2017 Research Updates

Transcription

1 2017 Research Updates By Dr. Heather Darby, UVM Extension Agronomist, Erica Cummings, Abha Gupta, and Hillary Emick UVM Extension Northwest Crops and Soils Coordinators

2 2017 Dry Bean Variety Trial 18 Heirloom Dry Bean Varieties: Variety Seed Source Relative maturity Vining Black Calypso Saved seed, Borderview Research Farm, VT Early No Black Turtle Saved seed, Borderview Research Farm, VT Late No Hutterite Soup University of Minnesota, MN Medium Yes Jacob's Cattle Gold University of Minnesota, MN Medium No Jacob's Cattle Saved seed, Borderview Research Farm, VT Early No Kenearly Yellow Eye University of Minnesota, MN Early No King of the Early Saved seed, Borderview Research Farm, VT Medium No Lowe s Champion Rusted Rooster Farm, ME Medium No Lina Sisco University of Minnesota, MN Early No Light Red Kidney Saved seed, Borderview Research Farm, VT Medium No Marifax Rusted Rooster Farm, ME Medium No Orca Saved seed, Borderview Research Farm, VT Medium-late Yes Peregion University of Minnesota, MN Medium Yes Raquel Saved seed, Borderview Research Farm, VT Medium-late No Spanish Tolasna Saved seed, Borderview Research Farm, VT Medium-late Yes Tiger's Eye University of Minnesota, MN Early Yes Vermont Appaloosa Saved seed, Borderview Research Farm, VT Early No Vermont Cranberry Saved seed, Borderview Research Farm, VT Early Yes

3 Dry Bean Variety Trial Yields, Alburgh, VT

4 Dry Bean Disease and Pest Severity, Variety Anthracnose Common bacterial bean blight Potato leaf hopper % % % Black Calypso Black Turtle Hutterite Soup Jacob's Cattle Jacob's Cattle Gold King of the Early Light Red Kidney Lina Sisco Lowe s Champion Marifax Orca Peregion Raquel Spanish Tolasna Tiger's Eye Vermont Appaloosa Vermont Cranberry Kenearly Yellow Eye LSD (0.10) NS NS NS Trial Mean Potato Leafhopper Common bacterial bean blight Anthracnose, leaf and pod lesions

5 Dry Bean Steam Treated Trial, Alburgh, VT: The impact of steam treatment on dry bean foliar and insect pests, Alburgh, VT Variety Treatment Bacterial brown spot Common bacterial bean blight Potato leafhopper % % % Black Turtle Control Black Turtle Steam * 13.3* LSD (0.10) NS Trial Mean King of the Early Control King of the Early Steam LSD (0.10) NS NS NS Trial Mean Yellow Eye Control Yellow Eye Steam * 10.0* LSD (0.10) NS Trial Mean Aerated steam treatment: 68⁰C 90 seconds Mean yields of steam treated compared to the control by dry bean variety, 2017, Alburgh, VT.

6 Cover crop dry matter yield (lbs ac -1 ) Soybean yields following cover crop treatments, 2017 Soybean yield (bu ac -1 ) 4000 Fall CC Spring CC Soybean yield a b b b b b b b ab ab Cover Crop Treatment Overwinter Soybean yield lbs ac -1 bu ac -1 Yes No LSD (p = 0.10) Trial mean

7 2017 SPRING BARLEY VARIETY TRIAL:

8 2017 SPRING BARLEY VARIETY TRIAL:

9 2017 SPRING BARLEY FUNGICIDE: Fungicide Active Ingredients: Champ ION: Copper Hydroxide Prosaro: Prothioconazole, and Tebuconazole Actinovate: Streptomyces lydicus WYEC Sonata: Bacillus Pumllus strain 108 Caramba: Metconazole 23-Jun: All treatments, except controls, sprayed w/ Fusarium graminearum (40,000 spores/ml) Treatments Heading application 4 days after heading application date Application rate date Control 22-Jun 26-Jun Water Fusarium graminearum 23-Jun 40,000 spores/ml Actinovate 22-Jun 26-Jun 6 fl oz ac -1 Caramba 22-Jun 26-Jun 14 fl oz ac % Induce ac -1 ChampION 22-Jun 26-Jun 1.5 lbs ac -1 Prosaro 22-Jun 26-Jun 6.5 fl oz ac % Induce ac -1 SONATA 22-Jun 26-Jun 2 qt. ac -1

