STUDIES ON CULTURAL PRACTICES AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR CORN

Transcription

1 2012 Wisconsin Research Report of STUDIES ON CULTURAL PRACTICES AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR CORN Department of Agronomy College of Agriculture and Life Sciences University of Wisconsin - Madison

2 2012 Wisconsin Research Report of Studies on Cultural Practices and Management Systems for Corn Joe Lauer Corn Agronomist 358 Moore Hall (608) Kent Kohn Program Manager 566 Moore Hall (608) Agronomy Department University of Wisconsin 1575 Linden Drive Madison, WI (608) Thierno Diallo Research Specialist 566 Moore Hall (608) The information presented in this report is for the purpose of informing cooperators in industry of the results of research conducted during The cooperation of other faculty and staff and the support of funding agencies and industry are gratefully acknowledged. The information presented in this report does not constitute recommendation or endorsement. This information is NOT FOR PUBLICATION unless prior approval is received. The assistance of the following people in conducting these studies is acknowledged. Graduate Research Assistants: Hayley Bunselmeyer, Maiciek Kazula, Adam Gaspar and David Marburger Cooperating Faculty: Shawn Conley Agronomy, Natalia de-leon Agronomy, Randy Shaver Dairy Science, Carrie Laboski Soil Science Cooperating UWEX County Agents and ARS Staff: Jerry Clark, Mike Rankin, John Zander, Mike Bertram, Darwin Frye, Tim Wood, Bob Rand, Jim Stute, Matt Repking, Glenn Carlson Cooperating Farmers: Dale Wagner, Ken Congdon, Mike Maass, and Ed Montsma Cooperating Academic Staff: John Gaska and Adam Roth Project Summer Crew: Alison Welhouse, Mary Heller, Ashley Van Vleet

3 46 o 34 UW Corn Agronomy Research Locations Spooner 45 o 0 Chippewa Falls Coleman Marshfield Seymour Galesville Hancock Valders Fond du Lac Arlington 42 o 30 Lancaster Janesville We wish to thank the following companies and organizations that have generously supported our research through financial and/or material donations. UW College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Hatch Program Ag Reliant Genetics LLC BASF Plant Science Bayer Crop Sciences Channel Bio Croplan Genetics Great Lakes Hybrids Growmark, Inc Lemke Seed Farms, Inc Munson Hybrids Monsanto Mycogen Seeds Nu-Tech Seed, LLC Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Renk Seed Company Syngenta Crop Protection Valent BioSciences Wilber Ellis Winfield Solutions

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Growing Conditions and Measurements Location Experiment Page Table 2012 Crop Summary 1 Arlington Daily Rainfall, Temperature and GDU Arlington 5 A-1 Arlington Monthly Rainfall Arlington 9 A-2 Arlington Monthly Temperatures Arlington 10 A-3 Hancock Rainfall, Temperature and GDU Hancock 12 A-4 Hancock Monthly Rainfall Hancock 16 A-5 Hancock Monthly Temperatures Hancock 17 A-6 Marshfield Rainfall, Temperature and GDU Marshfield 18 Marshfield Monthly Rainfall Marshfield 19 A-7 Marshfield Monthly Temperatures Marshfield 20 A-8 Observations, Data Collected, and Statistical Analysis 21 B-1 Soils Information 23 B-2 Corn Hybrid Maturity Hybrid Growth & Development Arlington C-01 & C-02 Lancaster C-03 Marshfield C-04 Seymour C-05 Valders C-06 Private Grain Wilber Ellis Fond du Lac C-07 Galesville C-08 Hancock C-09 Private Silage AgReliant Chippewa Falls C-10 Marshfield C-11 Valders C-12 BASF Chippewa Falls C-13 Marshfield C-14 Valders C-15 Hybrid Mixture Arlington C-16 Plot Technique Arlington C-17

5 Location Experiment Page Table Plant Density Grain - Yield Data Arlington C-18 Silage - Yield Data Arlington C-19 Grain - Yield Data Marshfield C-20 Silage - Yield Data Marshfield C-21 Planting Date Corn and Silage Trial Arlington C-22,C-23 & C-24 Row Spacing x Plant Density Silage - Yield Data Arlington C-25 Seed Treatment Bayer Hancock C-26 Syngenta Arlington C-27 BioChar Trial Corn - Yield Data Arlington C-28 Soybean - Yield Data Arlington C-29 Corn Alfalfa Corn - Yield Data Arlington C-30 Alfalfa - Yield Data Arlington C-31 Silage - Yield Data Arlington C-32 Corn - Yield Data Marshfield C-33 Alfalfa - Yield Data Marshfield C-34 Silage - Yield Data Marshfield C-35 Corn-Soybean Rotation Study Corn - Yield Data Arlington C-36 Soybean - Yield Data Arlington C-37 Corn-Soybean-Wheat Rotation Study Corn - Yield Data Arlington C-38 Silage Yield Data Arlington C-39 Soybean - Yield Data Arlington C-40 Wheat - Yield Data Arlington C-41

