crossbreed pigs per month (Table 80). Only one slaughterhouse in Siem Reap bought 92 local pigs and the other bought 2,700 improved pigs. Only a few local and crossbreed culled sows are bought by slaughterhouses in Siem Reap. The large difference in pig meat demand between Phnom Penh and Siem Reap is by the number of population and also visitors. The population of Krong Siem Reap according to Census 2008 was about 24,000 persons compared with 1,327,615 persons in Phnom Penh. In Siem Reap the number of tourists is estimated to be about 5,000 persons daily or 15,000 tourists monthly. Although no report is available, it is expected that Phnom Penh is also the attractive centre for tourists and in this case Phnom Penh would have demanded 4-5 times more pig meat compared to Siem Reap. Among the three breed types s, crossbred pigs are the largest percentage for both Siem Reap and Phnom Penh. Mainly finishing pigs and only very few culled sows are slaughtered.. On average local and crossbreed culled sows have a live weight of over 100 kg and for local and 123 P a g e

124 crossbreed finishing pigs the live weight is about 70 kg and improved pigs are around 90 kg. Three slaughterhouses in Siem Reap paid 7,500-8,000 riel/kg live weight? of crossbred pigs below 50-60kg but over this weight the price was 8,000-8,200 riel/kg. For the improved breeds they offered even higher rates of9200 riel/kg. Similarly for local breeds, when they are below 80 kg the price is 7,500 riel/kg but over 80 kg they get 8200 riel/kg. Table 80: Number of pigs bought per month (prior to survey date) and their average live weight according to breeds for slaughtering in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap, Cambodia. Descriptions Phnom Penh Siem Reap # pigs bought in last one month 32. Culled sows, heads Ave. ± SE Local breed (na) Crossbred ±9.35 Improved breed Finishing pigs, heads Ave. ± SE Local breed 66.0± (na) Crossbred 2,913±2, ±550 Improved breed 1,370±470 2,700 (na) 34. Overall, heads Ave. ± SE Local breed 66.0± (na) Crossbred 2,913±2, ±549 Improved breed 1,379±470 2,700 (na) Ave. live weight of pigs for slaughtering 35. Culled sows, kg Ave. ± SE Local breed (na) Crossbred - 135±6.45 Improved breed Finishing pigs, kg Ave. ± SE Local breed 70.0± (na) Crossbred 77.5± ±2.00 Improved breed 90.0± (na) IV Frequency of slaughtering pigs and number of heads slaughtered per day On average, 83.3% and 66.7% of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap respectively slaughter pigs daily, 33.3% slaughter pigs twice daily and 16.7% slaughter pigs once in every 2 days (Table 81). The minimum and maximum numbers of pigs slaughtered per day respectively are 75 heads and 188 heads for slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and 30 heads and 47 heads for slaughterhouses in Siem Reap. 124 P a g e

125 Table 81: Frequency of slaughtering pigs and number of heads slaughtered per day of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Descriptions Phnom Penh Siem Reap 37. Frequency of slaughtering pigs, % Once a day 83.3 (n=5) 66.7 (n= 4) Twice a day (n=2) Every 2 days 16.7 (n=1) - Once a week # pigs slaughtered per day, Ave. ± SE Minimum 75.0± ±25.9 Maximum 188± ±36.8 IV Carcass distribution and delivery Among the six interviewed slaughterhouses in Siem Reap, 2 sell 10-20% to processors, 6 sell 20-80% directly to customers, 5 sell % to retailers and 2 sell % to whole sellers of the total volume of slaughtered pigs. None sells meat to supermarket but one slaughterhouse sells about 15% of the total volume to restaurants in Siem Reap. The average prices of carcass are 12,750 riel/ kg for processors, 12,800 riel/kg for retailers, 14,500 riel/kg and 12,400 riel/kg respectively for directly to customers and whole sellers. The average price sold to restaurant is 14,000 riel/kg. It is common practice to deliver to clients free of charge but also clients collect meat at the slaughterhouse at their own cost. All meat from Siem Reap slaughterhouses is sold within Siem Reap province at the districts nearby the slaughterhouse and in Siem Reap town. In Phnom Penh, among, none of the 6 interviewed slaughterhouses reported the sale of meat to processors not directly to customers. 3 slaughterhouses sell 15-25% of total volume of slaughtered pigs to retailers and all sell % to whole sellers. All slaughterhouses sell pig meat within the capital of Phnom Penh. The average price of carcass for sale to retailers is 12,667 riel/kg and 12,167 riel/kg for the whole sellers. Most customers of the slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh have to pick up meat from slaughterhouses at their own cost and a few whole sellers with larger volumes are delivered by the slaughterhouses. IV Persons set selling price and mode of payment 66.7% and 50% of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap respectively reported that the price of pig meat is set by themselves, 50% in Siem Reap and 16.7% in Phnom Penh said the price is based current market price and 16.7% of slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh reported that price of pig meat is based on negotiation between sellers (Table 82). The common modes of payments are by cash and credit. 125 P a g e

