MATERIAL DE APOIO AO EXTENCIONISTA

Transcription

1 1 MATERIAL DE APOIO AO EXTENCIONISTA Produzido pela FH Moçambique-CABO DELGADO MYAP Editado por: Alloys Omolo Desenho de Octávio Gonçalves Nelly Edição Março 2010 Album Produzido pela: FH Moçambique-CABO DELGADO MYAP Editado po: Alloys Omolo Desenhos de: Octávio Gonçalves Nelly Edição: Março 2010 Album

2 2 INDICES: Pagina cobertura-trainamento em processo em Animadores em scola de camponeses LIÇÃO 1: Mashamba escola de camponeses Oque e?... 3 LIÇÃO2: AgRICULTRA DE CONSERVACAO-technologias chave... 7 LIÇÃO 3: Milho...13 LIÇÃO 4: Arroz 29 LIÇÃO 5: Gergelim LIÇÃO 6: Amendoim.51 LIÇÃO 7: Leguminosos.61 LIÇÃO 8: Cajuero LIÇÃO 9: Moringa LIÇÃO 10: Margosa

3 3 LIÇÃO 1: O que e MIGC?. 1. Attendance. 2. Ask? What would you like to learn from this group?? Why is it important to learn from each other?? What are some things that we can learn from each other?. 3. Show:? What do you see in this picture? 4. Explain: MIGC stands for Machamba para Instrucao de Grupos de Camponeses. What is a MIGC? MIGC is a local group of farmers. Why are we meeting as a MIGC? We meet as a MIGC to: Share local innovations for sustainable agriculture. Learn new practices. Increase crop productivity. Provide better nutrition for our families. Where are we meeting? We are meeting in our shared farm. Materials: 1.Attendance Registers 2.Flipchart 3. Two pieces of rope- one complete, one divided into strands? How can we as farmers provide better nutrition for our families? Farmers choose which foods to grow each season. Farmers choose which foods to sell and which foods to bring home. A farmer can improve their family s health by growing a variety of foods and bringing produce home to feed their families.

4 4 Figura 1.1 Escola de grupo para camponeses Produzido pela FH Moçambique-CABO DELGADO MYAP Editado por: Alloys Omolo Desenho de Octávio Gonçalves Nelly Edição Março 2010 Album

5 5 Topics in a MIGC (Figura 1.2). 5. Show? What do you see in this picture?? What are some of the crops we have grown in previous years?? What crops should we study as a group? 6. Explain These are some of the crops that we have planted before and we are going to study this year: Maize, Arroz, Sesame, Peanuts, Legumes, Cashews, Moringa, Neem. Each lesson will discuss: Land Preparation, Seeds, Planting, Weeding, Caring for the Garden, Harvesting, Soil and Water Conservation. At the end of our growing season we will discuss: Crop Storage and Soil and Water Conservation Techniques.. 7. Activity Expectations.... Practice and Coaching Probe Inform Discussing Commitments in Small Groups

6 6 Figura 1.2: Our Topics

7 . 7 LIÇÃO 2: Importance of Soil and Water Conservation 1. Attendance and Troubleshooting 2. Ask:? Has your land changed at all over the years?? Has the weather changed?? Has the soil changed?? What has remained the same and what is different? Materials: Attendance Registers Flipchart Activity materials Hoes (at least one per two people). 3. Show Figura 2.1? What do you see in this picture?? What does this picture show us that all plants need? 4. Explain: A plant needs soil. Water and minerals are taken from the soil through the roots. Soil supports plants. Roots grow down into the soil and provide support. A plant needs sunlight. A plant uses sunlight to change materials into food. A plant needs air. All plants must have carbon dioxide which comes from the air. A plant needs water. A plant will carry moisture and nutrients from its roots to the leaves and back down again. A plant needs space. The roots and branches determine size of plant, so if there is more space, a bigger plant can grow.? What are our human nutritional needs? Plants have needs and so do we. Humans need water and a variety of minerals and nutrients, just like plants. Eating a diet that includes a variety of foods (greens and protein) provides us with the nutrients we need to grow strong and healthy.