6 Location Experiment Page Table Corn-Soybean-Wheat Rotation Study Corn Yield Data Marshfield C-42 Silage Yield Data Marshfield C-43 Soybean - Yield Data Marshfield C-44 Wheat - Yield Data Marshfield C-45 Ascend Trial Arlington C-46 Chippewa Falls C-47 Coleman C-48 Fond du Lac C-49 Galesville C-50 Hancock C-51 Janesville C-52 Lancaster C-53 Marshfield C-54 Seymour C-55 Valders C-56 RhyzUp Trial Arlington C-57 Cutting Height Silage Trial Silage Yield Data Arlington C-58 Thin Study Influence of Thinning on Corn Trial Arlington C-59 Tillage in Corn and Soybean Production Systems Corn - Yield Data Arlington C-60 Soybean - Yield Data Arlington C-61 Interseed Apogee Arlington C-62 Corn Cropping Production Systems Corn - Yield Data Arlington C-63

7 Observations and Data Collected STATISTICAL ANALYSIS All data are analyzed using generally accepted statistical tests. In most cases the probabilities of main effects and interactions are shown. The number listed is a percent probability that the effect difference is due to chance (i.e. not due to treatment). A Fisher s Protected Least Significant Difference (LSD) is calculated for all main effect probabilities of 10 percent or less. Table B-1. Observations and Data Collected Corn Measurements Grower Return Units $/acre Formula (weighted price per bushel x yield) - (yield x (handling + hauling + trucking)) -(storage x 0.02) - (yield x (grain moisture-15.5) x drying). Determination Handling cost = $0.02 per bushel Hauling cost = $0.04 per bushel Trucking cost = $0.11 $ per bushel (100 miles) On-farm drying cost = $0.02 per point per bushel Storage = (yield*0.25 *4) + (yield*0.25*8); On-farm $0.02/bu. 30days Weighted Price per Bushel = $6.65 per bushel = (50% December Average Cash price) + (25% March CBOT Futures price) + (25% July CBOT Futures price). December Average Cash price derived from Wisconsin Ag Statistics; CBOT Futures prices derived from closing price on first business day in December. Grain Yield Units Bu/acre Formula (43560/(plot width * plot length in feet)) * weight of sample in lbs.* ((100-sample moisture)/( {moisture standard}))/56 lb/bu Moisture Units % Determination GRAIN: determined by Harvest Master unit on combine or wet weight method and adjusted to standard corn moisture 15.5% WHOLE PLANT: moisture of subsample of chopped whole plant moisture of subsample of chopped stover (whole plant less ears) Test Weight Units lbs/bushel Determination weight of known volume converted to lbs/bushel Plant Height Units inches or centimeters Determination plant height from soil surface to top leaf (flag) canopy. Observations average of several plants in each plot Ear Height Units inches Determination height from soil surface to base of ear Observations average of several plants in each plot Broken Stalks Units % Determination Observations Formula at harvest number of stalks broken below the ear + number of plants lodged at >45% from the whole plot (22' x 2 rows) (broken stalks + lodged plants)/total stalks x 100% Table B-1. Observations and Data Collected Kernel Weight Units mg/seed Determination weight of 100 seeds converted to mg/seed Plant Density Units plants per acre Determination Early = plants at v3-v5 stage Late = just prior to harvest Observations plant counts on whole plot (22' x 2 rows) Ear Density Units Ears per acre Determination Just prior to harvest Observations taken Ear counts are taken from whole plot (22' x 2 rows) Leaf Units none Development Determination count of leaf number Observations LEAF COLLARS: total number of visible leaf collars HAIL ADJUSTERS: total number of drooping leaves TOTAL: total number of leaves visible Starch (Grain) Units % Determination Near Infra-Red Transmittance Spectroscopy using a global calibration equation from Foss Observations Plot subsample Protein (Grain) Units % Determination Near Infra-Red Transmittance Spectroscopy using a global calibration equation from Foss Observations Plot subsample Oil (Grain) Units % Determination Near Infra-Red Transmittance Spectroscopy using a global calibration equation from Foss Observations Plot subsample Ethanol Units % (Grain) Determination Near Infra-Red Transmittance Spectroscopy using a global calibration equation from Pioneer Observations Plot subsample Diseases ratings Units Rating score = 1-9 1,2,3= Worst; 4,5,6= Mid; 7,8,9= Best Determination Based on amount of disease on plant part of interest Observations Plot measured in the field Forage Yield Units Tons of dry mater per acre (Whole Plant) Formula weight of sample in lbs.* (43560/(2000*plot width * plot length in feet)).* ((100-sample moisture)/100) Kernel Milk Units % Determination percent milk remaining in kernel at harvest Observations visual average of three ears from a non-harvest row Kernel Milk Formula % Kernel Milk x 5 Rating (KMR) Scale 0-5 Stover Moisture Formula % Greenness x Leaf Rating (Leaf Rating scale 1-5, Based on % of

