Kern County Field Crops

Transcription

1 Kern County Field Crops 2015 Kern County Wheat Variety Performance Trial October 2015 The 2015 California wheat crop was 524,700 acres including 98,700 acres of durum wheat. Non-durum acreage continued to decrease, down 106,000 acres in 2013 and an additional 87,000 acres in 2014 compared to 2013 acreage, a 31% decrease. Durum wheat acreage doubled from The multi-year durum acreage average is about 100,000 acres with the low and high at 47,000 acres and 176,000 acres in 2014 and 2009, respectively. Half of the common wheat acreage was planted to 3 varieties; WB-Patron (83,500 acres), Summit 515 (81,000 acres), PR 1404 (42,000 acres). These were planted on the most acreage last year. Only 11% of the planted acreage was white wheat. Blanca Grande 515 (14,000 acres) and New Dirkwin led the hard white wheat acreage in the San Joaquin Valley (10,000 each). Orita (24,500) was the leading durum variety in the state. Durum wheat varieties Fortissimo, combined all others, Desert King HP, Milwok, Orita and Volante were planted on approximately equal acreage in the San Joaquin Valley. Cereal grain variety evaluations were conducted at multiple locations throughout California. The Kern County results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The tests included advanced breeding lines but only the top yielding experimental varieties is included in these tables. Multi-site/year averages and additional information are included in an Agronomy Progress report published annually. Copies are available at the local county extension office or on the web at Varietal differences in Stripe Rust resistance, based on observations from the 2015 University of California statewide variety tests, are as follows: Common Wheat Highly Susceptible: Joaquin, Mika, Triple IV, FV 2808 Susceptible: Resistant: Clear White, Redwing, Atomo, Ultra Blanca Grande 515, Lassik, New Dirkwin, SY-314, Rockland, Patwin 515, Patron, Perla, Summit 515, Star, WB-9112, Dayn

2 Table Kern County Durum Wheat Variety Trial Results. Cultivar Grain Test Plant Lodging Stripe Yield Weight Harvest Rust BYDV Protein - lbs/acre - - lbs/bu - -inches - -- % -- LCS-KIKO WB-MOHAVE WB-HAVASU AS-MAESTRALE UC-DESERT KING UC-MIWOK APB-HELIOS SY-VOLANTE WWW-DURAKING APB-TIBURON APB-WESTMORE HP AS-SARAGOLLA WWW-CROWN SY-FORTISSIMO LCS-ALIRON WB-ORITA WWW-TOPPER WWW-PLATINUM UC-DESERT KING-HP APB-KRONOS WWW-Q-MAX WB-MEAD UC 14215/ UC APB UC Mean CV % LSD 0.05 ns ns Ratings scale for diseases (area of flag leaf affected): 1 = 0-3%, 2 = 4-14%, 3 = 15-29%, 4 = 30-49%, 5 = 50-69%, 6 = 70-84%, 7 = 85-95%, 8 = %. Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV), lodging, and black point ratings (see scale above) were based on percentage of plants (or seeds) showing symptoms. Top yielding experimental varieties included for comparison. Planted: December 2014 Prior Crop: Potato Fertilizer: about 365# N total Seeding Rate: 1,200,000 seeds/acre Water Applied about 2.5 acre feet Harvested: June 2015

3 Table Kern County Common Wheat and Triticale Variety Trial Results. Cultivar Grain Test Plant Lodging Strip Rust Yield Weight Height Harvest 4/22 BYDV Protein - lbs/acre - - lbs/bu - -inches - - % - Wheat LCS-ATOMO WB SY-BLANCA GRANDE WB-JOAQUIN LCS-STAR WB-PERLA WB-JOAQUIN ORO WB WB SY-SUMMIT SY SY-REDWING UC-CLEAR WHITE SY-BLANCA ROYALE WWW-FV WB-PATRON UC-PATWIN UC-PATWIN WB-TRIPLE IV WB-PR SY-CAL ROJO WB-ROCKLAND SY-DAYN SY-ULTRA UC-LASSIK ASSL-TAM UC 14010/ APB LCS 11SB APB Triticale SY-CAMELOT SY-TRICAL BAG TYNDAL SY-115T BAG NU WHEAT APB BAG BG WB-PACHECO

4 BAG BG APB SY-158T Mean CV % LSD Ratings scale for diseases (area of flag leaf affected) and lodging: 1 = 0-3%, 2 = 4-14%, 3 = 15-29%, 4 = 30-49%, 5 = 50-69%, 6 = 70-84%, 7 = 85-95%, 8 = %. Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) and lodging (see scale above) were based on percentage of plants (or seeds) showing symptoms. Top yielding experimental variety included for comparison. Fungicide Trials The projected El Nino could produce cooler and wetter late winter/early spring conditions which are more favorable for disease development. In addition to selecting disease resistant varieties, the use of fungicides can be an appropriate management decision. I have included a research report from Mick Canevari, retired UCCE Farm Advisor San Joaquin County. Field experiments evaluating fungicides were conducted in Glenn, Butte, Colusa and San Joaquin (Delta) counties. Even though Quadris fungicide was applied after disease was well established, treated Express plots averaged about 1000 lb/acre more than untreated plots. In one experiment in Glenn County with the highly susceptible variety Bonus, plots treated with Quadris yielded about 2000 lb/acre more than untreated plots. Table 1 shows the results of the trial conducted on Victoria Island in the Delta region. The fungicide treatments were applied once during flag leaf stage. This is thought to be the optimum trimming. A late treatment was applied after heading when rust had developed in the spiklets. Results of the early (pre-head) timing showed a yield increase with most fungicides and better grain quality. The late application was of little value for yield or quality. Table 1. Fungicide effect on grain yield and rust incidence. Treatment Rate Timing Flag Leaf Rust Control Yield Bushel Wt. Rust Infected Kernels - lbs/a - -- % lbs/a lbs/bu % -- Untreated Tilt 0.28 Pre-heading Folicur 0.28 Pre-heading A Pre-heading A Pre-heading A Pre-heading Stratego 0.40 Pre-heading Quadris 0.25 Pre-heading Headline 0.25 Pre-heading Quadras 0.25 Post-heading N/A N/A LSD

