Estimates of Per Capita Consumption of Food Grains in Bangladesh

Transcription

1 Note Vol. XXXIX, March-June 2016, Nos. 1& 2 Estmates of Per Capta Consumpton of Food Grans n Bangladesh MONZUR HOSSAIN * MOHAMMAD YUNUS * It s generally argued that the estmates of per capta consumpton of food grans n Bangladesh are grossly underestmated due to the falure of comprehensvely tang nto account the consumpton of food tems made of rce and wheat at home and outsde. To gve some nsght nto ths debate, ths study revsted the per capta consumpton of food grans through a prmary survey of a natonally representatve sample n 2012 by consderng a comprehensve lst of 36 food grans tems that are consumed at both home and outsde. The fndngs of ths study show that the per capta consumpton of food grans estmated from the BIDS survey, 2012 s hgher than that reported by the BBS estmates based on the HIES Usng the LA/AIDS model, the projecton shows that the demand for both rce and wheat wll decrease n both rural and urban areas, albet margnally. The estmated per capta consumpton of rce and wheat, the prce and ncome elastctes thereof, and the consequent projectons can be used as nstruments for the ntegrated and effectve plannng on food grans dstrbuton and management n Bangladesh. Moreover, BBS and other organsatons nvolved n foodgran consumpton estmates may consder the methodologes appled n ths study n ther future surveys and research studes. Keywords: Food Grans Consumpton, Income Elastcty, Own-prce Elastcty, Cross-prce Elastcty, LA/AIDS Model JEL Classfcaton: C53, D1, D12 I. INTRODUCTION The polcy maers and researchers manly use two dstnct estmates of per capta food grans consumpton avalable n Bangladesh n ther analyses: () per capta consumpton as publshed n the Household Income and Expendture Survey (HIES) conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statstcs (BBS), and () the normatve daly requrement of 489 grams as recommended by the Food * The authors are Senor Research Fellows of BIDS.

2 104 Plannng and Montorng Unt (FPMU) of the Mnstry of Food. However, the above estmates often face crtcsms as these are nherently based due to several reasons. The BBS estmates are based on a large-scale survey on expendtures on food tems by rural and urban households. However, the estmates of per capta food grans consumptons appear to be based due to the nadequate focus on consumpton aspects. For example, even though the BBS consders a large number of tems consumed by the households, the coverage of food grans and tems made thereof appears to be rather parsmonous: t consders only 12 tems ncludng sweetmeat. Besdes, the coverage of food tems made of rce and wheat that are consumed outsde home does not seem to be comprehensve. Consequently, the parsmonous ncluson of tems made of food grans and less than adequate emphass on the consumpton of tems made of food grans outsde home may ntroduce an nherent downward bas n the estmates of per capta consumpton of food grans from the HIES data. On the other hand, the bass of usng 489 grams per person per day by the FPMU appears to lac sound emprcal justfcaton. It was learned that ths fgure underwent revsons a few tmes over the years apparently on an ad hoc bass wthout any support of credble emprcal research fndngs. Ths ad hoc practce mght have ntroduced bases as well although the drecton cannot be ascertaned a pror. It may be noted that the exstng practce of the FPMU s use of 489 grams per person per day and the fndngs by Murshd et al. (2008) based on an extensve survey on basal metabolc rate and physcal actvty level are at a varant. Thus, there mght be bases n both the estmates of per capta consumpton of food grans that are currently beng used by the polcy maers and researchers. As such, the ssue of correct estmates of per capta consumpton of food grans requres a closer loo usng rgorous emprcal exercse. In vew of these consderatons, ths note provdes estmates of per capta daly consumpton of food grans based on the prmary data collected through a survey of respondents n May/June The relablty of the estmates found thereof, however, needs valdaton usng hstorcal smulatons over the last few years. Besdes, snce 1 For sx clusters of rce producng dstrcts (defned n BIDS Study, 2012), a sample of 2,000 households have been randomly selected to mae the sample natonally representatve. In addton, from non-rce or less-rce producng areas ncludng the urban areas, about 500 households were surveyed. Accordngly, Dhaa (300 households) and two more dstrcts (100 households each) were purposvely selected. Consderng tme and resources, 10 dstrcts were selected from sx clusters accordng to probablty proportonal to sze (PPS) of rce producton by dstrcts (For detals, see BIDS Study, 2012).