8 Table B-1. Observations and Data Collected Rating (SMR) upright leaves) Scale 0-5 Visual Formula KMR + SMR Moisture Scale 0-10 Rating (VMR) Crude Protein Units % (CP) Determination wet lab or NIRS procedure on plot sub sample Neutral Detergent Fiber Neutral Detergent Fiber Digestibility Acid Detergent Fiber In Vitro Digestibility Units % Determination wet lab or NIRS procedure on plot sub sample Units % Determination wet lab or NIRS procedure on plot sub sample Units % Determination wet lab or NIRS procedure on plot sub sample Units % Determination In vitro wet lab or NIRS procedure on plot sub sample Starch content Units % Determination wet lab or NIRS on plot sub sample Kernel Rot Units none Determination visual average of 5 plants at V2- V4 Scale Emergence Units % Formula 1=deterioration 2=no deterioration Early stand / late stand count x 100% Residue cover Units % Determination Point transects centered on row. % Survival Units % Formula Early stand / late stand count x 100% Root Rating Determination The ISU 0 to 3 node-injury root rating scale was used. A rating of 0.50 or below is considered acceptable economic root protection. Scale 0-3 Soybean Measurements Grower Return Units Formula $/acre (weighted price per bushel x yield) - (yield x (handling + hauling + trucking)) -(storage x 0.02). Determination Handling cost = $0.02 per bushel Hauling cost = $0.04 per bushel Trucking cost = $0.11 $ per bushel (100 miles) Storage = (yield*0.25*4)+ (yield*0.25*8); On-farm $0.02/bu. 30days. Weighted Price per Bushel = $13.64 per bushel = (50% December Average Cash price) + (25% March CBOT Futures price) + (25% July CBOT Futures price). December Average Cash price derived from Wisconsin Ag Statistics; CBOT Futures prices derived from closing price on first business day in December. Table B-1. Observations and Data Collected Grain Yield Units Bu/acre Formula (43560/(plot width * plot length in feet)) * weight of sample in lbs.* ((100-sample moisture)/(100-13{moisture standard}))/60 lb/bu Grain Moisture Units % Determination determined by detector on combine 13% is standard soybean moisture Plant Height Units inches Determination plant height from soil surface to tip of main stem Observations average of several plants in each plot Plant Lodging Units none Determination based on average erectness of main stem of plant Observations whole plot is assessed Scale 1=ALL PLANTS ERECT 2=SLIGHT LODGING 3=PLANTS LODGED AT 45 DEGREE ANGLE 4=PLANTS LODGED AT DEGREE ANGLE Seed Weight Units seeds/lb Determination weight of 300 seeds converted to seeds/lb Plant Density Units plants per acre Determination early = plants at V3 to V5 stage late = just prior to harvest Observations plants counts are taken from 5 linear feet of plot X the harvested area % Survival Units % Formula Early stand / late stand count x 100% Wheat Measurements Grower Return Units $/acre Formula (weighted price per bushel x yield) (yield x (handling + hauling + trucking)) -(storage x 0.02). Determination Handling cost = $0.02 per bushel Hauling cost = $0.04 per bushel Trucking cost = $0.11 $ per bushel (100 miles) Storage = (yield*0.25*4)+ (yield*0.25*8); On-farm $0.02/bu. 30days. Weighted Price per Bushel = $7.99 per bushel = (50% December Average Cash price) + (25% March CBOT Futures price) + (25% July CBOT Futures price). December Average Cash price derived from Wisconsin Ag Statistics; CBOT Futures prices derived from closing price on first business day in December. Grain Yield Units Bu/acre Formula (43560/(plot width * plot length in feet)) * weight of sample in lbs.* ((100-sample moisture)/( {moisture standard}))/60 lb/bu Grain Moisture Units % Determination Determined by sensor on combine 13.5% is standard wheat moisture

