CHAPTER 4. Agriculture Census Results All India All Social Groups

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1 26 (A) Operational holdings CHAPTER 4 Agriculture Census Results All India All Social Groups 4.1 Distribution of operational Holdings The number of operational holdings has been consistently increasing since the first Agriculture Census in The number of holdings, which was 71.0 million in went upto 81.6 million, 88.9 million, 97.2 million, million, million, million, million and million in the successive censuses from to Thus the number of holdings, since the first Agriculture Census with reference year has shown a compound annual growth rate of 1.68 percent which showed a declined trend in comparison to the earlier growth rate of 1.73 percent considering the terminal figure of the previous Census The operated area which was million hectares in , initially increased to million hectares in and thereafter declined to million hectares in which rose to million hectares in , indicating a marginal increase of 0.80 percent. The operated area has primarily increased because of the State of Jharkhand which came into being in the year 2000, participated for the first time in Agriculture Census operation in The average size of holdings had shown a consistent decline over all the census periods. For instance, in it was 2.28 hectares, which reduced to 2.00 hectares in , 1.84 hectares in , 1.69 hectares in , 1.55 hectares in , which again declined to 1.41 hectares during , 1.33 hectares in , 1.23 hectares in and 1.15 hectares in The data on number and area of operational holdings and average size of holdings by major size classes for all Social Groups since may be seen in Table 4.1. A graphical presentation of these characteristics of operational holdings may be seen in Figure 4.1, Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3 respectively The number and area of operational holdings and average size of holdings by sizeclasses and gender in Agriculture Censuses and may be seen in Table 4.2.

2 27 Table 4.1: Number of holdings, operated area and average size of holdings All Social Groups Number of Holdings (in '000) Size Groups * 06* 1 Marginal Small Semi-Medium Medium Large All Sizes Operated Area (in '000 ha.) Size Groups * 06* 1 Marginal Small Semi-Medium Medium Large All Sizes Average (in ha.) Size Groups * 06* 1 Marginal Small Semi-Medium Medium Large All Sizes * Excluding Jharkhand. Table 4.2: Number of operational holdings, area operated by and average size of per holding by size-classes and gender for All Social Groups during Agriculture Census $ and Number (in '000) Area (in '000 ha.) Avg. size per holding (in ha.) Size Class (in Ha.) Male Female Total* Male Female Total* Male Female Total* Below (50093) (7467) (57675) (11886) (1580) (13486) (0.24) (0.21) (0.23) 2 ( ) (22910) (3074) (26019) (16336) (2178) (18540) (0.71) (0.71) (0.71) Marginal (73002) (10541) (83694) (3758) (32026) (0.39) (0.36) (0.38) 3 ( ) (21241) (2655) (23930) (29433) (3621) (33101) (1.39) (1.36) (1.38) Small (21241) (2655) (23930) (29433) (3621) (33101) (1.39) (1.36) (1.38) 4 ( ) (8703) (964) (9684) (20585) (2246) (22872) (2.37) (2.33) (2.36) 5 ( ) (4039) (394) (4443) (13663) (1329) (15026) (3.38) (3.37) (3.38) Semi-Medium (12742) (1358) (14127) (34248) (3575) (37898) (2.69) (2.63) (2.68) 6 ( ) (2359) (210) (2577) (10333) (917) (11282) (4.38) (4.36) (4.38) 7 ( ) (2519) (210) (2738) (15038) (1247) (16342) (5.97) (5.94) (5.97) 8 ( ) (979) (75) (1060) (8276) (632) (8959) (8.45) (8.44) (8.45) Medium (5858) (495) (6375) (33646) (2797) (36583) (5.74) (5.65) (5.74) 9 ( ) (830) (56) (896) (10788) (716) (11646) (13.00) (12.76) (12.99) & Above (178) (10) (200) (5524) (301) (7069) (31.07) (31.32) (35.43) Large (1008) (66) (1096) (16312) (1017) (18715) (16.19) (15.48) (17.08) 11 All Classes (113851) (15115) (129222) (141861) (14768) (158323) (1.25) (0.98) (1.23) Note: (1) *includes Institutional Holdings. (2) $ Figures in brackets relate to Agriculture Census which are excluding Jharkhand. (3) Total may not tally due to rounding off.