126 Table 82: Persons set selling price of carcass and mode of payment of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Descriptions Phnom Penh Siem Reap 39. Persons set selling price, % Fixed by sellers (slaughterhouses) 66.7 (n=4) 50.0 (n=3) Based on current market price 16.7 (n=1) 50.0 (n=3) Negotiated between buyer and seller 16.7 (n=1) Mode of payment, % (multiple answers) Cash 66.7 (n=4) 83.3 (n=5) Credit 66.7 (n=4) 50 (n=3) Advance payment - - In kind - - IV Seasonal demand of pork All interviewed slaughterhouses reported that the high demand for pig meat during the festivity/occasional ceremonies including Khmer and Chinese New Year, Pchum Ben, Cheng Meng (bring food to the thump according to Chinese tradition), etc., Few slaughterhouse also said wedding period between February-May has high demand for pig meat. The duration of high demand for pig meat is 12 (5-34) days and 56.7 (3-180) days for Phnom Penh and Siem Reap respectively. This big variation was observed not only between the study sites but also within slaughterhouses of the same site and similar situation of demand for pig meat during the festivities was reported by traders. In Phnom Penh during the period of high demand, each slaughterhouse slaughters 188 (20-500) pigs per day and each slaughterhouse in Siem Reap kills 47 (3-230) pigs. Out of the 6 interviewed slaughterhouses in Siem Reap, 5 seem to be slaughter very few pigs, although in high season most of them slaughter maximum 15 pigs. Only one slaughters 230 pigs per day. The average price during high demand period in Phnom Penh is 866,000 riel per head live weight pig. During the high demand period the average price per head live weight pigs in Siem Reap is 1,071,000 riel or the daily total revenue is 54,200,000 riel (Table 83). The period of low pig meat demand is during the harvest season of fish especially from Tonle Sap Lake between December-February but one slaughterhouse in Siem Reap also refers to the seasonal availability of vegetables. Meat is a small part of the disk while large proportion of cooked food is vegetable for most Cambodians. The duration of low demand season is 69 (50-80) days for Phnom Penh and 120 (90-180) days for Siem Reap. The low demand season is longer for Siem Reap as it is located in the centre of fish harvest from Tonle Sap Lake. Most Cambodians chose fish as the first meat to be eaten. According to So Nam and Touch Bunthan (2011) 1 the Cambodian per capita consumption of fish varies between kg while in Tonle Sap region fish consumption per capita is up to 87 kg. During the low demand period, interviewed slaughterhouses slaughter on average 75 (10-200) pigs per day in Phnom Penh and 1 Fisheries Resources in Cambodia: Implications for Food Security, Human Nutrition and Conservation. 126 P a g e

127 30 (1-160) pigs in Siem Reap. The price per head is 732,000 (600, ,000) riel with the total revenue of 53,200,000 (7,200, ,400,000) riel per day for slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh. In Siem Reap price per head is 886,000 (700,000-1,050,000) riel with a total average revenue of 31,200,000 (845, ,000,000) riel per slaughterhouse and day. The period of average demand for pig meat in Phnom Penh lasts 283 days while in Siem Reap it is 181 days. During this period on average, each slaughterhouse slaughters 117 (13-250) pigs and 36 (2-190) pigs per day. The average price per head is 819,000 (702, ,000) riel for slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and 784,000 (820,000-1,050,000) riel for slaughterhouse in Siem Reap. Although number of heads slaughtered changes between the demand periods, the impact on prices of pig per head in Phnom Penh is smaller compared with Siem Reap Table 83: Seasonal demand of pork of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Descriptions Phnom Penh Siem Reap High demand 41. A. Season, % Occasional ceremony 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) Wedding time (n=2) 42. A. Duration, # days Ave. ± SE 12.0± ± A. Ave. # heads per day, Ave. ± SE 188± ± A. Ave. price, x10 3 riel/head Ave. ± SE 866± ± A. Total value sold per day, x10 6 riel Ave. ± SE 161± ±44.4 Low demand 45. B. Season, % Fish availability 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) Vegetable availability (n=1) 46. B. Duration, # days Ave. ± SE 69.2± ± B. Ave. # heads per day, Ave. ± SE 75.0± ± B. Ave. price, x10 3 riel/head Ave. ± SE 732± ± B. Total value sold per day, x10 6 riel Ave. ± SE 53.2± ±27.4 Average 45. C. Season, % After high and low season 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) 46. C. Duration, # days Ave. ± SE 283± ± C. Ave. # heads per day, Ave. ± SE 117± ± C. Ave. price, x10 3 riel/head Ave. ± SE 819± ± C. Total value sold per day, x10 6 riel Ave. ± SE 95.8± ± P a g e

