Introduction of potentially damaging nematodes in Florida strawberry fields with transplant material

Transcription

1 5/31/2018 Introduction of potentially damaging nematodes in Florida strawberry fields with transplant material Johan Desaeger (GCREC) and Joe Noling (CREC) University of Florida Agritech- April 18, 2017

2 Plant-parasitic nematodes in FL strawberries 5/31/2018 Sting nematode Belonolaimus longicaudatus #1 nematode in Florida, FL native Northern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla Less common in FL (?), probably introduced Northern lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans Uncommon, probably introduced Foliar nematodes Aphelenchoides spp. Uncommon, probably introduced

3 How are nematodes introduced or spread? Within a field: short distance Active movement in soil water and/or leaves (Foliar nematodes 12 overnight; Root-knot vertical 20 in 3 days) Across fields: longer distance Passive movement with water, wind, animals, farm equipment, plant and root debris Across states/countries: Passive movement via shipments of plants, tubers, bulbs, seeds, soil, wood 5/31/2018

4 Florida Strawberry Research & Education Foundation FSREF Project Title: Current Nursery IPM practices and incidence surveys of soil and foliar pests associated with U.S. and Canadian strawberry transplants in Florida production fields. Principal Investigators: Dr. Joseph W. Noling & Natalia Peres Objectives: to establish a procedural outline of a program for survey, testing, and via specific feedback to nurserymen and growers, to improve management of nematodes, viruses, and fungal diseases on imported U.S. Canadian strawberry transplants. The project involves a combination of onsite inspections, pest management surveys, and testing of strawberry Nursery transplants from U.S. and Canadian fields and of fields within Florida production acreage and then to broadly disseminate reports of specific fields where transplant problems incurred, identify which pathogens were detected, and as importantly, the nursery source of the problem plants. Why: Because of annual outbreaks of various fungal species of Colletotrichum, Phytophthora, Macrophomina, Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne), as well as viral diseases such as Strawberry Mild Yellow Edge Virus (SMYEV) and Strawberry Mottle Virus (SMoV) (Plant Diagnostic Clinic data summary ).

5 5/31/2018 Foliar nematodes, Plant City, early season Strawberry Crimp Disease - Aphelenchoides spp. Flattened, stunted, compact crowns; curled, puckered, distorted leaves that feel rough

6 Aphelenchoides besseyi at Fancy Farms Time T1 ~ 8 weeks post transplant Time T1 + 2 weeks

7 5/31/2018 Foliar nematodes, Plant City, late season Infected plants stand out, are taller, having plenty leaves, but produce few flowers and little or no fruit

8 SPECIES A. fragariae Life Cycle days 3500 eggs/female Can reproduce on Fungi A besseyi Life Cycle 8-12 days (above C-80DD) Can Reproduce on Fungi A ritzemabosi Life Cycle days 3500 eggs /female Can reproduce on fungi Host Range Wide Wide Wide Foliar Nematodes different types Symptoms Plant stunting, with Leaf Blotch, reddening of veins and foliage, shoot twisting, undersized crinkled leaves, particularly inner crown. Plant stunting, with Leaf Blotch, reddening of veins and foliage, shoot twisting, undersized crinkled leaves, particularly inner crown. Plant stunting, with Leaf Blotch, reddening of veins and foliage, shoot twisting, undersized crinkled leaves, particularly inner crown. INSIDE LEAF In hosts other than strawberry X X OUTSIDE LEAF X X X Survival Quiescence- Dormancy w/in Infected leaves (600 days) Anhydrobiosisdehydrated w/in soil & plant tissue Quiescence- Dormancy w/in Infected leaves (600 days) Summary Spread quickly in moist conditions Global distribution with WIDE host range Life Cycle is SHORT: 2-3 weeks Symptoms similar among 3 species Feeding can occur both inside and outside of plant tissue Resistant to desiccation Aphelenchoides besseyi

9 Culprit: Aphelenchoides besseyi the most tropical of the foliar nematodes White tip disease of rice (world) False angular leafspot of beans (Costa Rica) Crimp or dwarf disease of strawberry: SE US, Australia Florida first report in 1929 Plant City Some reports in 1970 s farm 2016 several farms

10 5/31/2018 Where did we find foliar nematodes on strawberry plants? Outside of leaves, mostly within the folded crown Outer leaves - few nematodes Inside crown - most nematodes Flower sepalsfew nematodes Also foliar nematodes were found in soil, but none in the roots

11 The best way to spread foliar nematodes within a field.. Pay a Harvesting Crew to drag their hands through plants up and down rows within a field Did the nematodes spread during the season? Make infested fields the last field of the day to be harvested Encourage pickers to clean hands and or discard issued gloves Spray between harvests

12 5/31/2018 Can A. besseyi survive FL summer? Most information on foliar nematodes in strawberry is for A. fragariae and A. ritzemabosi Those species may be able to survive in dead leaves, soil, weeds, dormant buds Not much known on survival capability of A. besseyi in Florida Will crop destruction kill off foliar nematodes on plants? What about the ones in the soil? Can they survive throughout summer/re-infect next crop Monitoring off-season ongoing and will continue into next season

13 5/31/2018 Prevention / Management of foliar nematodes Clean planting material Test plants for nematodes prior to shipping Transplant treatments Nematicides / Vydate label for transplants? Hot water treatment at 115 F for 10 minutes Limit overhead irrigation / avoid contact between plants Avoid the formation of water film on leaf surface Rogue and burn infested plant material Rotate with grain crops such as barley and rye

14 NORTHERN ROOT KNOT NEMATODE (Meloidogyne hapla) On Florida Strawberry Field symptoms: wilting, stunting, discoloration galling, plant mortality Root galls