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6 The total number of operational holdings in the country increased from million in excluding Jharkhand to million in , showing an increase of 7.06 percent. Male operational holdings (excluding Institutional) constituted about 87.2 percent while female holdings were 12.8 percent in against 88.3 percent and 11.7 percent respectively in This indicates rising participation of females in management and/or operation of agricultural holdings. Table 4.2: Number of operational holdings, area operated by and average size of per holding by sizeclasses and gender for All Social Groups during Agriculture Census $ and Size Class (in Ha.) Number (in '000) Area (in '000 ha.) Avg. size per holding (in ha.) Male Female Total* Male Female Total* Male Female Total* Below (50093) (7467) (57675) (11886) (1580) (13486) (0.24) (0.21) (0.23) 2 ( ) (22910) (3074) (26019) (16336) (2178) (18540) (0.71) (0.71) (0.71) Marginal (73002) (10541) (83694) (3758) (32026) (0.39) (0.36) (0.38) 3 ( ) (21241) (2655) (23930) (29433) (3621) (33101) (1.39) (1.36) (1.38) Small (21241) (2655) (23930) (29433) (3621) (33101) (1.39) (1.36) (1.38) 4 ( ) (8703) (964) (9684) (20585) (2246) (22872) (2.37) (2.33) (2.36) 5 ( ) (4039) (394) (4443) (13663) (1329) (15026) (3.38) (3.37) (3.38) Semi-Medium (12742) (1358) (14127) (34248) (3575) (37898) (2.69) (2.63) (2.68) 6 ( ) (2359) (210) (2577) (10333) (917) (11282) (4.38) (4.36) (4.38) 7 ( ) (2519) (210) (2738) (15038) (1247) (16342) (5.97) (5.94) (5.97) 8 ( ) (979) (75) (1060) (8276) (632) (8959) (8.45) (8.44) (8.45) Medium (5858) (495) (6375) (33646) (2797) (36583) (5.74) (5.65) (5.74) 9 ( ) (830) (56) (896) (10788) (716) (11646) (13.00) (12.76) (12.99) & Above (178) (10) (200) (5524) (301) (7069) (31.07) (31.32) (35.43) Large (1008) (66) (1096) (16312) (1017) (18715) (16.19) (15.48) (17.08) 11 All Classes (113851) (15115) (129222) (141861) (14768) (158323) (1.25) (0.98) (1.23) Note: (1) *includes Institutional Holdings. (2) $ Figures in brackets relate to Agriculture Census which are excluding Jharkhand. (3) Total may not tally due to rounding off In terms of corresponding operated area, it was million hectares in which increased to million hectares in , showing a marginal increase of 0.80 percent. The proportion of operated area managed by female operational holders (excluding Institutional) stood at 10.5 percent in against 9.4 percent in The average size of operational holding in Agriculture Census was 1.15 hectares against 1.23 hectares in The average size relating to male and female operational holdings in was 1.18 hectares and 0.93 hectare against 1.25 hectares and