128 IV.4.4. Food safety issues IV Awareness of standard and penalty All interviewed slaughterhouses are aware of the standard of the slaughterhouses and they get this information from OAHP (100% of slaughterhouses), while 25%, 8.33%, 8.33%, 8.33% and 16.7% get it from provincial Dept. of Health, other slaughterhouses, slaughterhouse association, NGOs and Provincial Department of Environment respectively (Table 84). But the slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh receive the information from (i) Office of Animal Health and Production, (ii) Dept. of Health and (iii) Department of Environment. The description of the standards by the slaughterhouses are (i) good hygiene, (ii) waste stocking and management, (iii) supply enough water and electricity, (iv) available place for animal quarantine, (v) available veterinarians for health checking and certify meat before distribution to the markets and disinfection. Only 3 slaughterhouses in Siem Reap are aware of penalties imposed if slaughterhouses do not adhere to these standards. The penalty is to demand slaughterhouses to close their operation if they do not practice these standards but they are informed 3 times to improve their practice otherwise they are shut down. Only one in Phnom Penh and 3 slaughterhouses in Siem Reap assess themselves to meet the standards, 3 in Siem Reap are below the standards, 4 in Phnom Penh cannot determine their practice to the standards and 1 again in Phnom Penh refuses to give the answer. Table 84: Awareness of standard and penalty imposed that slaughterhouses should follow in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Descriptions Phnom Penh Siem Reap 46. Awareness of standard of slaughterhouse, % Yes 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) No If yes, which institution you received the information about this standard?, % (multiple answers) Office of Animal Health and Production in the provincial and district levels 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) Dept. of Health in the provincial and district levels 33.3 (n=2) 16.7 (n=1) Other slaughterhouses (n=1) Slaughterhouse association (n=1) Non-government organizations (NGO) (n=1) Provincial Department of Environment 16.7 (n=1) 16.7 (n=1) 48. If yes, please describe these standards, % Well hygiene 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) Waste stocking and management 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) Have enough water supply and electricity 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) Have place for quarantine animals 33.3 (n=2) 100 (n=6) 128 P a g e

129 Has vet for checking health and certify meat 33.3 (n=2) - Disinfection 33.3 (n=2) Awareness of penalties imposed if slaughterhouses do not adhere to these standards, % Yes (n=3) No 100 (n=6) 50.0 (n=3) 50. If yes, indicate the penalties are imposed, % Close if not follow the law and regulation (n=1) Authority gives advice to improve 3 times if still not obey it (n=2) will close 51. Indicate level of slaughterhouse relatively to standard, % (multiple answers) Within the same level 16.7 (n=1) 50 (n=3) Below standard - 50 (n=3) Cannot determine 66.7 (n=4) - Refuses to answer 16.7 (n=1) - IV Performance of inspection/test for diseases Most interviewed slaughterhouses, except 1 in Phnom Penh perform the conventional inspection to identify whether pigs are sick or healthy. They mostly check on body condition and observe skin, nose and ear of the pigs (Table 85). If they find sick pigs, 60% and 83.3% in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap respectively put them on quarantine, reject and report to vet (80% in Phnom Penh and 66.7% in Siem Reap). One slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh slaughters sick pigs and sells the meat to the processors. All slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap are inspected by veterinarians: (i) check animal health before slaughtering (100%), (ii) stamp on carcass before taking to the market (100%) and (iii) count number of animals for service fee (100% in Phnom Penh and 83.3% in Siem Reap). All slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and 83.3% in Siem Reap reported that veterinarians inspect their slaughterhouse twice a day and 1 slaughterhouse in Siem Reap said that the inspection is only once a day. Slaughterhouses have available place for vets to sleep and work. Vets perform inspection of animal health in the evening and stamp them early morning before allowing pig meat to the market. Most of the interviewed slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh do not know what the veterinarians are inspecting about, they said that they do not know which diseases the vets are looking for but some said they are checking for FMD, parasites and Aujesky. Most slaughterhouses in Siem Reap reported that they are looking for parasites, pest and PRRS and some said FMD and pasteurollosis are also their targets. The respondents reported that veterinarians inspect the live pigs for (i) certificate of pig movement with regard to origin and (ii) physical body condition, skin, mouth, respiration etc. while on meat they inspect on color of meat and intestinal tracts and in case of suspicion they 129 P a g e