9 Table B-2. Soils Information Location Lat - Long Soil Series Soil Family Soil Subgroup Arlington ARS 43 o o 21 Hancock ARS 44 o 7-89 o 32 Lancaster ARS 42 o o 47 Marshfield ARS 44 o o 8 Spooner ARS 45 o o 53 Plano silt loam (predominant soil) Ringwood silt loam Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Agriudoll Typic Argiudoll Saybrook silt loam Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Argiudoll Radford silt loam Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Fluvaquentic Hapludoll Sable silt loam Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll Huntsville silt loam Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Cumulic Hapludoll Elburn silt loam Fine-silty, mixed mesic Aquic Argiudoll Channahon silt loam Loamy, mixed, mesic Lithic Argiudoll Plainfield loamy sand Mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamment (Predominant soil) Sparta loamy sand Sandy, mixed, mesic Entic Hapludoll Fayette silt loam Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf Rozetta silt loam Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf Dubuque silt loam Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf Withee silt loam Fine-loamy, mixed Aquic Glossoboralf (Predominant soil) Marshfield silt loam Fine-loamy, mixed, Typic Ochraqualf frigid Chetek sandy loam Coarse-loamy, mixed Eutric Glossaboralf Pence sandy loam Sandy, mixed, frigid Entic Haplorthod Omega loamy sand Sandy, mixed, frigid Typic Udipsamment Antigo silt loam Well drained silt loamsandy loam soils

10 Crop Summary for Wisconsin Percent Condition of Corn Crop Very Poor Poor Fair Good Excellent May 20 Jun 3 Jun 17 Jul 1 Jul 15 Jul 29 Aug 12 Aug 26 Sep 9 Sep 23 Progress of Corn Crop 100 Bold Lines = Normal (30-years) Regular lines = Percent Planting Emerged Silking Dough Dent Mature Harvested 20 0 Apr 1 Apr 15 Apr 29 May 13 May 27 Jun 10 Jun 24 Jul 8 Jul 22 Aug 5 Aug 19 Sep 2 Sep 16 Sep 30 Oct 14 Oct Corn Acreage and Yield 175 Planted Acres Planted Acres (x 1000) GrainYield Grain Yield (bu/a)

11 2 Crop Progress Review of 2012 (Derived from USDA NASS reports) Drought, Record Breaking Heat Impact Crops An unusual year from the start, 2012 opened with a much warmer than normal winter. Temperatures in March were 14 to 16 degrees above average, prompting early growth in fruit trees, pastures and hay fields. April s multiple frosts damaged apples, cherries and other budding fruit crops, though the unfrozen ground allowed tillage and planting to start several weeks early. The beginning of May saw heavy rains and a record early start to haying around the state. Temperatures remained above normal and soil moistures declined throughout June as drought conditions set in across the southern parts of the state; the Madison weather station observed the driest June ever recorded there, with only 0.35 inches total precipitation for the month. The first week of July brought a record breaking heat wave, exacerbating dry conditions. On July 15, soil moistures were 82 percent short to very short statewide, and topped 90 percent very short in the south central and southeast districts. However, the end of the month and the beginning of August brought some much needed rain. Precipitation was patchy and light throughout August and September, producing wide variations in crop condition and allowing the drought to spread northward. Heat and moisture stress pushed crops into early maturity well before the first widespread frost of the year hit in the end of September. Dry field conditions allowed harvest to progress quickly throughout September and October. On October 7, drought conditions peaked a second time, with 6 of the 9 districts reporting soil moistures at 90 percent or more short to very short. Fall tillage was hampered by the extreme dryness and emergence of fall crops was poor until late October and early November, when widespread rains and warm days improved conditions. In spite of this, the earliness of the harvest allowed tillage to proceed at a record pace; on November 11, tillage was 72 percent complete, 20 percentage points above the five year average. Statewide temperatures from June to September were 2.0 degrees above normal in 2012, compared to 1.0 degrees above normal in September had slightly below normal temperatures, averaging 0.4 degrees below normal. April through August had above normal temperatures, with July averaging 5.6 degrees above normal. The month with the greatest departure from normal was March, which averaged 15.3 degrees above normal. Precipitation totals for April through September were below normal across the state, with a statewide total of inches. This was 3.66 inches below the total for 2011 and 4.60 inches below normal. Total precipitation in the northern third of the state was 2.89 inches below normal for April through September, the central third of the state was 4.33 inches below normal, and the southern third of the state was 8.16 inches below normal precipitation. Statewide, May was the only month this season with above normal precipitation. CORN This year s warm winter reportedly prompted corn planting to begin in mid April. Heavy rains in May damaged planted fields in central portions of the state and soil crusting hampered emergence in those areas. Planting, emergence and corn height progressed well ahead of average throughout May and early June. By mid June, corn in southern Wisconsin was beginning to show signs of moisture stress as drought set in. Months of patchy precipitation produced wide variations in corn condition and maturity. Corn condition hovered around 40 percent poor to very poor statewide for most of the season. In the driest areas, corn tasseled without producing silks, prompting farmers to begin chopping silage as early as mid July. Corn progressed through its maturity stages well ahead of normal, drying down enough for grain harvest to begin in mid September, about one week early. Harvest was hampered in some areas by weak stalks and dropping ears caused by the drought. Silage harvest proceeded well ahead of average, wrapping up with 99 percent harvested on October 7, 16 percentage points above the five year average. The corn for grain harvest ended about two weeks earlier than normal, reaching 94 percent complete on November 11, 25 percentage points above the five year average. Yield reports were