7 hectares respectively in The average operated area in all size-classes had thus decreased in general in as compared to The small and marginal holdings (below 2.00 ha.) constituted percent in against percent in and the operated area at percent in the current Census as against the corresponding figure of percent in The semi-medium and medium operational holdings (2.00 ha ha.) were percent with the operated area at percent. The corresponding figure for census was percent and percent. The large holdings (10.00 ha. & above) were only 0.70 percent of total number of holdings in with a share of percent in the operated area as against 0.85 percent and percent respectively in Tenancy of operational holdings In Agriculture Census, operational holdings are categorized according to different tenurial characteristics. These categories are (1) wholly owned and self-operated, (2) wholly leased-in, (3) wholly otherwise operated, (4) partly owned and partly leased in, (5) partly owned and partly otherwise operated, (6) partly leased in and partly otherwise operated and (7) partly owned, partly leased in and partly otherwise operated. The area otherwise operated relates to area occupied and operated by the operational holder by encroachment or through forcible occupation of Government/private land or land under litigation or land acquired by Government but being operated by the holder The distribution of number and area of operational holdings by Tenancy status according to major size groups of holdings for all social groups in may be seen in the Table 4.3 and Table 4.4 respectively. The above-mentioned last four categories of holdings have been clubbed and shown under Others in these tables for analytical purpose. Table 4.3: Distribution of number of operational holdings in India by Tenancy status in Major Size Classes for All Social Groups, (Number in '000) Major size classes Total number of holdings Wholly owned & self operated Wholly leased-in Wholly otherwise operated Others Marginal (100.00) (97.41) (0.61) (0.17) (1.81) 2 Small (100.00) (97.51) (0.43) (0.11) (1.95) 3 Semi-medium (100.00) (98.48) (0.28) (0.10) (1.14)

8 33 Major size classes Total number of holdings Wholly owned & self operated Wholly leased-in Wholly otherwise operated Others Medium (100.00) (98.93) (0.20) (0.06) (0.81) 5 Large (100.00) (98.21) (0.18) (0.05) (1.57) All Size Classes (100.00) (97.61) (0.52) (0.15) (1.72) (1) Figures in brackets indicate percentages to total number of holdings According to Table 4.3, wholly owned and self-operated holdings accounted for percent. The wholly leased in holdings were only 0.52 percent while wholly otherwise operated holdings were at the minimum of 0.15 percent. The remaining categories of holdings shown under Others represented 1.72 percent of the total number of operational holdings. Table 4.4: Distribution of Area Operated by Tenancy status in India in Major size Classes for All Social Groups, (Area in 000 ha.) Major size classes Total operated area Wholly owned & self operated area Wholly leased in area Wholly otherwise operated area Others Marginal (100.00) (96.01) (0.74) (0.17) (3.08) 2 Small (100.00) (97.17) (0.45) (0.11) (2.27) 3 Semi-medium (100.00) (98.42) (0.28) (0.10) (1.20) 4 Medium (100.00) (98.90) (0.20) (0.06) (0.84) 5 Large (100.00) (98.36) (0.16) (0.05) (1.42) All Size Classes (100.00) (97.70) (0.39) (0.10) (1.81) (1) Figures in brackets indicate percentages to total operated area From Table 4.4, it may be seen that while wholly owned and self-operated area was at the maximum of percent, wholly leased-in area, wholly otherwise operated area and area under Others formed only 0.39 percent, 0.10 percent and 1.81 percent, respectively of the total operated area. 4.3 Terms of leasing Area leased in is defined as the land taken on lease from others without any permanent right of possession for the lessee. Land may be leased in for (i) fixed money, (ii) fixed product, (iii) share of produce, (iv) usufructuary mortgage and (v) other terms. The distribution of leased-in area by terms of leasing for all social groups during Agriculture Census and may be seen in the Table 4.5.

