List of contributors

Transcription

1 List of contributors p. x Foreword p. xii Preface to the third edition p. xiii Introduction p. 1 Objectives p. 1 The development and distribution of grasslands p. 1 Classification of grasslands - ecological p. 4 Classification of grasslands - agricultural p. 6 Leys and permanent pastures p. 7 Grassland production p. 8 Grass as a source of feed for livestock p. 8 Grass utilization p. 10 Grassland production and environmental objectives p. 10 References p. 11 Sward Establishment and Renovation p. 13 Introduction p. 13 Options for sward improvement and reseeding p. 14 Species for sowing p. 15 Sward establishment p. 20 Post-sowing management p. 24 Sward renovation p. 25 Sward establishment in special situations p. 27 References p. 28 The Principles of Pasture Growth and Utilization p. 31 The grass plant p. 32 The white clover plant p. 41 Factors affecting leaf growth p. 45 Some background on photosynthesis p. 50 The overall trade-off between growth and utilization p. 52 Different managements - or a question of scale? p. 54 Regrowth - and the ceiling to yield p. 55 The optional timing of harvest - marginal value theorem p. 57 Effects of 'residual sward state' on regrowth p. 59 Optional solutions for residual sward state and the duration of regrowth p. 62 Operational constraints to utilization under grazing p. 63 The functioning of clover, relative to grass, in mixed swards p. 64 Grass-legume balance - a problem and a theory p. 66 Modifying factors - adaptation to defoliation p. 69 Modifying factors - seasonal changes in physiology p. 71 Seasonal pattern(s) of grass production and utilization p. 73 Theory into practice - a basis for management p. 75

2 Heterogeneity and its impact on utilization p. 77 References p. 79 Herbage Production p. 90 Introduction p. 90 Measurement of herbage production p. 90 Climatic factors p. 92 Irrigation p. 93 Soil drainage p. 94 Soil ph and liming p. 96 Soil nutrient status and the role of fertilizers p. 96 Herbage production and botanical composition p. 101 References p. 106 Herbage Seed Production p. 111 Introduction p. 111 Use and production of herbage seed p. 112 Herbage seed production in the UK p. 114 Seed crop management p. 114 Seed certification p. 116 References p. 117 Weeds, Pests and Diseases of Grassland p. 119 Introduction p. 119 Weeds of grassland p. 120 Pests of grassland p. 124 Diseases of grassland p. 128 Fungal endophytes p. 132 Nutritional disorders p. 133 References p. 133 The Feeding Value of Grass and Grass Products p. 140 Introduction p. 140 Chemical and physical characteristics of forage p. 140 Nutritive value of forage p. 143 Regulation of forage intake p. 153 Digestion in the ruminant p. 158 Tissue utilization of forage energy and protein p. 166 The use of supplements and nutritional manipulants p. 169 Prediction of animal performance p. 171 Nutritional disorders p. 178 Potential for forages p. 185 References p. 190 The Conservation of Grass p. 196 Introduction p. 196

3 Principles of conservation p. 196 Crop management p. 197 Haymaking p. 198 Silage making p. 200 The ensilage process p. 202 Evaluation of silage quality p. 208 Silage additives p. 208 Production response of animals offered additive-treated silages p. 216 Silage technology p. 218 Silage losses p. 220 Future trends in silage making p. 223 References p. 224 Principles of Foraging and Grazing Behaviour p. 229 Introduction p. 229 Measuring grazing behaviour p. 229 Factors affecting bite mass p. 230 Factors affecting biting rate p. 233 Factors affecting grazing time p. 235 Meal patterns p. 236 Foraging in heterogeneous environments p. 237 Conclusions p. 241 References p. 241 Grassland Management under Grazing and Animal Response p. 247 Introduction p. 247 Potential production from grazed pasture p. 248 Effects of stocking rate, herbage allowance and grazing severity on animal performance p. 250 Grazing systems and integration with forage conservation p. 253 Principles of supplementation at pasture p. 261 Practical grazing management - dairy cows p. 264 Practical grazing management - beef cattle p. 275 Practical grazing management - sheep p. 278 Mixed and sequential grazing p. 280 Hill and upland grazing systems p. 281 Animal health on grazed pasture p. 283 References p. 286 Grassland Management for Natural Landscapes and Wildlife p. 292 Introduction p. 292 Value of grasslands for wildlife and landscape conservation p. 292 Grazing management p. 298 Mowing for hay p. 302 Use of artificial fertilizers, farmyard manure and lime p. 306

4 Use of herbicides, pesticides and veterinary products p. 307 Other management practices p. 308 Grassland management decision-making and management mechanisms p. 310 References p. 312 Amenity Grassland p. 317 Introduction p. 317 The importance of amenity turfgrass p. 317 The evolution of amenity grassland and the demands of modern turfgrass p. 320 Species of importance in amenity turfgrass p. 321 Establishment of turfgrass p. 323 Maintenance of turfgrass p. 328 Turfgrass stresses p. 335 References p. 339 Further information p. 342 Control and Utilization of Livestock Manures p. 343 Introduction p. 343 Plant nutrients in manures p. 344 Biochemical oxygen demand p. 352 Pathogens p. 352 Strategies for controlling losses and utilizing plant nutrients p. 354 Contamination of herbage p. 357 Farm nutrient budgets p. 358 Treatment of wastes p. 359 References p. 360 The Role and Management of Grassland in Organic Farming p. 365 Introduction p. 365 Principles of organic farming p. 366 Certification of organic farming p. 366 Contribution of grassland and forage legumes to organic farming systems p. 368 Organic grassland management in practice p. 378 References p. 387 Economic Aspects of Grassland Production and Utilization p. 394 Introduction p. 394 The framework for economic analysis p. 395 Efficiency in grassland farming p. 397 Defining optimality p. 399 Measuring economic performance in production p. 402 Determinants of profitability in grassland farming p. 410 Responding to the market p. 415 A cautionary note p. 418 Grassland and the non-food system p. 419

5 Grassland production and the environment p. 422 References p. 427 Index p. 429 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.