10 2017 SPRING BARLEY FUNGICIDE:

11 2017 Winter Barley Seeding Rate, Cover Crop and Variety Trial

12 Clover Mix Sun Hemp Control Mix Sun Hemp Mix Clover Sun Hemp Control Control Control Mix Sun Hemp Clover Clover Sun Hemp Control Sun Hemp Clover Clover Mix Control Mix Winter Survival (%) Winter Survival by Cover Crop, Seeding Rate, and Variety Cover Crop Seeding Rate Variety E E E E E E E E E E E W W W W E W W W W W W W W E = Endeavor W = Wintmalt

13 Yield at 13.5% moisture content (lbs ac-1) Height (inches) 3000 Winter Barley Height and Yield by Seeding Rate and Cover Crop Mix Sun Hemp Clover Sun Hemp Clover Control Control Sun Hemp Control Mix Mix Clover Yield Height 22

14 2017 Barley Weed Control Trial

15 Treatment Row Spacing Band 6 Band with cultivation 6 Narrow 4.5 Standard 6.5 Wide with cultivation 9.1

16 Barley yield at 13.5% moisture content (lbs ac-1) Total weed biomass (lbs ac-1) 3000 Yield and Weed Pressure in Spring Barley Standard Band Narrow Wide Band with Cultivation Yield Weed Pressure 0

17 ON-FARM SCOUTING of GRAINS 9-Locations: North Ferrisburg, VT Shoreham, VT North Troy, VT Berlin, VT Shelburne, VT Bridport, VT Northfield, MA Essex, NY Alburgh, VT Grains Scouted: Spring Barley HRWW HRWW HRWW & SRWW HRWW & SWWW HRWW & SWWW HRWW, HRSW, & Spelt HRSW Hard & Soft, Winter & Spring Wheat, & Spring Barley

18 ON-FARM SCOUTING of GRAINS *cool and wet weather = higher disease pressure* Foliar Diseases: - Reduces photosynthetic leaf area - Uses nutrients - Increases respiration and transpiration within the infected plant tissues. Plant Response: - Reduced vigor, growth and seed fill. Foliar Diseases Identified: Powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. Tritici) -Likes high humidity Northfield, MA HRWW, HRSW, Spelt Shelburne, VT HRWW & SWWW Berlin, VT HRWW & SRWW Bridport, VT HRWW & SWWW Alburgh, VT Spring & winter wheat, & spring barley

19 ON-FARM SCOUTING of GRAINS LEAF SPOTS: Tan spot (Pyrenophora triticirepentis) Septoria tritici blotch (STB) (Zymoseptoria tritici) Stagonospora leaf and glume blotch (Stagonospora nodorum) Net Blotch (Pyrenophora teres) Tan spot infected leaves (Pyrenophora triticirepentis) *FOUND (1 or more): - All Locations - All Grain Types Left leaf infected with Septoria tritici blotch (STB) (Zymoseptoria tritici) and the right with Stagonospora leaf blotch (Stagonospora nodorum)

20 ON-FARM SCOUTING of GRAINS Leaf rust (Puccinia recondite) Alburgh, VT Wheat and Barley Northfield, MA HRWW & SWWW Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformi) Alburgh, VT Winter and Spring Wheat What s this???