9 34 Table 4.5: Distribution of leased-in area in India by Terms of leasing in Major Size Classes for All Social Groups during * and Area leased-in for Major size classes Share of Usufructuary Fixed money Fixed produce Other Terms Total produce mortgage Marginal (27.05) (11.17) (59.51) (1.12) (1.14) (100.00) 2Small (27.47) (13.15) (57.55) (0.91) (0.92) (100.00) 3Semi-medium (43.75) (12.11) (41.75) (0.96) (1.43) (100.00) 4Medium (75.66) (7.91) (11.84) (0.79) (3.80) (100.00) 5Large (77.00) (6.17) (12.87) (0.31) (3.64) (100.00) (All Size Classes) (39.28) (11.02) (47.13) (0.93) (1.63) (100.00) * (All Size Classes) (30.88) (11.63) (53.23) (1.26) (3.00) (100.00) Note: (1) Figures in brackets are percentages to total area within each category. (2) * excluding Bihar, Jharkhand and Maharashtra Of the total leased-in area in , the largest share was leased-in for share of produce, being percent for all size classes followed by percent for fixed money and percent for fixed produce. The area leased-in under usufructuary mortgage stood at 0.93 percent against 1.26 percent in The percentage of area leased-in under other terms which is a combination of two or more terms, reduced to 1.63 in as compared to 3.00 in A graphical presentation of area under different terms of leasing in ; leasedin area under fixed money; and leased-in area under share of produce, are given since separately in Figure 4.4, Figure 4.5 and Figure 4.6 respectively. (B) Land use 4.4 Land Utilisation The area under different types of land use during Agriculture Census years may be seen in Table 4.6. Table 4.6: Area under different forms of Land Use for All Social Groups during various Agriculture Census years Area (in '000 hectare) Forms of land use * 06 # Total operated area (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) 2 Net area sown (83.80) (81.60) (83.40) (83.50) (84.80) (86.35) (87.05) (87.72) (88.52) 3 Current fallows (5.70) (8.40) (7.00) (7.70) (7.40) (7.39) (7.44) (7.78) (7.21) 4 Net cultivated area (2+3) (89.50) (90.00) (90.40) (91.20) (92.20) (93.74) (94.49) (95.50) (95.74) 5 Land unutilized (7.70) (7.50) (6.90) (6.80) (6.00) (4.73) (4.29) (3.46) (2.97) 6 Land not available for cultivation (2.80) (2.50) (2.70) (2.00) (1.80) (1.52) (1.22) (1.03) (1.29) Note: (1) Figures in brackets are percentages to total operated area. (2) * excluding Bihar, Jharkhand and Meghalaya. (3) # excluding Bihar, Jharkhand and Maharashtra.

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13 A graphical comparison of area under different forms of land use between Agriculture Censuses and may be seen in Figure The total operated area has been decreasing gradually after to because of diversion of land for urbanisation; industrialisation or transfer of land to meet the increasing requirement for non-agricultural uses, like, housing projects, infrastructure development etc. However, there is a marginal increase in the operated area from million ha. in to million ha. in showing an increase of 0.80%. The

14 39 operated area has primarily increased in because the State of Jharkhand participated for the first time in Agriculture Census operation in after the State came into being in the year Further, it is observed that the percentage of net area sown over last three census periods has remained more or less about 88.0 per cent of the operated area. The net cultivated area increased from 89.5 per cent during to 95.7 per cent during , whereas land unutilized and land not available for cultivation declined from 7.7 percent to 3.0 percent and 2.8 percent to 1.3 percent respectively during the same period. (C) Irrigation 4.5 Irrigation Status The availability of irrigation is reflected by percentage of irrigated area to net area sown, which is given in Table 4.7. Table 4.7: Distribution of Net Irrigated Area and Net Area Sown by Major Size Classes of Holdings for All Social Groups during Agriculture Census * and (Area in '000 ha.) Net Irrigated Area Net Sown Area Percentage of Irrigated Major size classes Area to Net Area Sown of holdings Marginal Small Semi-medium Medium Large All Size Classes Note: (1) * excluding Bihar, Jharkhand and Maharashtra. (2) Total may not tally due to rounding off The proportion of irrigated area to net area sown for all categories of holdings was percent in as compared to percent in The percentage of irrigated area to net area sown has marginally declined in as compared to The graphical presentations of net irrigated area and net sown area in and percentage of net irrigated area to net sown area since may be seen in Figure 4.8 and Figure 4.9 respectively. 4.6 Source wise Classification of Irrigated Holdings and Net Irrigated Area As earlier, this census also has details about net area irrigated by different sources of irrigation like canals, tanks, wells, tube wells and other sources. In case some area is irrigated during the year by more than one source, such area is recorded only against the major source of irrigation. The net area irrigated by different sources of irrigation is added to arrive at net irrigated area. The distribution of source-wise irrigated holdings and net irrigated area for all