8 8 Figura 2.1 Needs of a Plant Rain Sunshine Healthy field of cow peas

9 . 9 Soil and Water Conservation (Figura 2.2) 5.Show? What do you see in this picture? 6. Explain? What is Erosion? Erosion is an accelerated loss of soil through wind, water, or human actions.? What can we do to help decrease the effects of erosion? We can practice soil and water conservation techniques.? What is Soil and Water Conservation? Soil and water conservation are practices that protect the land from soil loss. They also help the soil to use rainfall to its full potential, not letting it run off the soil. These practices make the soil healthier and also help to increase the size and quality of the crops. Some soil and water conservation techniques we will study are: The use of creeping legumes or mulch to cover soil so it doesn t wash away. Adding back nutrients to the soil by using compost or mulch, or plowing plant residues under the earth.? What other practices save water and soil loss?

10 10 Figura 2.2: What is Soil and Water Conservation?

11 . 11 Importance of Soil and Water Conservation (Figura 2.3) 7. Show? What do you see in this picture? 8. Explain Why do we need soil and water conservation techniques? Earth is changing Resources (land and water) are valuable Need to protect and develop the resources we have Make better use of limited resources (like rainfall) Crop production can increase Cheap and simple options for increasing soil productivity? How does practicing soil and water conservation techniques show that we are caring for the earth? We care for the earth by not wasting the resources it has given us. We use the rain that has fallen in the best possible way for our gardens and our homes. We work to increase soil productivity so that it is healthy and our crops are healthy.? What do you think about the importance of soil and water conservation?? Do you think erosion is an issue in your community?? Will your farm plots improve by practicing soil and water conservation techniques? 9. Activity Preparing a farm plot Practice and Coaching Probe Inform Discussing Commitment in Small Group

12 12 Figura 2.3: Importance of Soil and Water Conservation Water conservation basin Mulching

13 13 LIÇÃO 3: Milho 1. Attendance and Troubleshooting 2. Ask? How many of you have planted maize before?? Did you have a good harvest?? Why or Why not?? What practices help maize to grow well?? What practices prevent maize from growing well? 3. Show? What do you see in this picture? Materials: Attendance Registers Flipchart Activity materials (for group of 20) 5 hoes Maize seed 4. Explain: These are the soil requirements for maize crops. It must be: Well prepared soil that has been tilled and weeded. Well-drained soil. It must not be too wet. Full of nutrients. This can be identified by soil that is dark in color.? How do you know the soil is good and meets these requirements? EXPLAIN USING PICTURE: You can identify good soil by looking for: Soil that produces tall, dark green plants. Soil without too much sand or stones. Soil where living worms and insects are found. Dark soil with an equal mixture of sand and clay. When do you prepare the soil for maize? Prepare the soil in October to December. How do you prepare the soil? Use minimum tilling. Minimum tilling allows for good circulation of water and air throughout the soil. Till the ground only in the rows where you will plant seeds. Till the soil ½ meter down so the water can easily enter the ground. Minimum tilling aids in seed germination.

14 14 Figura 3.1: Preparacao de solo

15 15 O processo de sementeira no campo (Figura 3.2) 5. Show? What do you see in these pictures?? What practices are these farmers using in these pictures? 6. Explain The timing of sowing maize crop: Sow maize during the early rain. Perform a germination test for maize seeds: This test is done 20 days before sowing. Place moist sand in shallow basin. Plant 400 seeds in groups of 50 about 2 cm deep. Sprouting begins in 3 or 4 days after sowing. Count the seedlings with roots and shoots on day 4, 6 and 7. How to sow maize seed in the field: Create small holes for the maize seeds. Make the holes in uniform rows. Place 1 or 2 maize seeds in each hole. Cover the seeds with soil. Measuring The rows in the field should be 3 foot lengths apart. The maize crops should be planted 2 foot lengths apart.? Why do you think it is important to be this specific in measuring and planting maize? Key Message: With exact measuring, we can increase our crop yield. 7. Activity Preparing and Planting Maize Seed

16 16 Figura 3.2: O processo de sementeira no campo Compasso

17 17 8. Show Controlo de ervas (Figura 3.3 ) 9. Explain? Why do we need to remove weeds? Weeds take food away from the maize. Weeds take water away from the maize. When do you weed? Weed two weeks after sowing. Weed when weeds are still small.? What do you see in these pictures?? What is the farmer doing?? How is she doing it?? How is the picture of the mature crop different?? What do you notice about the weeds? How do you weed? You can weed by hand or with a hoe. You must remove the entire plant including the roots. Leave the weeds on the ground to protect soil against erosion and the sun. Weeding after crop nears maturity When plants have developed considerable foliage to create their own shade, the weeds do not have the opportunity to grow as strong. Weeding does not have to take place as often. Caring for our bodies is similar to weeding. There are good things happening in our bodies, but sometimes germs try to grow and take over, just like weeds do in our gardens.? How do we get rid of germs on our body? Wash our hands after working in the soil. Keep drinking water clean and separate. Use a latrine at all times. These steps will help us keep our bodies free of harmful germs.

