Integration of ecosystem services in rural planning

Transcription

1 Integration of ecosystem services in rural planning Workshop: Future orientated measures to support diversity of rural areas a new vision on infrastructures and services Christina von Haaren Dept. of Environmental Planning Leibniz University Hanover, Germany International RUFUS/ TRUST Workshop Diversities of rural areas in Europe and beyond Hannover August: 25/ Seite 1

2 Structure 1. How can ecosystem services contribute to rural development? 2. How well is environmental planning prepared for integrating ess into rural development? 3. How can environmental planning broaden it s scope for better integration? 4. Conclusions Seite 2

3 What are ecosystem services? Ecosystem services are the aspects of ecosystems utilized (actively or passively) to produce human well-being. 1) services must be ecological phenomena and 2) they do not have to be directly utilised (Fisher et al. 2009:645, after Boyd and Bazhaf 2007 modified) Pure private goods Pure public goods Fisher et al. 2009: 647 Seite 3

4 Rural diversity has to be judged against goals and principles of rural development EU Goals for rural regions Economic, social and territorial cohesion Solidarity, balanced development throughout the EU, reducing structural disparities between regions, promoting equal opportunities Sustainability of economic and social welfare, environment competitiveness of agriculture, food products and forestry, quality of life, Protect natural resources, improve high nature value land use, cultural landscapes Subsidiarity Transparency, democratic principles Does rural diversity support the provision of ecosystem services? Do ecosystem services support rural development? ESS are only to little extent monetised and valorised by commercial markets, small public market (AEM) Seite 4

5 / ha LF /a Public market for ESS is not very attractive Average Expenditures for Agri-Environmental Measures in the German Federal States (+Cofinancing) (running funding period) Ausgaben für Agrarumweltmaßnahmen in den Bundesländern 2007 bis 2013 (in /ha LF/Jahr) Rurschkowski, Haaren. Quellen EPLR der Bundesländer, indikative Finanzplanung sowie BMELV 2006c. 120,00 100,00 80,00 60,00 40,00 federal average : 35 /ha UAA/year 20,00 0,00 Hamburg Baden-Württemberg Bayern Thüringen Saarland Sachsen Hessen Nordrhein-Westfalen Rheinland-Pfalz Brandenburg/Berlin Sachsen-Anhalt Niedersachsen/Bremen Schleswig-Holstein Mecklenburg-Vorpommern In 2004/05, AEM only had a share of 1,6% in the total operating income. 5 Seite 5

6 : Impact on higher tier than pressure; functional areas cross border environmental planning Global EU federal state region local farm Insufficient governmental compensation systems for provision of ecosystem services across scales or in regional division of labour Seite 6

7 What needs to be done? RUFUS General characterisation of European regions (STEP I) Activate commercial market potentials for ecosystem services The present direct and indirect ecosystem services connected to biodiversity are monetised at about $ 150 billion (TEEB 2010). About $ 40 billion of this sum were already in 2008 realized by certified products of organic agriculture. The predicted growth of this sector until 2020 is $ 210 billion per year (ibid.). Public markets for ess (state demand) Compensations between regions Mandatory regulations to protect non market ess / public goods) 7 Seite 7

8 Structure 1. How can ecosystem services contribute to rural development? 2. How well is environmental planning prepared for integrating ess into rural development? Purposes, applications, and methodology of environmental planning the example of landscape planning in Germany 3. How can environmental planning broaden it s scope for better integration? 4. Conclusions Seite 8

9 Eingriffsregelung Compensation regulation Flächen-und Objektschutz Nature reserves Biotopverbund gute fachliche Praxis der Landnutzungen Good practice of agriculture forestry, fishery Artenschutz Right to sue of NGOs Verbandsklage Landscape planning provides site specific information about a wide variety of landscape functions (value, resilience, potentials, impairments), recommended action and instruments, deals with multifunctionality creating synergies, General goals of law Ziele und Grundsätze des BNatSchG Which ecosystem services are covered? Landscape functions*: Natural yields function (esp. natural soil fertility potential) Water provision function Water retention function (the importance of the landscape for flood protection) (Climate protection function) Bioclimatic function Geodiversity function Biodiversity function Landscape aesthetic function (Renewable energy provision function) * In planning normative connotation, cardinal and ordinal assesment scale are a good precondition for accounting Landscape Planning Umweltbeobachtung Abb. : Stellung der Landschaftsplanung im Naturschutzgesetz und die spezifische Situation Ground water resources: importance and vulnerability Seite 9

10 Local to state scale is covered, national and EU level only with respect to habitat networks adoption of objectives from higher scales Regional landscape plan Local landscape plan Farm Impairment: dissection Adoption and implementation (?) + regional network adoption + local network + network for plant protection Seite 10

11 Implementation strategies Landscape planning supports: insufficient Regulation Integration into spatial planning Protected areas Impact regulation and compensation Rehabilitation and improvement of landscape functions Successful: Gruehn 1998, Reincke 2004, Wende et al Participation and education Comments of NGOs citizens, land users on planned projects Environmental awareness, regional identity Visualisation Information basis for valorisation of Nature Targeting the spending of public funds for environmental services Sale of eco friendly products, eco-tourism In consequence a whole range of implementation options is not supported Seite 11