15 40 social groups during Agriculture Census and is given in Table 4.8. The

16 41 graphical presentation of proportions of net irrigated area by source of irrigation may be seen

17 42 in Figure During , maximum proportion of holdings received irrigation from tube

18 43 wells (42.60 percent) followed by canals (24.73 percent), wells (18.94 percent) and tanks (5.61 percent). The remaining sources accounted for 8.12 percent which was more than tanks. Similarly, maximum proportion of area was irrigated by tube wells (45.17 percent) followed by canals (26.19 percent), wells (18.46 percent) and tanks (3.48 percent). The remaining 6.71 percent of area was accounted for by other sources. Thus this pattern of distribution of net irrigated among different sources in was similar to that of reported in the last Agriculture Census Table 4.8: Distribution of Source-wise Irrigated Holdings and Net Irrigated Area for All Social Groups during Agriculture Census, * and (Number in '000) (Area in '000 ha.) Sources of Irrigation Number of Net Irrigated Number of Net Irrigated holdings** Area holdings** Area Canals (24.68) (27.35) (24.73) (26.19) 2 Tanks (6.50) (3.86) (5.61) (3.48) 3 Wells (16.80) (16.84) (18.94) (18.46) 4 Tubewells (39.02) (43.57) (42.60) (45.17) 5 Other Sources (13.00) (8.38) (8.12) (6.71) All Sources (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) Note: (1) *excluding Bihar, Jharkhand and Maharashtra. (2) Total may not tally due to rounding off. (3) ** This includes holdings irrigated by more than one source. However, the respective exclusive number of irrigated holdings was only 55.9 million and 71.7 million during and (4) The figures in brackets are percentages. 4.7 Dispersal of operated Area A cultivator residing in a village and cultivating some land within the same tehsil/block is called a resident cultivator of that village. A resident cultivator may, therefore, have either (i) entire area of his holdings locating in village of his residence; or (ii) partly within the village of residence and partly outside; or (iii) entirely outside the village of residence. The information on such characteristics, i.e. dispersal of number and area of operational holdings for all social groups during and may be seen in the Table 4.9. About percent of operational holdings were located within the village of residence against operated area of percent during Agriculture Census About 1.53 percent of holdings with operated area of 2.32 percent were located partly within the village and partly outside the village of residence within the same tehsil. About 1.40 percent of holdings and almost equal

