The 11 regions are divided between 5 developing countries and 6 that are. Mixed crop and Livestock. Dairy. Grain. Mediterranean.

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1 Key Issue 3: Where Is Agriculture Distributed? Pages Let s talk about Agriculture in LDCs! Haven t you heard of dependency theory? What would a white man know about LDCs?! Shut up and push this hay s worth at least $1.50. THE MAP 1. Who was Derwent Whittlesey? Explain what he identified. Explain the five agricultural regions that predominate in Developing Countries. a. Identified 11 agricultural regions, plus one area where agriculture was nonexistent. The 11 regions are divided between 5 developing countries and 6 that are Mediterranean important in developed countries. NO AGRICULTURE Dairy Mixed crop Commercial Gardening and Livestock Intense Sub-wet rice NOT dominant Plantation Shifting Cultivation Mixed crop NO AGRICULTURE and Intense Sub-wet Livestock Dairy rice NOT dominant Mediterranean Mediterranean Intense Sub-wet Pastoral Nomadism rice NOT dominant Pastoral Nomadism NO AGRICULTURE NO AGRICULTURE Intense Sub-wet Shifting Cultivation rice NOT dominant Plantation Plantation Shifting Cultivation Plantation Intense Sub-wet rice NOT dominant Intense Sub-wet rice dominant Intense Sub-wet rice NOT dominant Plantation Mixed crop and Livestock Plantation Mixed crop and Livestock Mediterranean NO AGRICULTURE Plantation Commercial Gardening Dairy Dairy 1

2 GROUNDING (no pun intended) There are four basic types of agriculture in LDCs: Shifting Cultivation Pastoral Nomadism Intensive Subsistence Agriculture Plantation Farming PASTORAL NOMADISM Form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding domesticated animals Adapted to dry climates where agriculture is impossible, Pastoral Nomadism is common in Northern African and the Middle East THE ANIMALS Type and number of animals vary by local culture and physical characteristics: North Africa and Southwest Asia: camel, sheep, goats Central Asia: horse Typical families need 25 to 60 goats or 10 to 25 camels Yee-haw! Git along little doggy! MOVEMENTS Each group wanders only in its own territory and seeks to control enough territory to support its group. Migration patterns are based on local seasonal conditions. Many practice TRANSHUMANCE (seasonal migration between mountains and lowland pasture). THE PROCESS Practiced by 15 million occupying 20% of earth s land area, pastoralists herd domesticated animals. Pastoralists rarely eat meat, they will eat animal products and animals that die, and slaughter only under the most extreme conditions. Most consume grain that women/children grow at fixed location or that they ve traded for animal products. THE FUTURE Pastoral nomadism is in decline as need for them as caravan couriers of goods and information has decreased with technology. Modern governments also tend to want to use nomad land for others uses and often try to resettle nomads (China, Kazalhstan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria), encourage them to live by other methods, or limit their boundaries. Remember the Tuaregs. 2

3 SHIFTING CULTIVATION Practiced in humid, low latitude (TROPICAL) climate regions (high temp and rain fall), especially in tropical rainforests of Latin America, Central/West Africa, Southeast Asia Let me help ya there, little buddy! THE CROPS Crops vary by local custom and taste, but common are: Southeast Asia: Rice, Latin America: corn and cassava Africa: Millet and Sorghum Most families grow wide variety for their own needs LAND USE Method s rapid nutrient depletion requires large amounts of land. 25% of the world s land area is dedicated to shifting cultivation, but less than 5% of the world s population use the technique. THE PROCESS SLASH AND BURN farmers choose site, cut down foliage and burn it to produce potash (burnt material-potassium) to fertilize land-only fertilizer available. SWIDDEN (cleared site) plowed/planted-used 3 years or less. Site used for three years or less then allowed to lie FALLOW (unplanted) for six to twenty years to allow foliage to regrow and nutrients to reform THE FUTURE In the tropics, land used in SC is declining by 0.2% per year, and the method is being replaced by logging, cattle ranching and cash crops. Critics say the method is a preliminary step to development and that it is inefficient. Large scale deforestation of the rain forests may also contribute to global warming Supporters say it is the most sound method in the tropics to preserve the soil and the ecosystem. 3