130 would cut the meat for test. The diseases they would look for, are infectious diseases such as FMD, Classical Swine Fever, Pasteurelosis, Aujesky, PRRS, etc. 130 P a g e

131 Table 85: Performance of specific inspection/test for the diseases by the slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Descriptions Phnom Penh Siem Reap 52. Any inspection/test for the diseases, % Yes 83.3 (n=5) 100 (n=6) No 16.7 (n=1) If yes, describe the methods, % (multiple answers) Direct observation on body condition 100 (n=5) 100 (n=6) Direct observation on skin, nose and ear 60.0 (n=3) 100 (n=6) 54. If found sick pigs, what would you do?, % Put them on quarantine 60.0 (n=3) 83.3 (n=5) Reject and report to vet 80.0 (n=4) 66.7 (n=4) Reject but don't report to vet - - Slaughter and send carcass to processor 20.0 (n=1) - slaughter and mix with other carcasses - - slaughter and separate the carcass Any vet/regular vet for inspection, % Yes 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) No If yes, what do they do?, % (multiple answers) Check animal health before slaughtering 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) Stamp on carcass before sending to market 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) Count number of animal for paying services 100 (n=6) 83.3 (n=5) Do nothing Frequency of vet perform the check, % Once a day (n=1) Twice a day 100 (n=6) 83.3 (n=5) Every 2 days - - Once a week Main diseases that vet looks for, % (multiple answers) Parasite 16.7 (n=1) 83.3 (n=5) FMD 16.7 (n=1) 33.3 (n=2) Pasteurollosis (n=2) Pest (n=4) PRRS (n=4) Aujesky 33.3 (n=2) - Don t know 66.7 (n=4) - IV.4.5. Waste management All slaughterhouses cook blood before selling it to their clients while bones are sold fresh to the market (Table 86). The clients for bones are restaurants who use them to boil to get flavor in 131 P a g e

132 the soup. About 67% of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh drain excreta into a blocked water body/low ground and 33% into the public drainage and they practice similarly for the offal remains except 1 slaughterhouse of which it is placed in the recycle bin. While in Siem Reap 50% of respondents drain excreta and remaining offal into block water/low ground and 50% drain into current water. Three water sources such as pipe water, water from open wells and surface water from lakes and ponds are used for these interviewed slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap although majority in both places use water from wells. Slaughterhouses in Siem Reap score about 3.5 for all four criteria such as sanitation inside the slaughterhouse, animal holding ground, waste disposal outlet/area and its surrounding areas but slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh give higher scores for their animal holding ground and waste disposal outlet/area. Only one slaughterhouse in Siem Reap has been cautioned by inspectors due to poor hygiene and asked to cleanse before the future inspection. Nearly 70% of slaughterhouses answered that they use water from the well, while 33.3% use from piped water which is supplied by the private company and autonomous state own enterprise and 25% use from the pond and lake. Table 86: Waste management and water sources of slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Descriptions Phnom Penh Siem Reap 59. Blood, % Drained to a public drainage - - Drained to a blocked water body/low ground - - Drained to a current water - - Boil and sell 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) 60. Excreta, % Drained to a public drainage 33.3 (n=2) - Drained to a blocked water body/low ground 66.7 (n=4) 50.0 (n=3) Drained to a current water (n=3) 61. Bones, % Drained to a public drainage - - Drained to a blocked water body/low ground - - Drained to a current water - - Sell fresh 100 (n=6) 100 (n=6) 62. Offal remains, % Drained to a public drainage 33.3 (n=2) - Drained to a blocked water body/low ground 50.0 (n=3) 50.0 (n=3) Drained to a current water (n=3) Recycle bin 16.7 (n=1) P a g e