12 Landscape planning in D is not accounting function and not dealing with individual commercial benefits Capacities for perception measuring explanation Human demands, legitimised societal goals historic land use Actual land use, individual utility benefit: Ecosystem processes, components landscape Value, potential, sensitivity, impairment Ecosystem services Actually produced, used goods: Drinking water, vine, wood, foodstuff, subjective pleasure Focus on non-commercial services, selection criteria: basic, long time, legitimised human needs non excludable non rival Seite 12

13 Assignment of implementation strategies /instruments to the categories of ecosystem services Capacities for perception measuring explanation Ecosystem/ landscape processes, structures Human demands, legitimised societal goals historic land use Value, potential, sensitivity, impairment Actual land use, individual utility welfare Actually used goods: Drinking water, vine, wood, foodstuff, drugs subjective pleasure Categories interpretation of reality: Goals, application Implementation (strategies, instruments) Prevailing methodologies Ecosystem: processes, structures, composition Ecological basic research Explanation, developing/ validating methodologies Primary data collection, modelling (normative) landscape functions, capacities and state individual, marketable benefits Valorisation of non market goods (Potent. Green GDP), Actual Green GDPl, egislation, taxes, levies, certificates (e.g. GHG trading), incentives Public environmental planning, management, support of area-specific decision making, participation, compensation between regions Integration into spatial planning, zoning, area protection, compensation, agrienvironmental measures, environmental advice.. Indicator based valuation: basis existing data/ regional, local inventory, accounting for impact regulation Shaping of political ideas, awareness raising, activating commercial markets tendency regulation (of markets, market demands), PR, Monetization (willingness to pay, preferences, restoration costs), other kinds of accounting.

14 Structure 1. How can ecosystem services contribute to rural development? 2. How well is environmental planning prepared for integrating ess into rural development? 3. How can environmental planning broaden it s scope for better integration? Marketing, organise public demand, Green GDP 4. Conclusions Seite 14

15 Identifying the production potential for nature conservation food Diepholz county land use arable land Flächennutzungen in der Flächenkuliss Area to produce nature conservation products. Prioritised objectives: Adaption to market needs possible (on basis of Landscape plan) heath, moor heath, moor, Heide, formerly Moor, soil ehem. Bodenabbau: extraction: 10% 5000 lambs water Gewässer: bodies: 3% 3% Forests: Wald: 1212% % Grassland: 41% Grünland: 41% cattle arable land: Acker: 34% 34% Albert et al areas with borders: areas of the highest priority (indisposable) without borders: areas with flexible targets and measures Seite 15

16 Financing need of a minimal and optimal alternative of landscape management in Diepholz county* grassland 7,53 Mio. grassland 21,26 Mio. The producer prices needs to rise by 25% through price premiums for cattle for maintenance of nature protection grassland How many jobs? 0 Moor 1,73 Mio. Moor 2,43 Mio. [Thsd. Minimal ] alternative Optimal alternative Moor Grassland *in exclusive consideration GL of the net revenue of conventional marketing 16 Seite 16

17 Valorisation of ecosystem services in commercial products by on-farm accounting How much biodiversity is in a bottle limonade????? IUP / Bionade / LWK Niedersachen / LEL Baden-Württemberg Assessment by open source GIS software MANUELA (Haaren et al. 2008) Seite 17

18 Many ecosystem services cannot and should not be sold on commercial markets: Drinking water, clean air, protected areas? How to support public market for ess? First step calculate cost of mandatory and desired ess Supposed relative amount of required resources Accounting of the demand area low middle high Calculation of costs of providing ess in different areas in Lower Saxony supports strategies and allocation of resources to protect wet grasslands (Haaren et al. 2000) 18 Seite 18

19 Methods for calculating a green GDP (goals: awareness rising, compensation between regions, taxes, levies, certificates?) market prices of exisiting green market goods (crops, water ) Other es services (potential GDP) willingness to pay (how to include potential beneficiaries from other spatial and time scales?) cost of potential damage in case the service is lost rehalbilitationn cost approach (experiences in impact regulation) IUP / Bionade / LWK Niedersachen / LEL Baden-Württemberg Seite 19

20 Compensation between areas by a central mechanism? The models of the joint agreement for the improvement of regional structures, or municipal financial equilisation? valuable biotope types (share in total agricultural land...very often are located in areas, which are not valuable for agriculture For compensation mechanisms ecosystem services have to be quantified Quelle: Bedingungen, Möglichkeiten und Kosten der Umsetzung von Naturschutzzielen auf Bundesebene im agrarisch genutzten Bereich. Im Auftrag: Bundesamt für Naturschutz: Projektleitung ARUM: Ch.v.HAAREN, T.HORLITZ Seite 20

21 Results and research questions What information is needed from lower scales for an EU policy of better ess valorisation? What should environmental planning supply for rural planning? 1. Prioritised objectives (adaption to market needs possible) 2. Accounting, monetisation and presentation of ESS, life cycle assessment (adapted methodologies needed!) in order to a. support commercial premium price marketing (nature conservation products, tourism,..), charity. Which benefits are suitable for commercial marketing? b. support public markets (AEM) c. support compensation systems for provision of ecosystem services across spatial and time scales or in regional division of labour (research needed on how they should look like) 3. Standards for data and methods in order to do accounting across scales up to EU level Seite 21

22 Thank you for your attention! Dr3MuI/AAAAAAAACMY/vwtiquPvTeU/s1600/s6_shop.jpg Seite 22