4 INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE Farmers must work Intensively to subsist on a parcel of land. Shifting Cultivation and Pastoral Nomadism are both practiced in areas of low population density. Globally, though 75% of the world s population lives in LDCs and INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE feeds most of them. The practice is most common in East, South and Southeast Asia. Agricultural density is high, farm size is low, many farms are patches of discontinuous parcels, most of the work is done by hand or with animals. Because they must feed their entire families, to maximize production, farmers use every square inch of land. Woah! Any of you fellers got a ladder! Paths and roads are kept as narrow as possible, oddly shaped field corners are still planted. Livestock is not permitted to graze on the land. What the moo, man?! A cow s gotta eat too! INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE WET RICE DOMINANT Intensive Subsistence Agriculture comes in two varieties. WET RICE NOT DOMINANT WET RICE refers to planting rice in a nursery then moving the seedlings to a flooded field. Uses small percentage of Asia s land but is dominant food source. The method dominates in SE China, E India and much of SE Asia. Occurs mostly on flats in river valleys and deltas but also on terraces. Many farmers DOUBLE CROP and plant other crops in dry seasons and harvesting twice a year from the same field. This can be done in places that have warm winters-s. China and Taiwan-rare in India. Where rain is too scarce and winters too harsh, farmers grow wheat, barley, other grains and legumes and some cash crops. Occurs in interior of India and northeast China. Land is still used intensively, and many farmers practice CROP ROTATION where they rotate crops through fields in successive years to prevent soil depletion. On a side note, China combined and collectivized many small, private farms to increase production, but it didn t work. So they undid it. Sawah is a flooded field for growing rice 4

5 PLANTATION FARMING A PLANTATION is a large farm that specializes in one or two crops. Plantation farming is a form of commercial agriculture in various tropical regions: Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Situated in LDCs, Plantations are often owned by Europeans/North Americans who sell crops in MDCs (remember coreperiphery model). Common crops Plantation Management Many plantation crops are cash crops like tobacco, rubber, cotton, coffee and sugarcane. Others are cocoa, jute, bananas, tea, coconut, and palm oil. Some crops that can be planted only once per year (tobacco, cotton, sugarcane) are now less common. Plantations are usually owned by Europeans or N. Americans situated in sparsely settled regions and must import workers, housing, food and services. Crops are sold to developed countries. Crops processes at the plantation before being shipped because they will be less bulky for shipment and costs less. Managers try to spread work throughout the year to make full use of labor force. Plantations double crop where the climate permits. THE hills are alive! 5

6 FARMING IN MDCs STEP INTO MY OFFICE! THE MAP Don t forget, the primary difference between subsistence farming and commercial farming is that subsistence farmers will eat their own products where as commercial farmers will sell their products to manufacturers who process the crops and sell them to a consumer. In MDCs, farming is a business. SURE, IT S A SMALL WORLD, BUT I OWN MOST OF IT! 6

7 GROUNDING Remember that farming in MDCs is called commercial agriculture. Also, most of the methods are often called agribusiness because of the degree of technology involved in the farming and because of the close ties of the farmer to the food processing industry. The six main types are: WHAT S Mixed Crop and livestock farming GROUND? Dairy Farming Farming Mediterranean Agriculture Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK It is the most common method in the US west of the Appalachians but east of 98 longitude, and in Europe from France to Russia. I JUST STEPPED IN COW POOP! CHARACTERISTICS CROP ROTATION Farm divided into fields; each field is planted on a planned cycle lasting several years, often with fallow (uncropped) period or a rest crop. Method helps maintain nutrients because each crop depletes certain nutrients but restores others. There are two, three and four field rotation systems often involving root crops, cereal grains and rest crops. REST CROP=Helps restore the field(clover) used for animal grazing, and Root crops feed to Animals in winter. Four Crop fields A. Root Crop B. Cereal Crop C. Rest Crop D. Cereal Devotes nearly all land area to growing crops but derives more than ¾ of its income from the sale of animal products, such as: beef, milk, and eggs. Crops are used to feed the livestock. Manure from livestock used as fertilizer. Distributes workload and income generation over the year. The most common crops are ½ corn (the US corn belt) and remaining is soybeans. Ohio to Dakotascenter in Iowa. 7