3 Hossan & Yunus: Estmates of Per Capta Consumpton of Food Grans 105 regular collecton of such data s unlely to be feasble due to, nter ala, physcal and fnancal constrants, projectons are necessary at least over the medum-term to estmate future consumpton needs. Thus, ths note ams to () estmate the per capta daly consumpton of food grans (benchmar estmates), () estmate the prce and ncome elastctes of rce and wheat for poor and nonpoor n both rural and urban areas; and () mae projectons of the per capta daly consumpton of rce and wheat for the poor and non-poor n both rural and urban areas up to II. REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE It appears from the HIES estmates that the average quantty of per capta daly consumpton of food has changed over the years n Bangladesh. Whle the quantty of per capta daly consumpton of food grans appears to have decreased n 2005 compared wth 2000, t has ncreased for other food tems. In contrast, the average quantty of per capta daly food consumpton has ncreased between 2000 and 2010 natonally; t has ncreased from grams n 2000 to 1,000 grams n In the cereal group, the per capta daly consumpton was 464 grams n whch the contrbuton of rce, wheat and other cereals were 416 grams, 26 grams, and 22 grams respectvely n Even though the consumpton of rce has declned, that of wheat has ncreased n 2010 compared wth the 2005 estmates. Many studes have been conducted n analysng the food demand system n Bangladesh despte constraned by data lmtatons. In earler studes, the food demand system focused on only food grans, especally rce and wheat. Subsequently n the 1980s, a broader baset of food tems were ncorporated n the demand system analyses (Chowdhury 1982, Shahabuddn and Zohr 1995, and Murshd et al. 2008). Conventonally, the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) model has been appled to estmate the own-prce elastcty, cross-prce elastcty and the ncome elastcty. Mullah (2005) studed consumer demand behavour n Bangladesh by usng the Engel model and AIDS model for the HIES 2000 data. He estmated the expendture elastcty for dfferent food and non-food tems. Huq and Arshad (2010) estmated demand elastctes for dfferent food tems by usng AIDS model wth corrected Stone Prce Index based on HIES 2000 data. Ther results suggest that the uncompensated own prce elastcty for all food tems except edble ol and spces are less than unty. Some other past studes also provded nformaton on prce and ncome (expendture) elastcty for food and non-food tems (see Sabur 1983, Taluder 1990, Islam 2002, Al 2002, Huq, Alam and

4 106 Sabur 2004). Chowdhury (1982) estmated a complete consumer model, whle Ahmed and Shams (1994) estmated a complete demand system for rural Bangladesh. Ferdous (1997) and Khanam and Ferdous (2000) analysed the food preference and consumer demand behavour n Bangladesh. They found the expendture elastcty for rce and wheat to be at 0.31 and 0.84 respectvely. The revew n ths secton reveals that the lnear approxmate AIDS (LA/AIDS) has been a wdely used model for estmatng dfferent elastctes to determne the demand system. Thus, the LA/AIDS model has also been appled n ths exercse. III. ESTIMATES OF PER CAPITA DAILY CONSUMPTION OF FOOD GRAINS Gven the ad hoc practce n applyng the normatve requrement and the nherent bas n the HIES data on per capta consumpton of food grans, an alternatve set of estmates s warranted that mnmses the aforementoned bases to a possble extent. To obtan such mproved estmates of food grans consumpton, the followng measures were taen: () A comprehensve lst of food grans tems that are consumed at both home and outsde s consdered. It may be noted that only 12 tems ncludng sweetmeat tems were consdered to be consumed outsde n the HIES 2010, whereas as many as 36 tems ncludng dfferent szes of the same tems have been consdered n the present exercse. For nstance, nformaton has been collected on three types of burgers small, medum and large. () Items made of rce and wheat has been converted nto actual amount of rce and wheat by surveyng a number of baers and restaurants. Wth the rse of ncome, people now-a-days consume more outsde home than before. Insofar as t s dffcult to mprove upon the estmates of the per capta food grans consumpton wthout properly tang nto account the consumpton both at home and outsde, data were collected on the consumpton of rce and wheat and tems made thereof both at home and outsde. Snce some of the food tems contan other edble ngredents apart from rce and/or wheat, tem-specfc average converson factors were estmated by surveyng a number of baers and restaurants. The tem specfc average converson factors, reported n Table A.1, were appled to derve the actual amount of rce and wheat from tems made thereof and consumed by the households. The estmates of the per capta daly consumpton of cereals (rce and wheat ncludng the converted amount of rce and wheat from the tems made of these