5 Nitrogen Fertilizer Recommendation Based on Early-Spring Chlorophyll Meter Readings Nitrogen fertilizer is the most used and often the most mismanaged nutrient input. Nitrogen management has tremendous implications on crop productivity, quality and environmental stewardship. Sufficient nitrogen is needed to optimum yield and quality. Soil and in-season plant tissue testing for nitrogen status are a time consuming and expensive process. Real time sensing of plant nitrogen status can be a useful tool in managing nitrogen inputs. The following is the result of multi-year, multi-location project to assess the usefulness of using chlorophyll meters for making nitrogen fertilizer recommendations in wheat. Plots at multiple locations in the southern San Joaquin Valley had nitrogen applications of 0, 100, 200, and 300 lbs. nitrogen per acre applied at planting. At growth stage Feekes 5, nitrogen was applied so that each plot had received a total of 300 lbs N/acre. Plant nitrogen status was tested at Feekes 5 and 10 (tillering and flag leaf extension). Plant nitrogen measurements were made by reflectance, transmittance/absorbance, and wet chemistry. Good correlations (R 2 >0.80) were observed between meter readings and V5 nitrogen concentration (Figure 1). There were some differences between varieties at the different locations. The difference between the meter reading of the well fertilized treatment and the other treatments was calculated. Grain yields were equivalent for all locations where total nitrogen applied was the same. The total nitrogen applied was greater than the typical amount (50 to 100 lbs N/A depending on yield potential). There was not a decline in yield for over fertilization that can occasionally occur. Once the crop was sufficiently fertilized meter readings became inconclusive and were of no benefit for determining nitrogen status, silage yield and protein, and grain yield and protein. Early season nitrogen fertilizer recommendation is as follows: Apply the expected full nitrogen fertilizer rate on a reference area at least three weeks prior to sampling where plants are actively growing. The reference area should be representative of the field and can be several small areas throughout the field or a strip through the field. Meter measurements should be made mid leaf on the upper most fully exposed leaf for greatest consistency and accuracy. Plants and leaves that are not representative of the field, under stress or insect damaged should not be sampled. At Feekes 5 to 6, compare the readings from the reference areas to readings from the remainder of the field. Because individual plants vary, at least 30 readings should be made throughout the field and reference area. The difference between the averages of the readings will give an indication of the need for additional nitrogen fertilizer. The nitrogen rate calculation is: N = D using the SPAD meter N = D using the CCM 200 meter Where: N = Recommended Nitrogen Rate in lbs N/A D = Difference in meter reading between measured crop and reference area As an example, if the average meter reading between the fertilizer reference sites and the field was 10, then the recommendation nitrogen fertilizer rate would be 40 + (14 * 10) for a total of 180 lbs N/A.

6 Figure 1. V5 Tissue Nitrogen Concentration versus SPAD or CCM 200 Meter Reading. Figure 2. Recommended Nitrogen Rate versus SPAD or CCM 200 Differentials. Disclaimer: Discussion of research finding necessitates using trade names. This does not constitute product endorsement, nor does it suggest products not listed would not be suitable for use. Some research results included involve use of chemicals, which are not currently registered for use, or may involve use which would be considered out of label. These results are reported but are not a recommendation from the University of California for use. Consult the label and use it as the basis of all recommendations. Brian Marsh, County Director & Farm Advisor Cotton, Small Grains, Corn & Silage or bhmarsh@ucanr.edu The University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources (UC ANR) prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person in any of its programs or activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender, gender expression, gender identity, pregnancy (which includes pregnancy, childbirth, and medical conditions related to pregnancy or childbirth), physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), genetic information (including family medical history), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, status as a protected veteran or service in the uniformed services (as defined by the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 [USERRA]), as well as state military and naval service. UC ANR policy prohibits retaliation against any employee or person in any of its programs or activities for bringing a complaint of discrimination or harassment. UC ANR policy also prohibits retaliation against a person who assists someone with a complaint of discrimination or harassment, or participates in any manner in an investigation or resolution of a complaint of discrimination or harassment. Retaliation includes threats, intimidation, reprisals, and/or adverse actions related to any of its programs or activities. UC ANR is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment and/or participation in any of its programs or activities without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, age or protected veteran status. University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University s equal employment opportunity policies may be directed to: Linda Marie Manton, Affirmative Action Contact and Title IX Officer, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2801 Second Street, Davis, CA 95618, (530) lmmanton@ucanr.edu.website: This policy statement supersedes the UC ANR Nondiscrimination and Affirmative Action Policy Statement for University of California Publications Regarding Program Practices dated July 2013.