21 ON-FARM SCOUTING of GRAINS Grain Head Diseases: Reduce grain yield and quality Loose Smut (Ustilago tritici) Alburgh, VT Spring & winter wheat, & spring barley Shelburne, VT - SWWW Fusarium Head Blight (Fusarium graminearum) Observed in all fields in all locations

22 ON-FARM SCOUTING of GRAINS Grain Head Disease: Loose Smut: - Wheat (Ustilago tritici) - Barley (Ustilago nuda) * Fungus in SEED EMBRYO Covered Smut: - Wheat (Tilletia caries) - Barley and Oats (Ustilago hordei) * Fungus on SEED COAT

23 2017 Deoxynivalenol (DON) Levels: 2017 Commercial Samples 355 samples analyzed 286 DON analysis DON level range: ppm 70 greater then 1ppm VT, MD, & SC= highest levels Grains with highest DON levels; spring barley, rye, and winter wheat. No Oats tested over 1ppm

24 DON Means:

25 ON-FARM SCOUTING of GRAINS Insect Pests: Overall = minimal Location Grain type Cereal Leaf Beetle Thrips Brown Wheat Mite Wire worm Slugs Leaf miner Aphids Alburgh, VT Spring Wheat X X X X X Alburgh, VT Winter Wheat X X X X Alburgh, VT Spring Barley X X X X X X X Berlin, VT HRWW X X X Berlin, VT SRWW X X X Bridport, VT HRWW X X X Bridport, VT SWWW X X X X Essex, NY HRSW X X N. Ferrisburg, VT Spring Barley X X X X North Troy, VT HRWW X X X Northfeild, MA HRWW X Northfeild, MA HRWW X Northfeild, MA Spelt Northfeild, MA HRSW X X Shoreham, VT HRWW X X Shelburne, VT HRWW X X X X Shelburne, VT SWWW X X X X X Not an insect but still a pest! Thrips: Cereal leaf beetle:

26 Weather 2017 Alburgh, VT March April May June Average temperature ( F) Departure from normal Precipitation (inches) Departure from normal Growing Degree Days (base 50 F) Departure from normal Alburgh, VT March April May June Average temperature ( F) Departure from normal Precipitation (inches) Departure from normal Growing Degree Days (base 50 F) Departure from normal Summarized weather data for March-June 2016/2017 Alburgh, VT. Based on weather data from a Davis Instruments Vantage Pro2 with WeatherLink data logger. Historical averages are for 30 years of NOAA data ( ) from Burlington, VT.

27 1-Mar 8-Mar 15-Mar 22-Mar 29-Mar 5-Apr 12-Apr 19-Apr 26-Apr 3-May 10-May 17-May 24-May 31-May 7-Jun 14-Jun 21-Jun 28-Jun Cumulative Rainfall(inches) Weather, cumulative precipitation, March-June in Normal in 4 2 0

28

29 Variety 2016 Grain 2017 Grain 2017 Fiber Canda X X Delores X X CFX-2 X X CRS-1 X X Grandi X X Katani X X Anka X X Futura 75 X X Felina 32 X X Fedora 17 X X USO 31 X X Full sun X X Helena X Tygra X Carmagnola X Carmagnola selezionata X Fibranova X Eletta campana X Carmaleonte X Beniko X Table 1. Industrial hemp varieties grown in the NWCS research program.

30 2016 & 2017 Grain Variety Trial Planting date: 26-May Date harvested: 9-Sep (2016) & 13-Sep (2017) Target seeding rate: 125 live seeds m -2 Plot size 1.5m x 6.1m Fertility rotational crop red clover & poultry manure

31 Figure 1. Average hemp grain yield comparisons of the 2016 and 2017 variety trials.

32 40% 30% Figure 2. Average hemp grain population comparisons from the 2016 and 2017 variety trials.

33 Fertility Issues 2016 %N ranged 3.15 to %N ranged

34 Nitrogen Rate Trial N-Rate Height Yield (lb/ac) (lb/ac) (in) Mean LSD(0.1) 136 7

35 2017 Fiber variety trial Planting dates: 26-May Date mowed: 24-Aug Target seeding rate: 250 live seeds m -2 Plot size 1.5m x 6.1m Fertility rotation crop red clover & poultry manure

36 2016 Planting date x variety trial Planting dates: 26-May, 2-June, 12-June, 17-June Harvest dates: 9-Sept- 29-Sept Seeding rate: 28 kg ha -1 (25 lbs ac -1 ) Plot size 5 x20

37 Figure 3. Yield of hemp planted from 26-May to 17-Jun. Columns with the same letter were not significantly different from each other, p < ).