19 44 proportion of operated area were located entirely outside the village of residence but within Tehsil. Only, 0.13 percent of holdings and 0.18 percent of operated area were accounted for by deemed cultivators i.e. those operational holders who were residing outside Tehsil but operating land in one or more village(s) of the Tehsil. Table 4.9: Number and area of operational holdings by Dispersal of operated area for All Social Groups, * and (Number in '000) (Area in '000 ha.) Number Area Item Entirely within the village of residence (95.64) (96.95) (94.47) (96.08) 2 Partly within the village & partly outside the village(s) of residence within the same tehsil (2.45) (1.53) (3.52) (2.32) 3 Entirely outside the village of residence but within the same tehsil (1.79) (1.40) (1.83) (1.43) 4 Operational holder residing outside the tehsil (0.12) (0.13) (0.18) (0.18) 5 Total (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) Note: (1) *excluding Bihar, Jharkhand and Maharashtra. (2) Figures in brackets indicate percentages. (D) Cropping Pattern, Cropping Intensity and Irrigation Intensity 4.8 Area under Principal Crops The details of area under principal crops, both irrigated and un-irrigated for all social groups, in is given in Table Table 4.10: Area under Principal Crops for All Social Groups, * and (Area in '000 ha.) Irrigated Area Unirrigated Area Total Area Item Paddy (33.60) (33.69) (21.67) (18.96) (27.40) (25.63) 2 Wheat (29.14) (30.36) 2383 (3.01) 4252 (4.01) (15.57) (15.95) 3 Jowar 664 (0.90) 878 (1.00) 4442 (5.61) 6825 (6.44) 5106 (3.35) 7703 (3.98) 4 Bajra 1144 (1.56) 1042 (1.19) 7233 (9.13) 8938 (8.43) 8377 (5.49) 9980 (5.15) 5 All Cereals (67.88) (69.63) (49.12) (46.61) (58.14) (57.04) 6 Gram 1667 (2.27) 1543 (1.76) 3279 (4.14) 6291 (5.94) 4945 (3.24) 7834 (4.04) 7 Tur 247 (0.34) 262 (0.30) 2392 (3.02) 3970 (3.75) 2639 (1.73) 4231 (2.18)

20 45 Item Irrigated Area Unirrigated Area Total Area All Pulses (3.77) (3.06) (16.35) (18.47) (10.30) (11.49) 9 Foodgrains (5+8) (71.65) (72.69) (65.47) (65.07) (68.44) (68.52) 10 Sugar Crops 3643 (4.97) 4487 (5.11) 239 (0.30) 671 (0.63) 3882 (2.54) 5158 (2.66) 11 Spices 1065 (1.45) 1771 (2.02) 796 (1.01) 948 (0.89) 1861 (1.22) 2719 (1.40) 12 Fruits 804 (1.10) 1450 (1.65) 1404 (1.77) 1679 (1.58) 2209 (1.45) 3129 (1.61) 13 Vegetables 2242 (3.06) 2763 (3.15) 1079 (1.36) 1254 (1.18) 3321 (2.18) 4018 (2.07) 14 Other Food Crops 58 (0.08) 23 (0.03) 13 (0.02) 76 (0.07) 71 (0.05) 99 (0.05) 15 All Food Crops ( ) (82.30) (84.65) (69.93) (69.44) (75.88) (76.33) 16 Oilseeds 7600 (10.36) 7618 (8.68) (18.68) (16.27) (14.68) (12.83) 17 Fibres 3299 (4.50) 3450 (3.93) 4082 (5.15) 8543 (8.06) 7381 (4.84) (6.19) 18 Fodder Crops 1414 (1.93) 1528 (1.74) 2955 (3.73) 4610 (4.35) 4369 (2.86) 6137 (3.17) 19 Other non-food crops 675 (0.92) 879 (1.00) 1990 (2.51) 1993 (1.88) 2665 (1.75) 2872 (1.48) 20 All non-food crops ( ) (17.70) (15.35) (30.07) (30.56) (24.12) (23.67) 21 Gross Cropped Area (15+20) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) (100.00) 22 Net Area Sown (73.96) (73.57) (77.73) (72.37) (75.92) (72.91) 23 Intensity of Cropping(21/22) Note: (1) * excluding Bihar, Jharkhand and Maharashtra. (2) Figures in brackets indicate percentages to Gross Cropped Area During , gross cropped area was estimated at million hectares while net sown area was at million hectares. Thus the cropping intensity during stood at against in The irrigation intensity which is the ratio of gross irrigated area to net irrigated area worked out to in against in As per table 4.10, cereals formed 57.0 percent of gross cropped area in while all food crops consisting of cereals, pulses, sugarcane, spices, fruits & vegetables, accounted for percent. The remaining gross cropped area was accounted for by non-food crops, like, oilseeds, fibres, fodder crops and other non-food crops. Among non-food crops, oilseeds had the highest contribution of 12.8 percent followed by fibres (6.2 percent).

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