12 3 typically poor throughout southern Wisconsin, where drought conditions began earlier in the season. Northern Wisconsin reported near normal yields due to timely precipitation. Reporters noted that more corn stalks were harvested and baled than usual, to supplement short feed supplies. SOYBEANS Planting and development of this year s soybean crop were consistently above average. On June 10, 98 percent of the crop was planted, 5 percentage points above average, and 83 percent of soybeans had emerged, 11 percentage points above average. On that date, 67 percent of soybeans were in good to excellent condition statewide. As the drought set in across southern Wisconsin, soybeans condition began to decline. In some areas, growth and development of soybeans halted in early July due to the lack of moisture, causing pod set in the north to exceed that of in the south. On July 23, Soybeans averaged 27 percent setting pods across the three northern districts, but averaged only 14 percent across the other six districts. This pattern persisted throughout the rest of the season, as soybeans in the south and central portions of the state contended with moisture shortages, weeds and insect pressure. Rains in August helped the crop bounce back. Soybeans began turning leaves with 2 percent turned on August 19, in line with the average. Drought conditions forced soybeans to dry down rapidly, and harvest began about a week earlier than normal. Yields were highly variable depending on moisture received. Some reporters noted that pod and bean shatter was a major problem during combining. The soybean harvest wrapped up on October 21, with 94 percent harvested, 32 percentage points above the five year average. OATS Oat planting began extremely early this year, with many seeding in mid March. On April 8, oats were 26 percent planted statewide, 18 percentage points above average. Planting and emergence progressed well ahead of normal throughout April and May. The crop reached 97 percent emergence on May 27 with 73 percent in good to excellent condition statewide. Oats heading progressed quickly throughout June. The harvest began in early July and wrapped up August 19, with 97 percent harvested compared to a five year average of 78 percent. Though the drought had a smaller impact on oats condition than on other crop conditions, producers in southern Wisconsin saw a wide variation in yields due to inadequate and patchy precipitation. There were numerous reports of producers double cropping oats for fall forage. HAY & PASTURES Wisconsin s hay stands came out of dormancy early due to the unusual heat of March. The lack of snow cover and the freeze events of April caused minor damage in some areas, with winter freeze damage reported as 92 percent none to light statewide on May 13. Because of this early growth, 2012 proved a record breaking early haying season, with all four cuttings running one to three weeks earlier than average. As the second cutting wrapped up and the third cutting began in early July, drought and high insect pressure caused low yields and poor quality across affected areas, even stalling regrowth completely for some. The spotty rains of August helped perk up hay stands where received. The second dry spell of September allowed good haying conditions, and the fourth crop cutting reached 95 percent complete on September 30, a full 30 percentage points above the five year average. The earliness of the harvests allowed producers in Northern Wisconsin to take more cuttings than usual, and a fifth crop cutting was unusually widespread. In spite of this, low yields and poor pasture condition throughout the season led to feed shortages. Statewide, hay and roughage supplies were 50 percent short, 44 percent adequate and 6 percent surplus on Though pastures started out the season in good condition, the drought proved tough on pastureland and livestock alike. Statewide average pasture condition hit 66 percent poor to very poor on July 22 in the wake of early July s heat wave. Conditions improved slightly before falling a second time, with 78 percent of pastures in poor to very poor condition on October 14. There were widespread reports of livestock producers in the southern and central portions of the state feeding herds this year s hay and grain when dried out pasturage proved inadequate.