15 Root Knot Nematode has come again! Spring 2016 Canadian bare root source of Radiance North Carolina bare root source of Radiance Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) 70% end of season plant collapse RYFarm, March 22, Radiance and watermelon collapsing from Meloidogyne hapla in Radiance from Strawberry Thyme Nursery Simcoe Ontario

16 Distribution of southern and northern rootknot nematodes can it survive in FL? M. incognita southern root-knot M. hapla northern root-knot Big galls Smaller galls Unlike many root knot nematodes, M. hapla can withstand cold, eggs and juveniles surviving field temperatures below 32 F. However, it seems to be less tolerant of high temperatures than Meloidogyne incognita, for example. The optimum temperature for invasion and growth of M. hapla is in the range F, a mean temperature of 80 F being inimical to development.

17 Obvious delay when nematode not Introduced / established w/in transplant

18 5/31/2018 Several farms with M. hapla damage March 2017 strawberries and double-crop cantaloupe, watermelon,

19 Pratylenchus penetrans northern lesion nematode Migratory endoparasitic nematodes tunnel inside root but move back to soil and into new roots at will P. penetrans is the most common species of plant-parasitic nematode found in Michigan. It has a wide host range feeding on almost every species of cultivated plant. Many weeds also serve as good hosts. In addition to its role as a pathogen, P. penetrans also predisposes plants to invasion by some genera of soil fungi including Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia and Verticillium. Lesion nematodes, principally P. penetrans, are implicated in the black root rot disease complex of strawberry. In Connecticut, it was demonstrated lesion nematodes and Rhizoctonia fragariae interacted to more than double the development of strawberry black root rot under controlled conditions.

20 5/31/2018 Status of foliar, root-knot and lesion nematodes in Florida strawberries How widespread? need to study! Can they survive in Florida? yes, probably Threat? definitely, esp. foliar and root-knot! Management options? need to test!

21 Electronic copy of Presentations Electronic copy of Handouts Thank you

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26 Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) #1 nematode in Florida + the world Global distribution, > 90 species, mostly (sub)tropical Infect most crops, vegetables, field crops, root crops, fruits 50% nematicide use and 5% of overall crop loss Haydock et al, Market share (% of total nematicide value) Root-knot nematodes Cyst nematodes Others Endo-parasites enter the roots and disrupt plant physiology causes root deformation, host and nematode dependent Disease interactions Fusarium, Verticillium, Ralstonia

27 Pickle root-knot 5/31/2018

28 weeds 5/31/2018

29 Foliar Nematode Management Control measures are largely preventative Not eradicative Foundation Stock: Ensure foundation stock (mothers) are monitored clean for field production of daughter plants Fumigant Nematicides: Preplant Soil Option only. Chloropicrin not Effective Nematicide. Metam products best applied via drip in long injections. Best suited for soils with increased silts, clay, and organic fractions. (Maybe why we don t have serious problem) Non-Fumigant Nematicides: (Agrimek, Ecozin, Pylon, etc.) Those available with foliar / systemic activity will not clean up the problem! AT BEST - simply suppressive Crop Rotation: Not begonia, Ferns, Figs, Hibiscus, Lilies, Nacissus, Viburnum, Violets Reject or Hot Water Weed Management: (Ferns, Common Groundsel, Nightshades, Oxalis, Shepherd s-purse, Speedwell Sanitation: Equipment, potting mixes, field workers gloves, clothing, limiting access Irrigation: Use Drip, minimize leaf wetness, do not irrigate from reservoirs Rogue Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Plants

30 Root-knot Nematode Management Control measures are largely preventative Not eradicative Planting Stock: Ensure planting stock (mothers) are monitored clean for yield/ production of daughter plants Fumigant Nematicides: Preplant Soil Option only. Chloropicrin not Effective Nematicide. Metam products best applied via drip in long injections. Best suited for soils with increased silts, clay, and organic fractions. (Maybe why we don t have serious problem) Non-Fumigant Nematicides: (Agrimek, Ecozin, Pylon, etc.) Those available with foliar / systemic activity will not clean up the problem! AT BEST - simply suppressive 2 yr Crop Rotation: Small grains. Not alfalfa, sugar beet, potato, common vegetable crops. Reject or Hot Water Weed Management: Fld bindweed, lambsquarter, Mallow, Mustards, Nightshade, Sowthistle, others Sanitation: Equipment, potting mixes, field workers gloves, clothing, limiting access Irrigation: do not irrigate from run-off reservoirs Rogue Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Plants

31 Spring & Summer Dwarf Disease - Aphelenchoides spp. Flattened, Stunting, aborted flowers and fruit, compact crowns hardened stressed appearance, patchy distribution, distorted tissues within the inner crown. It is a foliar nematode surviving in surface water films.

32 Foliar Nematode- The problem of Turnover (80 DD) Aphelenchoides besseyi Out of Control in a hurry, particularly If you can t kill them!

33 5/31/20 18 How do foliar nematodes feed?

34 Root Knot Nematode has come again! and It came with the TRANSPLANTS Canadian bare root source of Radiance North Carolina bare root source of Radiance Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) 70% end of season plant collapse Ronnie Young March 22, 2016 Radiance and watermelon collapsing from Root knot nematode in Radiance from Strawberry Thyme Nursery Simcoe Ontario

35 Second Crop of Watermelon Suffered as well! Ronnie Young March 22, 2016 Radiance and watermelon collapsing from Root knot nematode in Radiance from Strawberry Thyme Nursery Simcoe Ontario > 300 / 100 cc soil