133 Descriptions Phnom Penh Siem Reap 63. Water sources used by slaughterhouse, % (multiple answers) Pipe 50.0 (n=3) 16.7 (n=1) Well 66.7 (n=4) 66.7 (n=4) Surface water from pond/lake 16.7 (n=1) 33.3 (n=2) 64. Score (1-5) of health and sanitation of slaughterhouse score, Ave. ± SE Inside the slaughterhouse 3.67± ±0.56 Animal holding ground 4.67± ±0.56 Waste disposal outlet/area 4.17± ±0.40 Surrounding of the slaughterhouse 3.50± ± Ever been caution by inspector, % Yes (n=1) No 100 (n=6) 83.3 (n=5) 66. If yes, why?, % Lack of hygienic (n=1) 67. What was caution/penalty?, % Just warning and ask for well cleaning (n=1) IV.4.6. General interests on business About 67% and 50% of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap respectively said because it is easy to get profit, as family heritage (83.3% in Phnom Penh), having experience and skill (50% in Siem Reap and 33.3% in Phnom Penh) and few slaughterhouses in Siem Reap said this business is easy to handle, just follow other people experience and have time (Table 87). The common difficulties encountered by slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh are lack of buyers of pig meat (83.3%), lack of modern equipment for slaughtering pigs and lack of pigs for slaughter while in Siem Reap their main problems are lack of pigs for slaughter (50%) and lack of modern equipment for slaughtering pigs (50%) although few slaughterhouses are concerned about the lack of appropriate techniques and skills, lack of buyers of pig meat, lack of capital to sustain current levels of business, lack of capital to expand to a higher level of business, lack of skill labors to slaughter pigs and delay in issuing official permission for the pig movement by concerned institutions. Main suggestions from slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh are certificate of sanitary inspection of animal and animal products (50%) and ban unofficial payment during the transportation of pigs (33.3%) because some of slaughterhouses also play the role as traders. The person who engages in transporting animal and animal products must apply for the certificate of sanitary inspection and they can be requested to the nearest animal health offices at the district or provincial office of animal health and production or DAHP. The important suggestion from 133 P a g e

134 slaughterhouses in Siem Reap is the assistance for improvement of slaughterhouse to meet the standards. There are other suggestions from few slaughterhouses such as improving road for transportation, reduce tax payment and ban imported pigs. Table 87: General interest on business of slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. Descriptions Phnom Penh Siem Reap 68. Why choose this business?, % (multiple answers) Easy to get profit 66.7 (n=4) 50.0 (n=3) Easy to handle (n=1) Have skill 33.3 (n=2) 50.0 (n=3) Family heritage 83.3 (n=5) 16.7 (n=1) Follow the other people (n=1) Have time (n=1) 69. Met any difficulty in business?, % (multiple answers) Lack of modern equipment for slaughter operation 66.7 (n=4) 50.0 (n=3) Lack of appropriate techniques and skills (n=1) Lack of pigs for slaughter 33.3 (n=2) 50.0 (n=3) Lack of buyers of carcass 83.3 (n=5) 16.7 (n=1) Lack of capital to sustain current levels of business (n=1) Lack of capital to expand to a higher level of business (n=1) Lack of skill labor to slaughter pigs (n=1) Late issue of official permission for the pig movement 16.7 (n=1) Any suggestion to improve business?, % Help improving slaughterhouse to meet the standard (n=3) Ban unofficial payment during pig transportation 33.3 (n=2) - Certificate animal movement issues by district vets 50.0 (n=3) - Help improving road for transportation (n=1) Reduce tax payment 16.7 (n=1) 16.7 (n=1) Ban imported pigs 16.7 (n=1) P a g e

135 Butchers IV.5.1. Information regarding to butcher Hundred and twenty butchers in 7 provinces and Phnom Penh were interviewed in this study of which 15 butchers each per province were selected from 2-3 markets in each target site. They were interviewed individually using the structured questionnaire. The key information of study interest is information regarding the butchers; business status; pig product supply chain; and food safety in pig meat and meat products. On average, the age of interviewed butchers is 39.6 years old (ranges from years old) (Table 88). Only 1 butcher in Prey Veng has university degree, 41.7% had grade 8-12, 52.5% had the grade 1-7, while 5% of butchers in Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Thom have never attended school. On average, 5% of butchers in eight provinces interviewed had no grade. On average family members of a butcher is 5.38 (2-13) persons composing of 2.57 male and 2.81 female. About 59% of butchers have 2-5 family members, 40% have 6-10 family members 135 P a g e