38 Figure 4. Oil content and oil yield from hemp planted from 26-May to 17-Jun. Columns with the same letter were not significantly different from each other.

39 Figure 5. Yield of 7 hemp varieties across planting dates. Columns with the same letter did not differ significantly from each other.

40 Figure 6. Oil content and yield of 7 hemp varieties across planting dates. Columns with the same letter did not differ significantly from each other.

41 2017 Grain Planting Date Trial Planting dates: 20-May, 29-May, 5-Jun, 12-Jun Date harvested: 12-Sep Target seeding rate: 125 live seeds m -2 Varieties: Anka, CRS-1, Fedora Plot size 1.5m x 6.1m

42 Figure 7. Hemp grain yields from four planting dates. Columns with the same letter are not significantly different from each other, LSD (0.10) = 179, p = ).

43 2017 Fiber planting date trial Planting dates: 20-May, 29-May, 5-Jun, 12-Jun Date mowed: 24-Aug Target seeding rate: 250 live seeds m -2 Varieties: Beniko and Carmagnola Plot size 1.5m x 6.1m

44 Figure 6. Hemp fiber dry matter yields from four planting dates. No significant difference.

45 Greenhouse Experiment Hemp Seed Treatments: Seed treatments Skim milk powder Active ingredients Source Organic Non-fat dry NOW Foods, Bloomington, milk powder IL Organic Mustard powder, (Sinapis alba) 4-hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate Natural Provisions, Williston, VT K5 Trichoderma atroviride Advanced Biological Marketing (ABM), Geneva, NY K5 As2 Control Trichoderma atroviride and Bacillus amyloliquifaciens Distilled water Advanced Biological Marketing (ABM), Geneva, NY -

46 Greenhouse Experiment Hemp Seed Treatment Methods: METHODS: Four replications of 50 hemp seeds per treatment, plus an untreated control. Thousand kernel weight was determined to calculate treatment rates. Each treatment applied to 10 grams of seed and 10 mls of distilled water Placed in Ziploc bag and shaken until all seed evenly coated, control-water only. Spread out on trays and allowed to dry for 24 hours. Seeds planted in 1 inch, 116 cell trays, using sterile media (Fafard 2). Plant emergence recorded daily for 10 days.

47 Greenhouse Experiment Hemp Seed Treatment Germination Results: Figure 8. Seed treatment effect on hemp seed germination. Columns with the same letter were not significantly different from each other,

48 Weed control trial Sunflower grain drill Kverneland grain drill STANDARD: 19cm spacing, Sunflower 9412 notill grain drill WIDE: 23cm spacing, Kverneland grain drill

49 Row Spacing & Weed Control BAND: 13 cm, band, 15 cm between row, custom built seeder made from a 12 row International row crop cultivator using a Gandy and a 6212 air box Parallel linkage units mounted 12 apart and mounted with precision Dutch openers. Gandy air seeder (left), row cultivator (right)

50 Weed Control Trial Planted: 24-May Harvested: 13-Sept Variety: Anka Seeding rate: 28 kg/ha Plot size: 3.0m x 15.2m Wide and band treatments cultivated 16-Jun Banded sowing, 2016

51 Weed control trial Standard row Average height 177 cm, significantly lower than other treatments. Weed cover ranged from %, no significant differences. No significant yield differences, 1444 kg/ha. Percent weed cover assessment in industrial hemp, Alburgh, VT, 2016

52 Weed Control trial Figure 9. Row spacing effect on percent of ground covered by weeds. No significant difference

53 2017 CBD trial Planting dates: 16-Jun (transplant clones), 26-Jun (seedlings) Date harvested: 6-14 Oct Plant spacing: 2.0 m x 2.4 m Varieties: UVM medical school Early clones highest yields

54

55

56 Oil Extraction The M70 Agoil press sells for $8950 Depending on seed: lbs per 24 hrs. The press itself very simple to operate New Veri-Die nozzle you only need one for all seed types Turn a nut until the meal and oil flows properly.

57

58

59 The 14th Annual Grain Growers Conference Diversifying Grains for a Changing Climate Many thanks to our sponsors and exhibitors for their generous support and contributions!