18 18 Figura 3.3: Controlo de ervas

19 Show? What do you see in this picture? Controle de pragas (Figura 3.4) 11. Explain Control disease in your maize crop by: sow maize early in the season. rotate crops in the garden every year. burn crops that are diseased. use Neem leaves. Control animals in your maize crop by: You can use a fence around your garden to keep animals out or a fence around your animals to keep them in their area. Control birds in your maize crop by: You can use a scarecrow to keep birds away from maize. A scarecrow is a fake man that the birds are afraid of. You can use tin cans on poles to create noise that will keep birds away.

20 20 Figura 3.4: Controle de pragas

21 21 Controle de ratos em campo (Figura 3.5) 12. Show? What do you see in this picture?? Have any of you had problems with rats in your fields over other seasons?? What did you do about them? 13. Explain Find the rat homes and the tunnels in the fields. Bury a clay pot near the rat hole. Fill the pot with some water. Place a corn cob on a wire. Put rubber around either end of the cob to keep it in the middle of the wire. Put the wire into the ground, so it runs across the top of the pot. Secure the wire in the ground. Rats try to eat the food, enter the pot and drown in the water. Empty the pots of the rats and water daily. Change the location of the pots every 14 days. Communities must work together to rid farms of rats!

22 22 Figura 3.5: Controle de ratos em campo

23 Show Consociocao-milho com feijao (Figura 3.6)? What do you see in this picture?? What is a soil conservation technique we can use that would be helpful for our maize crop and for the soil? Use this picture to help you think of a technique.? Who remembers some of the reasons to use soil conservation?? What are they?? What benefit do you think can directly come to us and our maize crop? 15. Explain What is inter-cropping? Inter-cropping is the mixture of two crops in one area. Maize and legumes are good examples. When can you inter-crop with maize? Plant legumes when maize is knee high or has 5-7 leaves. How do you inter-crop with maize? Plant legumes in rows between the maize crop. Why do we inter-crop with maize? Provides soil improvement. Helps us control grass weeds. Legume roots hold the soil in place and keep the soil from washing away in the rain. Legumes add back nutrients into the soil to help maize grow well.? How does this technique help us care for the earth? Inter-cropping is a technique that we use that replenishes the soil with different nutrients. Every plant takes nutrients from the soil. In order tgo care for the earth, we must put back nutrients.? What benefit will our family receive by inter-cropping? Growing diverse foods for your family provides good nutrition. Choosing to intercrop is not only good for the soil, it also enables you to provide different foods for your family. Maize and legumes eaten in the same meal provides more protein for your body than legumes eaten alone.

24 24 Figura 3.6: Consociocao-milho com feijao Aplicar o compass de milho com feijaos entre linheas

25 25 Selectionado do culturas com boa crecimento no campo (Figura 3.7) 16. Show? What do you see in this picture? 17. Explain What do we select? Selection of seed should begin in the field while plants are still growing. This ensures good maturing for quality seed. When do we begin selection of maize? Begin when the plants are knee high. How do we choose good maize plants? Choose plants that have: Leaves of dark green color. Strong stems. No holes where worms have eaten leaves. Mark these strong, healthy plants with a flag. Leave or discard plants that have diseases.

26 26 Figura 3.7: Selectionado do culturas com boa crecimento no campo

27 Show Seleccao de semente (Figura 3.8)? What do you see in this picture? 19. Explain How to select the best seed: Dry the biggest cobs. Choose whole kernels of the same color. Choose kernels from the middle of the cobs. How to store maize: Treat maize seed with Sinza (10 g per kg of corn). Store seed in a silo. Seed must be dry when stored. What can you do with other parts of the maize plant? Seed that is not used for planting next year can be eaten. Stalks can be cut and left on ground to help prepare soil for the following year. Stalks can be plowed under to add back nutrients to the soil. Stalks can be added to the compost pile.? By following all of these practices with maize, how do we show we are caring for the earth? We will not waste the resources we have available. We will use the land to its potential getting the greatest possible yield. We will replenish nutrients in the soil. We will protect the crop that is growing and make sure that it is strong and healthy. Practice and Coaching Probe Inform Discussing Commitments in Small Groups...

28 28 Figura 3.8: Seleccao de semente Semente Para comer