Resisting Resistance. With Jim Frank

Transcription

1 Resisting Resistance With Jim Frank

2 Who are The Good Science Guys? Industry experts. Our mission is to simplify the science behind some of today s best agricultural practices. Syngenta ambassadors who educate audiences on the importance of solid, science-based agricultural practices.

3 What do Good Science Guys do? Speak at industry events, including grower meetings, tradeshows and field tours. Help the public better understand some of the challenges faced by those who work in agriculture and the decisions that they make on a daily basis.

4 Who is Jim Frank? A Syngenta Good Science Guy B.S. in botany and M.S. and Ph.D. in plant pathology 40 year career in the industry including work at Syngenta, USDA and universities

5 What is Pest Resistance? Occurs when a pest is no longer controlled by genetic resistance or a pesticide. Immunity is usually the result of a genetic mutation or predisposition in individual pests. Large-scale resistance can form when resistant pests are allowed to survive and multiply.

6 Mode of Action: Single-site vs. Multi-site Single-site Single gene Single mutation can lead to target site resistance i.e., QoI fungicides & DMIs Multi-site Many proteins Multiple genetic changes required for target site resistance Highly improbable i.e., Chlorothalonil

7 Single-site Mode of Action We can think of mode of action in terms of puzzle pieces Fungicides bind to specific sites in the pathogen. When that happens, the fungicide can kill the pathogen.

8 Single-site Mode of Action If changes occur in the pathogen that alter the specific binding site The fungicides no longer recognize the binding site. Therefore, the fungicide is ineffective against the pathogen.

9 Multi-site Mode of Action The same is true of multisite the fungicide binds to a specific site in the pathogen. When that happens, the fungicide can kill the pathogen.

10 Multi-site Mode of Action As changes occur in the pathogen that alter the specific binding site The fungicides no longer recognize that binding site. But since the fungicide has multiple binding sites, it can still kill the fungus.

11 Talkin Bout My Generation Generations play an important role in how quickly resistance forms. Some pests reproduce more often than others, meaning more resistance is formed over a shorter amount of time. Weeds: Slow. Resistance takes years to develop. Insects: Intermediate. Rapid reproduction means resistance can form in just one season. Fungi: Fast. Some fungi reproduce only once a year, but others reproduce every four days.

12 A Little Bit of History Around the 15 th century, growers applied chemicals such as arsenic, mercury and lead to kill pests. In the 1940s and 1950s, pesticide technology evolved to include synthetic pesticides. Photo courtesy of USDA NRCS

13 Industry Solutions FRAC, IRAC and HRAC work to provide resistance management guidelines and help prevent or delay the development of resistance.

14 So, How Does Resistance Form?

15 First Generation Before and after pesticide application

16 Second Generation Before and after pesticide application

17 Chemical Classes, Active Ingredients and Brands What s the Difference? Every insecticide, herbicide or fungicide belongs to a chemical class. The classification is based on mode of action. An active ingredient (a.i.) is the chemical that provides control of a pest. A brand is a specific formulation developed by a crop protection company. Some chemical classes are more prone to developing resistance than others. Some pests are known to develop resistance to products after repeated use.

18 The Main Offenders Some groups of pesticides are more prone to develop resistance after repeated use. For example: QoIs (fungicides) and neonicotinoids (insecticides) These are very effective new chemistries so growers want to use them often.

19 For Example: QoIs Fungicides

20 Keeping it at Bay Prevention the best offense is a good defense The defensive line Chemical Cultural Biological Source: Penn State University

21 Keeping it at Bay Alternate products from a different chemical class Alternating brands with the same mode of action is like putting in a new quarterback but running the same play eventually the other team will learn to block it. Source: Istockphoto

22 Use label rates Keeping it at Bay Less is not more Lower rates may initially appear to work Leads to more selection pressure Make sure equipment is properly calibrated

23 Follow the Rules Photo Credit: Greg Grieco

24 Follow the Rules An Example: Fungicides QoI (or Group 11) Group of fungicides that include Qol Do not rotate a strobilurin with other QoI fungicides. Do not use a QoI below labeled rate. If there is a resistant pathogen population or QoI performance has declined, don t use QoI.

25 Follow the Rules Fungicides Alternation Recommendations: Use of solo QoI products: the number of applications should be no more than 1/3 of the total number of fungicide applications per season. Use of QoI mixes: the number of (QoI)-containing applications should be no more than 1/2 of the total number of applications. Use in programs in which both solo QoIs and mixes are used: the number of (QoI)-containing applications should be no more than 1/2 of the total number of applications per season.

26 Fungicide Strategies Mixtures VS. Alternations

27 Solo Fungicides vs. Mixtures Crop Disease Cabrio Endura Pristine Carrots Alternaria Yes Yes Yes Cercospora Yes No Yes Cucurbits Alternaria Yes N/A Yes Downy Mildew Yes N/A Yes Pistachio Alternaria Yes N/A Yes Botrytis Yes N/A Yes Bulb Veg Botrytis Weak Yes Yes Downy Mildew Yes No Yes

28 What You Need to Know Before Mixing Type of chemistries (broad spectrum, single site of action) Mobility characteristics (where does the chemical end up in the plant?) Relative efficacy of each component on each pathogen where there is resistance potential Duration of effect of each component

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30 The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Playbook Source: Istockphoto Exclusion Eradication Host resistance Cultural practices Refuge Bio-control Pesticides

31 It s More Than Just Products Remove end-of-season crop residues. Don t give pests a winter vacation home. Be aware. Notice what happens after a pesticide application. Keep records. Know what you put on, when you put it on and where you put it.

32 A Common Misconception These products are working just fine for me. I ll just keep doing what I m doing and if the pesticide stops working, I m sure the chemical company will be right there willing to sell me a replacement.

33 The Reality of Resistance Crop science companies such as Syngenta do invest millions of dollars into the research and development of new products

34 Crop Protection Compounds The Long Road to Market But it takes up to 10 years or longer to develop a new chemistry 100,000 compounds 30 Evaluate Support 1-2 Discover Profile 5,000 compounds Which may or may not be able to be registered. Time

35 Questions?

36 Contact Jim Jim Frank Seastar Place Temecula, CA Home Cell

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