8 COMMERICAL GARDENING AND FRUIT FARMING CGAFF is the predominant form of agriculture in the Southeast US. CGAFF is also called TRUCK FARMING meaning bartering or exchange of commodities. Truck farms grow fruits and vegetables that developed countries demand, such as: like apples, asparagus, cherries, mushrooms, and tomatoes. Some are sold to consumers, but most are sold to processors for canning or freezing. Truck farms use high levels of technology with machines, fertilizers and seeds and also take advantage of low-cost migrant farm workers. Farms tend to specialize the crop. DOES ANYONE KNOW WHERE I PARKED MY PORSCHE?!? DAIRY FARMING PRACTICED NEAR LARGE URBAN AREAS IN NORTHEAST US, SOUTHEAST CANADA, NORTHWEST EUROPE. ON THE RISE IN EAST AND SOUTH ASIA. I HAVE NO IDEA WHAT THESE THINGS ARE! Challenges Dairy farmers face difficulty from declining revenues and rising costs. Dairy farming is LABOR INTENSIVE (an activity requiring large amounts of frequent labor). Cows must be milked twice daily, throughout the year. Cows must be fed in the winter when they cannot graze. Regional Distribution Most of world s dairy farming was in MDC, but 51% now occurs in LDCs. Top five producers are India, US, China, Pakistan and Russia. India is the world s largest producer. Dairy farms are market oriented and establish themselves in the first ring outside cites because the product is highly perishable. MILKSHED is ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling. Due to tech improvement, it is now about 300 milesdue to better transportation systems. Farther the farm from a city, more likely to produce cheese, butter, etc. New Zealand-World s largest per capita of dairy products-not liquid-too far away. Based on global location, countries also tend to specialize products. 8

9 GRAIN FARMING Cereal s is a grass that yields grain for food. COUGH,COUGH,COUGH UGH HEY, WATCH THE SUIT, GUYS! US wheat is grown in the bread basket : Region to dry for mixed crop or livestock. Winter Wheat Belt: Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma Spring Wheat Belt: Dakotas, Montana, Southern Saskatchewan Palouse Region of Washington state Large-scale grain production is highly mechanized, occurs on large farms and oriented to consumer preferences. Effort on farms also is not year round. Some farmers will have one farm in each region of the winter/spring belts. Transfer equipment and workers to the other farm. Some form of grain is the major crop on most farms, and in commercial grain agriculture, grain is for human consumption. The most common is wheat (others are barley, rye, oats). Wheat has more uses in human food, can be stored easily, transported farther, used to make bread flour, sold at a higher price. Wheat is also the world s leading export crop. The US and Canada export about ½ the world s wheat. MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE Grown for human consumption. Horticulture is the growing of fruits, vegetables and flowers. Hilly landscape allows for water drainage to grow cash crops such as: Olives and grapes. Twothirds of the world s wine is produced in Mediterranean countries (Italy, France, and Spain). ½ the land is used for growing cereals wheat for pasta and bread. In the US, Mediterranean Agriculture faces problems as cities expand in to prime agricultural land. Farms have expanded into arid lands, but transporting water is difficult and costly (California). Calif. Land used for citrus fruits, tree nuts, and deciduous fruits consumed in the US. Med Farming is primarily in the lands that border the Med in Southern Europe, North Africa and Western Asia but also exists in California, Chile and South Africa as well. Areas border a sea, on the west coast, with moisture from sea winds, mild winters, hot/fry summers and hilly terrain. I LL HAVE A GLASS OF A small percentage of income comes from animal farming, but most farmers grow crops for human consumption. HORTICULTURE and tree crops are system s base. 9

10 LIVESTOCK RANCHING I M KING OF THE WORLD! Commercial ranching also occurs in Australia and several other MDCs but is rare in Europe. It is common in the pampas of Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay in Latin America. Ranching the world over has followed the same pattern: open ranges, then fixed farming on ranches, then shifting to direr lands. It has been forced to develop new methods of breeding, feeding and watering and has become tied to the meat processing industry. China is the leading producer, US second, and Brazil is 3 rd. RANCHING is the commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area and is adapted to arid/semiarid land where vegetation is too sparse for crops. Practice expanded in US in 1860s due to East coast demands, but declined in 1880s when it conflicted with sedentary agriculture in the plains states, these were the range wars. As irrigation techniques and hardier crops spread, most US land has converted to crop growing. Cattle are increasingly fattened on fed grains in feedlots (see above). THE CAST (in order of appearance) Ya ll come back now, ya hear! 10