5 Hossan & Yunus: Estmates of Per Capta Consumpton of Food Grans 107 grans) are reported n Table I. Daly per capta consumpton of cereals (rce and wheat) has been estmated at grams, wth consumpton of rce and wheat at grams and 41.6 grams respectvely. As may be expected, per capta consumpton of rce s relatvely hgher n rural areas than n urban areas, whle that of wheat ntae s substantally hgher n the urban areas. The total cereal consumpton appears to be hgher n the rural areas. The estmates of the per capta daly consumpton of food grans n ths study are hgher than that of HIES One of the sources of dfference between the two sets of estmates les n the quantty of wheat consumpton, partcularly n the urban areas. The reasons may be that the present exercse has taen extra care to consder consumpton of as many food tems made of wheat as possble at both home and outsde. In fact, the fndngs show that tems made of rce contrbute to as much as 12.6 grams n the per capta daly consumpton of rce. Another strength of our consumpton estmates s that t captures the consumpton of food grans or tems made thereof outsde home at a comprehensve manner as our fndngs show that consumpton outsde home contrbutes to as much as 9.2 grams of rce and 21.5 grams of wheat n the per capta daly consumpton. TABLE I PER CAPITA DAILY CONSUMPTION OF FOOD GRAINS (RICE AND WHEAT) Authors Estmates, 2012 HIES (n grams) Natonal Rural Urban Natonal Rural Urban Cereals a Rce Wheat b Note: a. It may be noted that the defnton of cereals n ths exercse, whch comprses rce and wheat flour, dffers from the one used by the BBS n ts HIES whch ncludes all others n addton. b. Wheat consumpton n the analyss s actually wheat flour n order to mae Authors and HIES estmates comparable. Source: BIDS Feld Survey, 2012 and HIES, In HIES, BBS apparently consders tems made of wheat and outsde consumpton as noted n Table 5.2 of the HIES, However, nether the coverage s adequate nor the treatment s meanngful. For nstance, heterogeneous goods such as tea, bscut and other tems are ncluded n mscellaneous tems.

6 108 In addton to the natonal level, the per capta daly consumpton of food grans has been dsaggregated between the poor and the non-poor both n rural and urban areas. To determne the poverty status of the respondents, the dvson specfc nflaton adjusted ncome levels of the upper poverty lne was appled from the HIES 2010 estmates (see Table 6.10 of the HIES, 2010 Report). The ncome of the respondents was estmated as the net ncome from dfferent sources, such as agrculture, lvestoc, vegetables, fruts and wood produced n the homestead, servces, busness, wage labourers, penson and socal safety nets. TABLE II PER CAPITA DAILY FOOD GRAINS (RICE AND WHEAT) INTAKE BY POVERTY STATUS AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE (n grams) Rural Poor Non-Poor Dfference (sg.) Urban Poor Non-Poor Dfference (sg.) Cereals * Rce Wheat *** *** Note: * and *** ndcate statstcally sgnfcant at 10% and 1% level respectvely. Source: BIDS Feld Survey, The estmates of per capta daly food grans consumpton among the poor and the non-poor n rural and urban areas are reported n Table II. Whle the per capta consumpton of cereals sgnfcantly dffers between the poor and the nonpoor n rural areas, t does not do so n the urban areas. As rce s the domnant component n the consumpton of cereals n both areas, t does not dffer sgnfcantly between the poor and the non-poor. On the other hand, per capta daly consumpton of wheat sgnfcantly dffers between the poor and the nonpoor n both the rural and urban areas. IV. MAJOR FACTORS DETERMINING FOOD CONSUMPTION Food s one of the necesstes of lfe the persstent deprvaton of whch for a suffcently prolonged perod brngs an end to lfe tself. In that sense, the consumpton of food should be affected more by physcal needs than economc forces. However, there are varous nds of food whch may be substtutes, albet mperfect to each other. Economcs, thus, comes nto play n determnng the demand for varous types of food for satsfyng the same basc needs. If food

7 Hossan & Yunus: Estmates of Per Capta Consumpton of Food Grans 109 consumpton s restrcted to rce and wheat, ts relatve demand and consumpton wll depend, among other thngs, on ther relatve prces. Apart from prces, other varables such as ncome, age, sex and household sze are also mportant. Thus, the analyss of per capta consumpton and the consequent estmates of prce and ncome elastctes provde the parameters that may be used to project per capta future demand under plausble assumptons about the relatve sgnfcance of the varous ncome groups n socety. 4.1 Methods of Demand Analyss To consder the above factors, a sutable model s requred to estmate and project the demand for food grans. For ths reason, the LA/AIDS model a la Deaton and Muellbauer (1980a) has been appled as t enjoys an mmense popularty n appled demand analyss. Startng from a specfc cost functon, the AIDS model gves the share equatons n an n-good system as w M X ln p j ln sds ; = 1, 2,, M (1) j1 P s1 where w s the share assocated wth the th good, s the constant coeffcent n the th share equaton, s the slope coeffcent assocated wth the jth good n the th share equaton, β s the ncome (expendture) coeffcent and p j s the prce on the jth good. X s the total expendture on the system of goods gven by X n 1 p q ndex defned by n whch q s the quantty demanded for the th good. P s the prce 1 ln P ln p ln p (2) n M M 0 ln p j1 n the nonlnear AIDS model. Deaton and Muellbauer (1980a) also suggested a lnear approxmaton of the nonlnear AIDS model by specfyng a lnear prce ndex gven by M ln P w ln p (3) 1 that gves rse to the lnear approxmate AIDS (LA/AIDS) model. In practce, the LA/AIDS model s more frequently estmated than the nonlnear AIDS model. j

8 110 One advantage of the AIDS model s that the homogenety and symmetry restrctons are easly mposed and tested. Snce budget shares sum up to 1 n the system, one of the share equatons n (3) needs to be dropped to deal wth the sngularty problem. Whchever one s elmnated should not have any effect on the results as the parameters assocated wth the share equaton that s dropped can be recovered through the parameter restrctons mpled by the homogenety, symmetry, and conservaton propertes. The LA/AIDS model mples that the Marshallan prce elastcty for good wth respect to good j s M Where M wj w ln P j j (4) w w w j 1f j 0 otherwse Income elastcty n the LA/AIDS model s gven by M 1 1 w j lnpj j 1 (5) w j The demand for food grans vares due to the growth of populaton, urbansaton (wth rural and urban dsaggregaton) and the growth n real ncome and prce. Therefore, demand can be dsaggregated to allow dfferental mpact across dfferent ncome groups and age groups n both rural and urban areas accordng to ther detary ntae pattern. Thus, the projecton of food grans demand s performed n ths exercse by tang all the possble concerns that are relevant to the food grans demand. 4.2 Estmates of Demand Elastctes A prce ndex s constructed for each household, defned as a product of the log of the prces of the th good and the assocated expendture share faced. The prces were derved from the BIDS survey (2012) that reports fgures for the precedng one wee from the date of the ntervew. Equaton 1 was estmated usng SURE (Seemngly Unrelated Regresson Equatons) method wth crossequaton restrctons to ensure the equalty of cross-substtuton effects mposed by the standard neo-classcal demand theory. Ths restrcton s also necessary for SURE estmaton when the set of covarates s the same across all equatons, as s the case n the present exercse.

9 Hossan & Yunus: Estmates of Per Capta Consumpton of Food Grans 111 The estmates of ncome and prce elastctes are presented n the upper panel of Table III for poor and non-poor households both n rural and urban areas. The correspondng estmates based on the HIES, 2010 have been reported n the lower panel for the purpose of comparson. The resulted expendture elastctes obtaned from the LA/AIDS model are then multpled by the share of ncome spent on rce and wheat for rural and urban areas to obtan respectve ncome elastctes. It may be noted that the estmates of ncome elastctes are postve for rce (for both poor and non-poor) n both rural and urban areas. However, for wheat the ncome elastcty estmates for rce n the rural areas (for both poor and non-poor) are negatve. These estmates of ncome elastcty are comparable to those reported n some prevous studes (e.g. Ahmed and Shams1993, Shahabuddn and Zohr 1995). TABLE III ESTIMATES OF PRICE AND INCOME ELASTICITIES Elastctes Rce Wheat Rural Urban All Rural Urban All Estmates Based on BIDS Survey Income Own prce Cross prce Estmates Based on HIES, 2010 Income Own prce Cross prce Source: BIDS Feld Survey, 2012 and HIES, All the Marshallan (uncompensated) own prce elastctes are found to be negatve as expected. The estmated own prce elastctes for rce (rural vs-à-vs urban) are vs-à-vs for the poor and vs-à-vs for the nonpoor. On the other hand, the own prce elastctes for wheat (rural vs-à-vs urban) are vs-à-vs for the poor and vs-à-vs for the nonpoor. The estmated own prce elastctes are consstent wth some prevous studes. For example, the own prce elastctes for rce and wheat were found to be and respectvely by Alam (2010). Dorosh and Haggblade (1997) reported elastctes of rce and wheat for the urban poor at and respectvely. The estmated cross-prce elastctes for all groups are found to be negatve from both BIDS 2012 survey data and HIES, 2010 data wth the

10 112 magntude of elastctes beng hgh for rce and very low for wheat. The negatve sgn of cross-prce elastcty ndcates that rce and wheat are complement to each other as opposed to the conventonal vew that these tems are substtutes. One possble explanaton of ths fndng could be that the consumpton data were collected on a daly bass rather than per meal. It s to be noted that n many cases people tae at least one meal wth wheat stuff (rot/bread, etc.), whch may be consdered complement to rce f we consder the whole consumpton n a day. Thus, rather than analysng the meal-bass (per meal) consumpton pattern, one cannot draw a defntve concluson from a daly food-ntae data on the substtutablty or complementartes of these two food grans Projecton of Per Capta Demand for Rce and Wheat The formula for projecton of per capta demand commodty at tme t ( q t l ) s gven by t q l η l y t y t y t 1 1 e l t t 1 p p t 1 p / e l p t / t 1 p / t 1 p / t 1, 1 q (6) l where q t s per capta demand and at tme t of ncome group n locaton j; η s the ncome elastcty of ncome-group n locaton j for commodty, e are the own prce elastctes of ncome-group n locaton j for commodty, e are the cross prce elastctes of ncome-group n locaton j for commodty t t-1 (y / y ) p t p t 1, s the growth of per capta real ncome and ( ) and t-1 y t -1 p t t 1 p p / / represents the change n prce of commodty and / between p t 1 / perod t and t-1.

11 Hossan & Yunus: Estmates of Per Capta Consumpton of Food Grans 113 Followng equaton 6, the projected values for the per capta daly consumpton of rce and wheat are reported n Table IV usng the estmates of elastctes reported n Table III. The per capta real ncome of the poor and nonpoor was assumed to grow at 5.00 and 5.25 per cent respectvely n the rural areas and 5.25 and 5.75 per cent respectvely n the urban areas. The growth of the real prce of rce and wheat was assumed at 1.5 and 2.0 per cent respectvely. The growth of real ncome of the poor and non-poor was derved from two successve rounds of HIES (2005 and 2010), whle the average growth of real prce was derved by comparng real prces of these tems for the last few years. 3 TABLE IV PROJECTED PER CAPITA DAILY CONSUMPTION OF RICE AND WHEAT Rce Wheat Rural Urban All Rural Urban All Source: Authors own estmates. The projected values ndcate that the per capta consumpton of rce wll ncrease for poor n the rural areas but wll decrease for the other three groups over the years, albet margnally. Whle the per capta consumpton of wheat for both the poor and non-poor wll decrease n the rural areas, t appears to ncrease n the urban areas for both the groups. The projected estmates suggest that urban people wll consume a relatvely less amount of rce than rural people and are expected to substtute rce consumpton wth other food tems ncludng wheat n the future. V. CONCLUDING REMARKS One of the debates about the food gap analyss n Bangladesh revolves around the estmates of per capta consumpton of food grans. It s generally argued that the estmates of per capta consumpton of food grans n Bangladesh 3 The real prces of rce and wheat were estmated by deflatng respectve prce wth nonfood CPI.

12 114 are grossly underestmated due to the falure of comprehensvely tang nto account the consumpton of food tems made of rce and wheat at home and outsde. To gve some nsght nto ths debate, ths exercse revsted the per capta consumpton of food grans through a prmary survey of a natonally representatve sample n 2012 by consderng a comprehensve lst of 36 food tems consumed outsde home. The fndngs show that the per capta consumpton of food grans estmated from the BIDS Survey, 2012 are hgher than that reported by the BBS estmates based on the HIES The estmated prce and ncome elastctes for rce and wheat are comparable wth those estmated from the HIES survey data. The projecton shows that demand for both rce and wheat wll decrease n both rural and urban areas, albet margnally. The estmated per capta consumpton of rce and wheat, the prce and ncome elastctes, and the consequent projectons can be used as nstruments for ntegrated and effectve plannng of food grans n Bangladesh. REFERENCES Ahmed, A. U. and Y. Shams Demand Elastctes n Rural Bangladesh: An Applcaton of the AIDS Model. The, Alam, M. A An Analyss of Consumpton Demand Elastcty and Supply Response of Major Foodgrans n Bangladesh. Unpublshed Master s Thess, Humboldt Unversty of Berln. Al, Z Dsaggregated Demand for Fsh n Bangladesh: An Analyss usng the Almost Ideal Demand System., 28: BBS Household Expendture Survey. Bangladesh Bureau of Statstcs. Mnstry of Plannng, Government of the People s Republc of Bangladesh, Dhaa, Bangladesh. BBS Household Expendture Survey. Bangladesh Bureau of Statstcs, Mnstry of plannng, Government of the People s Republc of Bangladesh, Dhaa, Bangladesh. BIDS Report of the Estmaton of the Parameters Needed for Integrated and Effectve PFDS Plannng n Bangladesh. Chowdhury, O. H Complete Consumer Model A Prelmnary Estmate for Bangladesh., 10(1). Dorosh, P., Q. Shahabuddn and N. Fard Prce Stablzaton and Food Stoc Polcy n The 1998 Floods and Beyond: Towards Comprehensve Food Securty n Bangladesh edted by P. Dorosh et al. Unversty Press Lmted, Dhaa and Internatonal Food Polcy Research Insttute, Washngton D.C.

13 Hossan & Yunus: Estmates of Per Capta Consumpton of Food Grans 115 Deaton, A. and J. Muellbauer.1980a. An Almost Ideal Demand System. Amercan Economc Revew, 70(3). Deaton, A. and J. Muellbauer. 1980b. Economcs and Consumer Behavour. Cambrdge, England: Cambrdge Unversty Press. Dorosh, Paul A. and S. Haggblade Shftng Sands: The Changng Case for Monetzng Project Food Ad n Bangladesh. World Development, Elsever, 25(12): Ferdous, R Consumer Demand Behavour n Rural Bangladesh. Dhaa Unversty Journal of Scence, 45(1): Huq, A. S. M. A., S. Alam and S. A. Sabur Estmaton of Potato Demand Elastcty n Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Agrcultural Economcs, 27: Huq, A. S. M. A. and F. M. Arshad.2010: Demand Elastctes for Dfferent Food Items n Bangladesh. Journal of Appled Scence, 10(20): Islam, M. R Determnants of Producton and Demand for Rce n Bangladesh: A Comparatve Study of Aromatc Rce and Coarse Varetes. Ph.D. Thess, Department of Agrcultural Economcs, Bangladesh Agrcultural Unversty, Mymensngh. (Cted n Huq et al., 2010). Khanam, M. and R. Ferdous Food Preference and Consumer Demand n Bangladesh: An Applcaton of the AIDS Model. The Bangladesh Journal of Scence Research, 18(1): (Cted n Mullah, 2005). Mullah, M. A. S Consumer Demand Behavour n Bangladesh: Applcaton of Engel and AIDS Models. A Submtted Unpublshed Master of Scence Thess n the Department of Statstcs, Unversty of Dhaa, Bangladesh. Murshd, K. A. S., M. N. I. Khan, Q. Shahabuddn, M. Yunus, S. Ahtar and O. H. Chowdhury Determnaton of Food Avalablty and Consumpton Patterns and Settng up of Nutrtonal Standard n Bangladesh. Bangladesh Insttute of Development Studes, Maxwell Stamp n collaboraton wth Food Plannng and Montorng Unt, Mnstry of Food and Dsaster Management and Natonal Food Polcy Capacty Strengthenng Programme, Dhaa. Sabur, S. A Demand, Supply and Prce Structure of Potato n Bangladesh. Ph.D. Thess, College of Agrculture, Haryana Agrcultural Unversty, Hsar, Inda. (Cted n Huq et al., 2010). Shahabuddn, Q. and S. Zohr Medum and Long-Term Projectons of Food gran Demand, Supply and Trade Balance n Bangladesh. Bangladesh Development Studes, 23(3&4). Taluder, R. K Food Prcng Polces and Nutrton n Bangladesh: A Welfare Analyss. Ph.D. Thess, School of Agrculture, La Trobe Unversty, Australa. (Cted n Huq et al., 2010).

14 116 APPENDIX TABLE A.1: CONVERSION FACTOR OF FOOD ITEMS MADE OF RICE AND WHEAT A. Converson of Items Made of Flour Food Item Number of tems prepared that can be prepared from 1 g of flour Bread (Large) 2.3 Bread (Medum) 4.8 Bread (Small) 8.0 Bun (Large) 9.2 Bun (Medum) 13.5 Bun (Small) 17.0 Nun 12.2 Tandur 17.0 Rot 18.8 Chapat 15.2 Porata 19.0 Mogla 9.5 Samusa/Sngara 36.7 Pur 35.2 Ptha 12.5 Food Item Flour content (gram) Bscut (1 Pound) Cae (1 Pound) Pattes 36.7 Pzza (Large) 94.9 Pzza (Small) 56.5 Jlap (3 g) Msht (1 g) 15.0 Nm (1.5 g) Goja (3 g) B. Converson of tems made of paddy/rce Food Item Rce content (gram) Paddy to rce (1 g paddy) Rce to puffed rce and popcorn (1 g rce) Rce to ho (1 g rce) Source: Authors calculaton.