Dr. Pham Quang Ha Institute for Agricultural Environment (IAE/VAAS-Vietnam) Rome, 30 Nov. 2016

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1 An integrative understanding of bioenergy and water management in relation with food production, biodiversity, land use, farm income & rural development. Mitigation and adaptation synergies Dr. Pham Quang Ha Institute for Agricultural Environment (IAE/VAAS-Vietnam) Rome, 30 Nov

2 Content - Introduction and Principle - Case study: Vietnam s experiences - Discussion to follow up 2

3 Principle No income for farmers, nothing happen=> Farmers income first Understand the shortage of land, water resources and labors Understand the sustainable environmental multi- function of soils Ecological use of land availability=> Land use planning and analysis system (LUPAS) Less waste & Recycle waste Non point pollution controls. 3

4 Adaptation and Mitigation in Rice production Climate change impacts on agriculture and food security In Vietnam for ex: GHG emissions from agriculture accounted up 70% CH4 and 90% N2O, and estimated to be about 64 million tons by 2020: In Vietnam, Rice production is the most important crop. GHG Emission from Rice > 57% Agriculture in gerneral and Rice production in particular, seen as a solution to reduce to GHG emissions. 4

5 Rice systems based on hydrology classification: TO MUCH OF WATERS FOR RICE (More than 65% are irrigated rice in Vietnam)=> Other crop such as cassava?, maize, soybean? % Irrigated Rainfed Deepwater Upland 5

6 BUT GHG!!!: Rice production is the first emitter (>57%) in VN Agriculture sector (MONRE. 2011) CO2 Equ (MT) % Rice Field Live stock ( Fermentation & Manure) Soils Burning field Crops Residues Burning Total 100 6

7 Rice Production, Bioenergy and water use Rice production is most important key for food security in Vietnam ( 3.8 M of land for rice, 46 M tones annually, export value exceed 2 Milliard US$) Rice by product can be source of bioenergy at farm and industrial scale consumption But Irrigated Rice use to much of waters, fertilizers, pesticides and emitted GHG Low in come for Rice farmers producers Research & Use Rice by product such as Rice straw & rice huck for Bioenergy & Other useful product => Change land from rice to other crop with more productivity and high value 7

8 Adaptation to Climate Change in the Mekong Delta (AMD) Issue: MRD is estimated as most affected delta by climate change and sea level rise. Support sustainable livelihoods for the rural poor in a changing environment, strengthening the adaptive capacity of target communities and institutions to better contend with climate change. 2 main components: Capacity building for climate change adaptation with participating communities, institutions and provinces for the agriculture and rural development sector Investing in sustainable rural livelihoods by providing the financial means and facilities to scale up the results of community-based research and development in this sector. BEN TRE & TRA VINH provinces: PRIOTIZE CSA in rice based cropping systems 8

9 Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA): Capturing synergies between adaptation, mitigation and food security. How to link bioenergy & sustainable water use 9

10 The basis of Vietnamese agriculture is rice. Cassava is planted on the upper parts Cassava in poor soil Intercropping in sloppy land Intensive Cassava production

11 Area, yield and production of cassava in Tay Ninh province ( ) Yield 60 tons/ha Gross income: 115 million VND ha-1 On-farm trials using cassava variety HL- S11 in Tay Ninh Area Yield Production Year (1000 ha) (t/ha) (1000 tonnes) , , , , , , , , ,377.0 Source: GSO, 2014, cited by Nguyen Van Bo et al., 2013; Hoang Kim et al., 2014; Hoang Kim, Nguyen Thi Truc Mai, Nguyen Bach Mai, Reinhardt Howeler, 2015

12 Improvement of productivity enlarged area and production ( L.H. Ham, 2016) Area changed from ha in 1995 to in More then tripled in 20 years Production volume increased from 1.62 million tons in 1995 to 10.5 million tons in More then 6 times Area Export return from 0.0 in 1995 to 1.5 billion USD in Ranged cassava in third importance among crop after rice and coffee Provide job and income for million people Production Source: FAOSTAT, 2014, cited by Hoang Kim et al., 2014a.

13 Main problems in Cassava production and consumption - Crop competition - Low yield and low genetic variability - Diseases. - Soil fertility degradation and erosion - High labor requirements - Pollution in processing - Price fluctuations and instability of the market

14 In Vietnam: Cassava production increase but not for biofuel because? 70% are exported Market price? Bioethanol industries? Policy? 14

15 CROP & ANIMAL PRODUCTION & PROCESSING ISSUE WASTE? DISCHARGED MORE: SOIL EROSION, NITRAT POLLUTION, WATER EUTROPHICATION, HEAVY METAL POLLUTION OF LAND AND WATER HOW TO CONTROL? 15 15

16 Risk to water & environment Liquid wastes Garden/ Soils Ponds (BOD, COD) NH4+, NO3-, MO, WORMS,... Water discharge Under ground water: NH4+, NO3- River, Like (BOD, COD) NH4+, NO3-, MO, WORMS Rice field

17 V = Garden for Crop/ Tree production A= Pond for Aquaculture C= Stable for Livestock production + Biogas R= Forestry production & Biodiversity 17

18 Vietnamese VAC(B)R systems As an integrated solution Optimal use of different resources (soil & landscape, water, labors, energies) Assure food security Diversities works, crops & incomes Fit to small and medium farming size Pollution trap & control Respond to mitigation & adaptation requirement 18

19 VACBR = Garden, Ponds, Stable &Biogas & Forestry Source: Vietnam Farmer Association 19

20 Giá trị dinh dưỡng của phân chuồng và nước xả Biogas N: g/kg P2O5: 5-9 g/kg K2O: 2 g/kg Dự án SUSANE, Đan Mạch N: 0,4 1,0 g/l P2O5: 0,1 0,3 g/l K2O: 0,3 0,6 g/l N: 1-13 g/kg P2O5: 0,4 g/kg K2O: 1,0 g/kg Nước biogas (90%) Bã (10%)

21 Solid/ liquid waste separation/ Filtering barrier Slurry & Sweage 1: Waste Biogas water 2: MO + Common water hyacinth 3: Hyacinth Hyacinth 4. Aerotank 5: Cyperus/Water bamboo Common water hyacinth 6. Vetiver Quality water out of system is accepted to the regulation

22 -Xây dựng được 6 quy trình xử lý bằng thực vật thủy sinh, thiết kế 1 hệ thống xử lý nước ở Bắc Ninh với lưu lượng nước 177m 3 /ngày BOD5. COD. TSS. Tổng nitrogen. NH3-N đạt hơn 90% 16:27:00 Đã xây dựng được mô hình xử lý và Bắc Ninh 22

23 BOD 5, COD before and after treatment Water sample n COD (mg/l) BOD 5 (mg/l) Before Biogas After Biogas Ponds 4 33 (15-80) 19 (7-52) TCVN:

24 Coliform at different sampling location

25 GHG emission is affected by different input & fertilizers uses Flux of CH 4 during spring rice season (VDQuynh, 2014) N1=nitrogen fertilizer (40 & 45 kg N ha -1 ). N2=nitrogen fertilizer (105 & 120 kg N ha -1 ). FM=Fresh Manure, CM=Compost Manure, D=Digestate, B=Biochar, RS=Rice Straw 25

26 Conclusion Solution are divers & technically available Need to have quantitative indicators scientifically approved Farmers are the main actors for action Ecological land use is key factor for successful stories 26

27 THANK YOU VERY MUCH 27