13 Weather Summary for Arlington, WI Cummulative (inches) yr Average = Bold Line Precipitation Daily Daily (inches) 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec yr Average = Bold Line Daily Temperatures Degrees (F) Maximums 20 Freeze line 0 Minimums Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Cummulative (GDUs) Growing Degree Units (modified - base= 50, max = 86) 30-yr Average = Bold Line Daily (GDUs) 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0

14 5 Table A-1. Daily Precipitation, Solar Radiation, Soil and Air Temperatures and Growing Degree Units at the Arlington Research Station during Soil Temperature Air Growing Degree Precipitation Daily Solar at 2 inches Temperature Units (86/50 F) Day of year Daily Total Radiation Max Min Max Min Daily Total inches W m -2 o F o F 92 1-Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May

15 6 Table A-1. Daily Precipitation, Solar Radiation, Soil and Air Temperatures and Growing Degree Units at the Arlington Research Station during Soil Temperature Air Growing Degree Precipitation Daily Solar at 2 inches Temperature Units (86/50 F) Day of year Daily Total Radiation Max Min Max Min Daily Total inches W m -2 o F o F May May May May May May May Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul

16 7 Table A-1. Daily Precipitation, Solar Radiation, Soil and Air Temperatures and Growing Degree Units at the Arlington Research Station during Soil Temperature Air Growing Degree Precipitation Daily Solar at 2 inches Temperature Units (86/50 F) Day of year Daily Total Radiation Max Min Max Min Daily Total inches W m -2 o F o F Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep

17 8 Table A-1. Daily Precipitation, Solar Radiation, Soil and Air Temperatures and Growing Degree Units at the Arlington Research Station during Soil Temperature Air Growing Degree Precipitation Daily Solar at 2 inches Temperature Units (86/50 F) Day of year Daily Total Radiation Max Min Max Min Daily Total inches W m -2 o F o F Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct

18 Table A-2. Monthly and total precipitation (inches) data for the Arlington Research Station. 9 Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual year Average

19 Table A-3. Average monthly and annual temperature ( o F) data for the Arlington Research Station. 10 Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual year Average

20 Weather Summary for Hancock, WI Cummulative (inches) yr Average = Bold Line Precipitation Daily Daily (inches) 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 Degrees (F) Daily Temperatures 30-yr Average = Bold Line Maximums Freeze line Minimums Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Cummulative (GDUs) Growing Degree Units (modified - base= 50, max = 86) 30-yr Average = Bold Line Daily (GDUs) 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0

21 12 Table A-4. Daily Precipitation, Solar Radiation, Soil and Air Temperatures and Growing Degree Units at the Hancock Research Station during Soil Temperature Air Growing Degree Precipitation Daily Solar at 2 inches Temperature Units (86/50 F) Day of year Daily Total Radiation Max Min Max Min Daily Total inches W m -2 o F o F 92 1-Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr Apr May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May May

22 13 Table A-4. Daily Precipitation, Solar Radiation, Soil and Air Temperatures and Growing Degree Units at the Hancock Research Station during Soil Temperature Air Growing Degree Precipitation Daily Solar at 2 inches Temperature Units (86/50 F) Day of year Daily Total Radiation Max Min Max Min Daily Total inches W m -2 o F o F May May May May May May May Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jun Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul

23 14 Table A-4. Daily Precipitation, Solar Radiation, Soil and Air Temperatures and Growing Degree Units at the Hancock Research Station during Soil Temperature Air Growing Degree Precipitation Daily Solar at 2 inches Temperature Units (86/50 F) Day of year Daily Total Radiation Max Min Max Min Daily Total inches W m -2 o F o F Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Aug Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep

24 15 Table A-4. Daily Precipitation, Solar Radiation, Soil and Air Temperatures and Growing Degree Units at the Hancock Research Station during Soil Temperature Air Growing Degree Precipitation Daily Solar at 2 inches Temperature Units (86/50 F) Day of year Daily Total Radiation Max Min Max Min Daily Total inches W m -2 o F o F Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Sep Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct