EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ALPHONSO MANGO AS PERCEIVED BY THE FARMERS FROM SOUTH KONKAN COASTAL ZONE OF MAHARASHTRA

Transcription

1 EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ALPHONSO MANGO AS PERCEIVED BY THE FARMERS FROM SOUTH KONKAN COASTAL ZONE OF MAHARASHTRA BY ABHISHEK, P.S. B.Sc. (Ag.) DEPARTMENT OF EXTENSION EDUCATION FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH DAPOLI , DIST. RATNAGIRI (M.S.) MAY, 2017

2 EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ALPHONSO MANGO AS PERCEIVED BY THE FARMERS FROM SOUTH KONKAN COASTAL ZONE OF MAHARASHTRA A thesis submitted to the DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, DAPOLI (Agricultural university) Dist. Ratnagiri (Maharashtra state), India In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) In EXTENSION EDUCATION By ABHISHEK, P.S. B. Sc. (Ag.) DEPARTMENT OF EXTENSION EDUCATION FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH DAPOLI , DIST. RATNAGIRI (M.S.) MAY, 2017

3 EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ALPHONSO MANGO AS PERCEIVED BY THE FARMERS FROM SOUTH KONKAN COASTAL ZONE OF MAHARASHTRA A thesis submitted to the DR. BALASAHEB SAWANT KONKAN KRISHI VIDYAPEETH, DAPOLI (Agricultural university) Dist. Ratnagiri (Maharashtra state), India In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) In EXTENSION EDUCATION By ABHISHEK, P. S. B. Sc. (Ag.) Approved by the Advisory Committee: Chairman and Research Guide: (Dr. P. A. SAWANT) Head Department of Extension Education College of Agriculture, Dapoli Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli. Members: (A. N. Desai) Associate Professor, Scientist, Extension Education, RARS, Karjat. (V. A. Rajemahadik) Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Dapoli. (Y. R. Parulekar) Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Dapoli.

4 Dr. P. A. Sawant M.Sc. (Agri.) Ph.D. Head Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, Dapoli Dist. Ratnagiri (Maharashtra state) CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled EFFECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON ALPHONSO MANGO AS PERCEIVED BY THE FARMERS FROM SOUTH KONKAN COASTAL ZONE OF MAHARASHTRA submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, Dist. Ratnagiri, Maharashtra state in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (AGRICULTURE) in EXTENSION EDUCATION, embodies the results of the piece of bona-fide research carried out by Mr. ABHISHEK, P. S. under my guidance and supervision. No part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma. All the assistance and help received during the course of investigation and the sources of literature have been fully acknowledged by him. Place: Dapoli Date : May, 2017 (P. A. SAWANT) Chairman, Advisory Committee and Research Guide

5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The piece of work has emerged from blessings, sacrifice, love and affection, encouragement, help, moral support and well wishes of many wonderful personalities. At this juncture, I wish to recall my memory and place on record my heartfelt gratitude to all of them. It is my pound privilege and immense pleasure in availing this golden opportunity to express sense of heartfelt gratitude and humble indebtness towards my Honorable Research Guide and Chairman of my advisory committee Dr. P. A. Sawant Head and Professor, Department of Extension Education, Dr. B.S.K.K.V., Dapoli whose valuable guidance, constant encouragement, profound interest in research, constructive suggestions, unfailing co-operation, hard work and helping mind throughout the course of my post-graduation study gave me this unique experience of planning, conducting and presenting the research. It gives me great pleasure to express my profound gratitude and heartfelt respect to my Advisory Committee members, Prof. A. N. Desai, Associate Professor, Scientist, Extension Education, RARS, Karjat, Prof. V. A. Rajemahadik, Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy and Prof. Y. R. Parulekar, Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Dapoli for giving me valuable guidance and timely help during the course of my post graduation studies. I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to all staff members of Department of Extension Education, Dr. D. P. Hardikar, Dr. V. G. Patil, Prof. P. G. Mehata, Dr. J. R. Kadam, Dr. M. S. Bhairamkar, Dr. N. S. Sarap, Dr. S. S. Patil, Dr. H. V. Borate, Dr. R. G. Mardane, Dr. P. M. Mandavkar, Shri. Bhuwad, Sou. Shilpa Naik, Shri. Shreyas, Smt. Asmita Bhosale, Shri. Dyneshwar Karande, Pawar kaki, Dubale kaka, Chafe kaka and all members of Department of Extension Education for their generous help and guidance during the course of my studies. I place on record my sincere thanks to Dr. Tapas Bhattacharyya, Hon.Vice Chancellor, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dr. R. G. Burte, Dean, Faculty of Agriculture and Dr. S. A. Chavan Associate Dean, College of Agriculture, Dapoli for their valuable guidance and providing necessary facilities for conducting this study.

6 To express my sincere gratitude and humble respect to my bellowed parents in the form of words in rather restrictive both in expression and quantum, yet at this juncture, it is my esteem duty to reserve my high regards to my affectionate Mother Sou. Prema, T. M. Father Shree. Shivanna, P. M. my beloved Lt. Kalegowda. Sou. Shivamma, K. Shree. Shivakumar, T. M. Sou. Jayalakshmi, T. M. Shree. Mahadev, K. and Sou. Sowmya, R. Shree. Bellegowda. Sou. Sukanaya, S. head boes respectfully before my KRS family and all relatives who inspired and helped me with love and affection. On a long journey such as this, one encounters a number of fellow travelers moving towards the same destination. This companies and enthusiasm and zest to the journey making it enjoyable. I was fortunate to travel the path of knowledge with my classmates and drearest Sujith, Rohit, Sayali, Shwetha, Aruna, Shivam, Swapnil, Ravindra, and lovely Shridhar, Basava, Hanamant, Pritam, Paresh, Vipul, Pathange, Prasad, Rahul, Sagar and Dapoli Classmates. I wish to express heartfelt thanks to my close friends Prabhushankar, Chandan, Nandeesh, Sachin, Nitya, Chetu and Green Warriors and all my Friends and Juniors of COA, Mandya UAS,Bengaluru for their love, moral support, inspiration, encouragement and healthy friendship. I convey depth of my heartfelt thanks to my seniors Bharatesh, Rameshwar, Suraj, Nishikant, Vijay, Santosh, Neha, Yogita, Sapna. Mohan, Mohan kumar, Girisha, Karabasu, Rajshekhar, Dr. Rushikesh Bhise, Dr. Sudarshan Gore, Swapnil, Pramod, and Ph.D. scholars Radhika Bhongale, Bhagyashree Patilkhede, Radha Jadhav, Sevak Dhenge, Mandhar Puri, Mesare, Ashish, Atul and all my Jr. M.Sc. friends Akash, Gowrav, Omkar, Praveen, Sweety, Gouvri, Ankita, for their enthusiastic company and co-operation who helped me directly or indirectly and offered their excellent company and warm affections throughout my stay in this University. Once again, I would like to acknowledge all those who I might have left on unknowingly. Place: Dapoli Date: May, 2017 (Abhishek, P.S.)

7 DEPRTMENT OF EXTENSION EDUCATION COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, DAPOLI Title of thesis : Effect of climate change on Alphonso mango as perceived by the farmers from South Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra Name of the student : Abhishek, P. S. Registration No. : 2458 Name of the Research Guide Degree Major Subject : Dr. P. A. Sawant : M.Sc. (Agri.) Year of submission : 2017 : Extension Education THESIS ABSTRACT The present research study was undertaken in South Konkan region of Maharashtra state. Study covered 16 villages and 128 mango growers as respondent. An interview schedule was specially designed to collect the data. Ex-post facto research design was used for the present study. The analysis of data revealed that majority of the respondents were middle aged, completed secondary education, had medium farming experience, low area under Alphonso mango, orchard belongs to middle age and medium yield. Majority of the respondents had medium level of extension contact, social participation, risk orientation, market orientation, scientific orientation and mass media exposure. Majority of the respondents positively perceived that was less fluctuation in rainfall pattern, summer was getting warmer and experienced less extreme temperature before While, majority of the respondents negatively perceived that there was increased in total

8 amount of rainfall, less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during winter, and less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during summer. Majority of the mango growers positively perceived that there was less fluctuation in rainfall pattern from June to October, and increased in total amount of rainfall after All the respondents positively perceived that there was less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during summer and summer was getting warmer. Majority of the respondents agreed with the change in floral initiation pattern and time, change in fruit setting time, more effect on premature fruit drop, more effect on mango yield, more effect on incidence of disease, more effect on incidence of pest, more effect on physiological disorders ( Sun scald on fruits), changes in harvesting period after the year Majority of the respondents had medium level of perception about climate change. It was observed that education, mass media exposure, age, farming experience, yield of the mango, extension contact and risk orientation were positively related with the perception of mango growers about climate change. Majority of the respondents initiated adoption measure like application of growth regulators, practice of integrated pest management (IPM), practice of integrated nutrient management (INM), and canopy management after After the year 2005 three adoption practices namely farm pond, mulching and drip irrigation has increased. Major suggestions given by the mango growers were early warning has to be given to the farmers about environmental changes, awareness about appropriate adaption measures against climate change be created, and subsidies and compensation has to be given for the crops to make up the cost of cultivation due to weather aberrations.

9 APPENDIX I LIST OF SELECTED VILLAGES AND NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS Sl. No. Name of the district Costal belt tahsils Name of the village No. of respondents Middle belt tahsils Name of the village No. of respondents 1. Ratnagiri Dapoli Ratnagiri Kolthare 8 Dewadhe 8 Lanja Dabhol 8 Pali 8 Pawas 8 Gowalkot 8 Chiplun Malangund 8 Rampur 8 2. Sindhudurg Devgad Vengurle Nandan 8 Kochare 8 Kudal Mond 8 Pat 8 Vetore 8 Nirawde 8 Sawantwadi Mathond 8 Talawade 8 Sub total 64 Sub total 64 Total 128

10 APPENDIX II RESPONDENTS LIST SELECTED FOR THE STUDY Sl. No. Name of the respondents Sl. No. Sindhudurg district Name of the respondents Costal belt a) Devgadtahsils (Nandan) a) Middle belt Sawantwaditahsil(Nirawde ) 1. AjitYashwantMahadik 1. PradeepSalgavkar 2. SuhasShriramGogakte 2. SantoshGawade 3. PurushottamWadekar 3. PramodGawade 4. GangaramGhadi 4. Yashwant G. Pandhare 5. PrakashKanade 5. Kashiram Bait 6. DigambarParab 6. Suresh N. Malhar 7. Anandjoshi 7. Ramakant V. Malhar 8. ShivramJanardanWelankar 8. NadakarniSantosh b) Devgadtahsils (Mond) b) Sawantwaditahsil (Talawade) 1. YeshwantBodas 1. Vinayak Sunil Pedenkar 2. Vidyadhar Pete 2. Deepak Navar 3. SathyavanThambe 3. Sanjay Morge 4. DasharatAnubhavane 4. Narayan Malvankar 5. Vijay Mangavankar 5. PravinSawant 6. SatishPawaskar 6. Jayprakash Narayan Chamankar 7. Vishnu M. Bodas 7. AvinashShivramKubal 8. Waman K. Warik 8. CharudattaVasantKubal c) Vengurla (Vetore) c) Kudal (Kochare) 1. ChandramohaRamakantKub al 1. Prasad dabholkar 2. YogeshJayramTandel 2. SuhasKonkar 3. Suresh JagganathBhosle 3. VikasPhasekar 4. PratapDattatrayGavskar 4. Vishnu VitthalPhansekar

11 5. VirendraKamalnathAadarka r 5. Muralidar Shankar Gawde 6. MahendraEknathDicholkar 6. ShivajiKocharekar 7. Vijay TukaramSatardekar 7. BhiwaGawade 8. SitaramDhonduGawde 8. BhiwaHanjankar d) Vengurla(Mathond) d) Kudal (Pat) 1. YashwantGovindMatkar 1. GopalSakharamTarfe 2. BhikajiBabaji Thakur 2. RavindraVasantPatkar 3. Suryakant Mohan Matkar 3. Sadananda Krishna Dhuri 4. P. B. Hirlekar 4. MukundVitthalMunde 5. Y. G. Kunte 5. LaxmanRajaramGawade 6. Ashok ChintamanGogte 6. MadhavRamchandraBapat 7. RajanVasudeoGawade 7. Vijay Soma Parab 8. GunajiJayramGawade 8. MurardadajiPrabhu Ratnagiri district Costal belt Middle belt e) Dapoli (Kolthare) e) Chiplun (Gowalkot) 1. SantoshTerekar 1. PradipBaliramSurve 2. DipakBhuvad 2. MangeshChandrakantGada de 3. Sanjay More 3. DileshVamanSurve 4. SantoshNimkar 4. ShyamSahdevGadade 5. DattaramGurav 5. KamalakarDattaramGadade 6. AnantBhuvad 6. Suresh SitaramGadade 7. SanjayGosavi 7. MadhusudanTukaramSurv e 8. Ramesh More 8. MadhukarBaliramSurve f) Dapoli (Dabhol) f) Chiplun (Rampur) 1. Laxman Bhutan 1. Rajendra Shankar Natusakar 2. SwapnilJavkar 2. SantoshHari More 3. Dattaram Bore 3. Dr.ArunBaburaoDewale 4. Narayan Mirgal 4. JayantShridhar Joshi

12 5. GopalParanjpe 5. Ravikiran Suresh Vaidya 6. SonuMuknayak 6. SantoshSonuAmbekar 7. Narayan Bhuvad 7. Suresh Shankar Vaidya 8. Yashvant Bhutan 8. PrashantKashiramDevudka r g) Ratnagiri (Pawas) g) Lanja (Dewadhe) 1. ShashikantPatwardhan 1. KashinathSubaraoPatkar 2. UmeshGhanshayamLanjeka r 2. Balkrishana Ganesh Borkar 3. UdayMakarandBashte 3. Dattaraya Narayan Kelkar 4. ManojGhosalkar 4. Laxmikant Vishnu Sinkar 5. AnantBajiraoSalvi 5. PrabhakarGangaramShinde 6. AbhayAnant Joshi 6. Chandrakant P. Khanvilkar 7. YogeshArunNirolkar 7. RamchandraDevajiSurve 8. SurayakantMahadeoSawant 8. PrakashNathuramSurve h) Ratnagiri (Malangund) h) Lanja (Pali) 1. Vijay KeshawVaidya Ramesh ShridharBhagvat 2. Ashok SakharamKhanvilkar SudhirBalkrishna Tendulkar 3. BabajiGopalMayekar 3. SubhashJagannathPotkar 4. ShantaramBabaji Joshi 4. Shankar VitthalKalware 5. DinkarSakharamNevalkar 5. Khudbuddin Fakir Kazi 6. VidyadharPrabhakarShetye 6. ManojManoharSalvi 7. Dattaprasad D. Dhavde 7. Abbas Amar Shekh 8. Vijay GangaramGade 8. AtmaramSonuDhumak

13 Part II Perception of Climate Change and Effect on Alphonso Mango Production and Other aspects of the Study. A. Perception of change on rainfall and temperature. Sl. No Statements Before 2005 After 2005 Agree Disagree Agree Disagree Less fluctuation rainfall pattern from June to October (south west monsoon). Increased in total amount of rainfall. Less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during summer (February 15 th to June 15 th ). Summer was getting warmer (February 15 th to June 15 th ). Less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during winter (November 15 th to February 15 th ) Experienced less extreme temperature (November 15 th to February 15 th )

14 B. Perception of effect of climate change on Alphonso production. Response Sl. No Statements Before 2005 After 2005 Agree Disagree Agree Disagree 1. Change in Floral initiation pattern and time Change in Fruit setting time More effect on Premature fruit drop More effect on Fruit setting More effect on Mango yield More effect on Incidence of disease More effect on Incidence of pest More effect on Physiological disorders (Sun scald on fruits) Increased Number of spraying Increased Concentration of chemical Severity Weed infestation Changes in Harvesting period

15 1. Adaptation measures in response to changes in rainfall and temperature in the production of Alphonso mango (have you taken any adaptation measures to climate change; please indicate your response to the following). Sl. Statements Adaptation measures No. I 1. Adaptation measures Have you Initiated to change mango variety Before 2005 After 2005 Yes No Yes No If yes which varieties you are willing to cultivate name them? Sl. No. Statements Adaptation measures Before 2005 After 2005 Adaptation measures initiated in Alphonso mango production Initiated Not initiated Initiated Not initiated 2. Application of growth regulators 3. Practice of IDM 4. Practice of IPM 5. Practice of INM 6. Number of irrigation given or Irrigation at Critical stage 7. Canopy management

16 2. Adaptation measures initiated in soil and water conservation practices Sl. No. Statements Soil and water conservation practices adapted Adaptation measures Before 2005 After 2005 Not adapted adapted Not adapted 1. Farm pond 2. Contour bunds 3. Graded bunds 4. Ridges and furrows 5. Mulching 6. Drip irrigation 7. Inter cropping 8. Vegetative bunds 9. Contour trenches Sl. No 3. Details of the subsidiary activities initiated due to climate change 1 Dairy 2 Sheep rearing Subsidiary activities Before 2005 After Dairy+sheep rearing 4 Poultry 5 Poultry+sheep rearing 6 Dairy+Poulrty+sheep rearing 7 Poultry+dairy 8 Goat rearing 9 Any other(specify)

17 4. Migration due to climate change a. Is anyone in your family migrated to cities, if yes please give the details: self/son/daughter/husband/wife/grandfather/grandmother b. How many Persons migrated from your family c. What is the job they are doing in the city d. How many days she/he/they will be away from the house/ village in a month e. Mention the month they leave.. Which month they come back. f. What is the wage she/he/they gets.per day.or per month g. To where they migrated distance C. why they are migrated 5. Suggestions of farmers to mitigate the ill effects of climate change Sl. No Suggestions Frequency Percentage Early warning has to be given to the farmers about environmental changes Awareness about appropriate adaptation measures against climate change be created Development departments should ensure supplying of production inputs at appropriate time in the villages Subsidies/compensation has to be given for the crops to make up the cost of cultivation due to weather aberrations Insurance has to be extended to all crops Providing financial support for soil nutrient enrichment

18 Incentive/support for increasing the green manuring Support price has to be given to all the crop produce based on cost cultivation Creating awareness/support for adaption of organic technologies/ farming Agriculture information at be given at village level whenever necessary Need of soil testing and water testing facilities at village with supply of remedies from government at subsidies prices Government has to take care about the follow up of protocol and law by industries which causes environmental pollution and strict action should be taken against any violations Development of mango varieties resistance to Abiotic and biotic stress which reduces the chemical measures and preferred by consumers having more market demand Need of farmers problem oriented research Indiscriminate use of paclobutrazole should be controlled Establishment of demonstration plots at taluk for educating the farmers and helping them for comparison of their plot to the university standard or technology recommended to them Need of more information about Indo Israel project and help them to adoption of the project.

19 APPENDIX-III Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli, Ratnagiri Dist. Department of Extension Education QUESSIONAIRE Profile characteristics of the respondents Name of the Village :Taluk : Date : District : Name of the farmer : 1. Age : 2. Education : 3. Farming experience yrs. 4. Area under Alphonso mango.ha. 5. Age of the orchard..yrs. 6. Yield of the mango..tons/ha. 7. Extension contact Did you meet any of the following extension staff for seeking advice? YES/ NO Sl. No. Extension agencies 1. Gramsevak 2. Village extension officer 3. Agriculture officer 4. Block development officer 5. Scientist 6. Other (Pl. specify) Contact Always Sometimes Never 8. Social participation

20 YES/ NO? Are you a member or office bearer of any special / economic organization Sl. Organization Office Nature of participation No. bearer 1. Grampanchayat 2. Panchayatsamiti 3. Zillaparishad 4. School committee 5. Farmers club 6. Bhajinimandal 7. Co-operative society 8. Women s club 9. Dairy co-operative society 10. Sales purchase society 11. Any other Regular Occasional Never 9. Risk orientation Sl. No. Statement 1. A farmer should rather take more of a chance in making a big profit than to be contented with a smaller, but less risky profit. 2. A farmer who is willing to take greater risks than the average farmer, usually do better financially. 3. It is good for a farmer to take risks when he knows his chance to success is fairly high. 4. Trying an entirely new method in farming by a farmer involve risk, but it is worth doing it. 5. A farmer should grow large number of crops to avoid greater risks Response SA A UD DA SDA

21 involved in growing one or two crops. 6. It is better for a farmer not to try new farming method unless most other farmers have used them with success. 10. Market orientation Sl. No. Statement 1. Market news is not useful to a farmer. 2. A farmer can get good price by grading his produce. 3. Co-operatives can help the farmers to get better price for their produce. 4. One should sell his produce to the nearest market irrespective of price. 5. One should purchase inputs from the shop where his other relatives purchase. 6. One should grow those varieties, which have more market demand. Response SA A DA SDA 11. Scientific orientation Sl. No. Statements 1. New methods of farming give better results to a farmer than the old methods. 2. Even a farmer with lots of experience should use new methods of farming. 3. Though it takes time for a farmer to learn new methods in farming it is worth the efforts. 4. A good farmer experiments with new ideas in farming. Response SA A UD DA SDA

22 5. Traditional methods of farming have to be changed in order to raise the level of living of a farmer. 6. The way of farmer s fore-fathers farmed is still the best way to farm today. 12. Mass media exposure Do you use mass media for seeking information on improved farm technology YES/NO? Sl. No. Mass Media Extent of use Always Sometimes Never 1. Newspaper 2. Extension publications 3. Farm magazines 4. Agril. Films 5. Radio 6. Television 7. Kisan Call Center 8. Internet

23 APPENDIX IV Rainfall and Temperature data of Mulde (Sindhudurg district)and Dapoli (Ratnagiri district) and meteorological station 1. Rainfall data from 1995 to 2015 Mulde meteorological station Sl. No. Year (June to October) Total rainfall in mm Rainfall data from 1995 to 2015 Dapoli meteorological station Sl. No. Year (June to October) Total rainfall in mm

24 Summer temperature data from 1995 to 2015 Mulde meteorological station Sl. No. Year (February 15 th to June 15 th ) Maximum mean temperature in C

25 4. Summer temperature data from 1995 to 2015 Dapoli meteorological station Sl. No. Year (February 15 th to June 15 th ) Maximum mean temperature in C Winter temperature data from 1995 to 2015 Mulde meteorological station Sl. No. Year (November 15 th to February 15 th ) Minimum mean temperature in C

26 Winter temperature data from 1995 to 2015 Dapoli meteorological station Sl. No. Year Minimum mean (November 15 th to February 15 th ) temperature in C

27 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing the world today. There is a need to understand the effect of climate change on agricultural sector both at global as well as at regional level especially from the point of view of providing food to vulnerable sections of the population. Changing climatic conditions can have the big effect on our life and environment. The major underlying causes of climate change are the wasteful use of fossil fuels, destruction of forests, industrialization and even poverty and population growth mainly in the developing countries. Climate change impacts on agriculture are being witnessed all over the world, but countries like India are more vulnerable in view of the huge population depending upon agriculture, excessive pressure on natural resources and poor coping mechanisms. It is now largely agreed that the observed increase in global mean temperature and change in rainfall pattern during the 20th century are due to anthropogenic causes. There has been a significant rise in the frequency of extreme weather events in recent years affecting farm level productivity and impacting staple food grain availability at the national level. Within a season severe drought and flood are being experienced in the same region posing serious problem to the farmers and extension workers. Climate change is becoming an observed reality, very likely due to the increase of anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentration. Since a few decades, several research teams around the world carry out a huge work to model the future climatic change during the 21st century, based on several scenarios of greenhouse gas emission. We

28 have to expect rise in average temperatures, in atmospheric CO2 concentration, in soil salinity in some areas, and lower and more irregular rainfall. The climate variability and the frequency of extreme events (scorching heat, heavy rainfall, drought, and hurricane) are also expected to rise. Climate change is, therefore, a great concern for agriculture Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. Total annual crop losses in the world agriculture are mainly due to direct weather impacts. Increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other green house gases viz. methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) due to fossil fuel burning, rapid industrialization and deforestation create a layer in the atmosphere and prevent the long wave radiation emitted by earth which otherwise would have escaped to space. As a result the average global temperatures are increasing. Increase in global temperature results in changes in the general circulation and there by climate change. Agriculture sector reveals high sensitivity and resilience to climate change. Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. (IPCC, 2007). Extension has a major role to play in helping farmers adapt and mitigate climate change. To capture this potential role, adaptation and mitigation could be used to support extension efforts that deliver new technologies, information and education about increasing carbon sequestration and reducing GHG emissions.

29 Extension can help the link practices in the field to new policies regarding climate change. All of these roles can be performed in a cost-effective way to help resource-poor smallholders deal with the issues of climate change that will so radically affect their livelihoods. Perhaps the most important purpose for extension today is to bring about empowerment of farmers, so that their voices can be heard and they can play a major role in deciding how they will mitigate and adapt to climate change. Horticultural crops play a unique role in India s economy by improving the income of the rural people. Cultivation of these crops in labour intensive and such they generate lot of employment opportunities for the rural population. Fruits and vegetables are also rich source of vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates etc. which are essential in human nutrition. Hence, these are referred to as protective foods and assumed great importance in nutritional security of the people. Thus, cultivation of horticultural crop plays a vital role in the prosperity of a nation and is directly linked with the health and happiness of the people. The knowledge about the impact of climate change on horticulture crops is limited. Addressing problems of climate change is more challenging in horticulture crops compared to annual food crops. The issues of climate change and solution to the problems arising out of it requires through analysis, advance planning and improved management. Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the oldest and choicest fruit of the world. It is considered as National fruit of India and rightly known as King of fruits owing to its nutritional richness, unique taste, pleasant aroma and its religious and medicinal importance. Mango is believed to be originated to South East Asia, Indo Burma region, in the foot hills of the Himalayas (Mukherjee, 1951). Due to

30 its good qualities and high medicinal values, it is enjoyed by masses and classes from each corner of the World. Mango is one of the most widely cultivated and popular fruits in these regions for its economic and nutritional values. It is the fifth most cultivated fruit in the world. It is consequently justified to wonder about the impact of climate change on the mango tree and about the consequences on mango production and cultivation. The lack of crop model for mango prevents the prediction of the effects of climate change on mango tree development and production. They are then assessed on the basis of our current knowledge on the influence of climatic variables on mango tree development and production. We describe the influence of climatic variables on processes of agronomical importance for the mango tree: photosynthesis, vegetative and reproductive development, fruit quality. 1.1 Present status of mango in India India produces 2,516 thousand MT of mango from an area of 18, thousand hectare with the share of per cent area and per cent production of major fruits. Among the top ten mango producing countries, India ranks first with the highest share of per cent of world mango production. The leading mango producing states of India are Uttar Pradesh (43, MT), Andhra Pradesh (27, 37,010 MT), Karnataka (17, 55,560 MT) followed by Telangana (17, 17,000 MT) (Anon., 2014). 1.2 Present status of mango in Maharashtra In Maharashtra, mango is occupying an area of ha with annual production of MT with productivity of 2.5 MT/ha (Anon., 2015) Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Thane, Raigad, Aurangabad, Beed, Hingoli, Jalna, Latur, Nanded, Osmanabad and Parbhanidistricts are major mango producing belt of Maharashtra.

31 Alphonso, Kesar, Ratna, Goa Mankur, Pairi and Sindhuare the major cultivars of Maharashtra. 1.3 Present status of mango in Konkan region Konkanregion on the west coast of Maharashtra is one of the largest mango growing belts which contribute nearly 10 per cent of total mango area in the country, occupying ha area under mango cultivation. In Konkan, ha area is under mango cultivation having annual production of MT. The productivity of mango in Konkan is about 1.65 MT /ha, which is three to four times less than the average productivity of the country (Anon., 2014). Quality Alphonso fruits are produced in the Konkan region, the best quality however comes from the southern districts of Ratnagiri and south-northern parts of Sindhudurg, including regions around DevgadTalukaRatnagiri,Sindhudurg,Palghar and Thane are the major Alphonso producing districts of which Ratnagiri represents the maximum area (49%)and production (48%). Alphonso production, productivity and qualities in Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri districts are found higher as compared to that of Palghar and Thane districts. Konkan region receives 3000 to 4000 mm rainfall annually from June to September. Cloudy days during this period reduces the number of sunshine hours which adversely affect the rate of photosynthesis available to the mango crop, this is one of the reason for low productivity. In Konkan, about 90 per cent area of mango is covered by the single cultivar Alphonso, which is locally called as Hapus. It thrives and yields best under warm and humid climate of Konkan region. One of the major reasons for low productivity of

32 Alphonso in Konkan is low rate of physiological process during monsoon season, due to low diffused light intensity. However, recently the climatic changes such as abnormal rains, sudden fluctuations in the temperature, fog etc. adversely affect the mango trees directly by causing morpho-physiological damage to the mango orchard. Studies focusing on the socio economic aspects of global climate change are spares and have almost exclusively restricted their analysis to the impact of environmental modifications on agriculture production (Kumar, 2009). Micro level studies on the effect of climate change on people s livelihood at farm level and their consequents response are relatively low. Thus, human response is critical to understand and estimate the effect of climate change on production and food supply. Individual farmers understanding and perceptions of effect of climate change on agriculture assume critical importance. A study on farmers perception on climate change, their adoption choices and the determinants of adoption choices in the study area could supplement the current knowledge and perception and adoption process in the country and could substantially contributed to plan development interventions in the administration. Hence, the study was planned with following specific objectives

33 1.4 Objectives of thestudy 1. To know the profile of mango growers. 2. To study the effect of the climate change on mango crop as perceived by the farmers. 3. To find out the relationship between profile characteristics of the mango growers and their perception about effect of climate change on mango crop. 4. To study the practices followed by the mango growers to avoid the effect of climate change. 5. To elicit the suggestion of the mango growers to mitigate the climate change. 1.5 Scope of the study The novel investigation helps to find out the level of farmers perception about climate change. This study serves as an effective tool to assess the farmer s perception on effect of climate change on Alphonso mango production. The study also attempts to pool the possible suggestions of the respondents to mitigate the climate change on mango production at farm level. Climate change although a global phenomena but the real cost of it is being paid by the poorest of the poor like farmers and agricultural labour. There are number of studies made on climate change both at national and international level to understand the effect of climate change on agriculture. However, very limited studies have been done to understand farmers perspectives and experiences of climate change in mango cultivation. It is felt very essential to understand their perspectives also, so that better holistic policy decision could be made. Therefore the present study is proposed.

34 1.6Limitations of the study Due to limitation of time, the study was restricted to limited aspects. The data were collected from 128 mango growers from selected tahsils. Basically study was handicapped to an extent that it was a single student venture. Hence, the associated constraints like time, funding and physical facilities made the researchers to confine the study to a limited sample size. In spite of this, researcher made worthwhile efforts to select ideal location in each ecosystem so that the result of the study could be easily made applicable to similar situation. Hence, the findings may not be generalised beyond the area of the study. However, the findings may become applicable in the area where similar conditions prevail.

35 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE A conceptual framework for the study based on the ideas and concepts gathered from review work of existing literature of both theoretical and empirical nature facilitates planning for the study in a comprehensive manner. It also helps to know the previous research work done in that area and acts as a torch for the new researchers. Better ways are needed to generalize the research findings from laboratory studies to operational settings, from one experimental study to another and from one operational setting to another. It provides a basis for theoretical framework, suggest operational definitions of major concepts and provide a basis for interpretation of findings. The proposed study is new in its subject treatment. Adequate reviews covering all the identified variables of the study for Indian conditions could not be gathered. Some of the closely related studies have been included to augment this scarcity. The literature survey on different dimensions is presented in the following subheads. 1. Profile of mango growers. 2. Effect of the climate change on mango crop as perceived by the farmers. 3. Relationship between profile characteristics of the mango growers and their perception about effect of climate change on mango crop. 4. Practices followed by the mango growers to avoid the effect of climate change. 5. Suggestionsof the mango growers to mitigate the climate change.

36 2.1 Profile of mango growers Age Borate (2002) conducted a study on Entrepreneurial behaviour of the mango growers in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra State and observed that majority (62.00 per cent) of the respondents belonged to middle age category, while less than onefifth (18.00 per cent) of the respondents belonged to young age category. One-fifth (20.00 per cent) of the respondents belonged to old age category. The average age of the respondents was years. Misal (2002) in his study on Adoption of paclobutrazol technology by mango growers in Sindhudurg district revealed that majority (64.00 per cent) of the respondents belonged to the middle age group, while remaining respondents were distributed equally in young (18.00 per cent) and old age (18.00 per cent) categories. The average age of the respondents was 45 years. Thorat (2003) conducted a study on Technological gap and constraints in adoption of recommended cultivation practices of mango growers and witnessed that per cent of the respondents were in the middle age group while per cent of the respondents were in the old age group and per cent of them were in young age group. The average age of the respondents was 46 years. Moulasab (2004) in his study on Knowledge and adoption of improved cultivation practices by mango growers of north Karnataka reported that majority of the respondents (59.17 per cent) were middle aged (30-35 years). The respondents below 30 years of age were per cent and per cent of the respondents were from old age.

37 Naik (2005) in the study on Economic analysis of mango production, processing and export in South Konkan region of Maharashtra observed that the average age of the mango growers was years. Kadam (2006)in his study on Adoption behaviour of the commercial mango growers with respect to commercial mango production technology revealed that majority (67.36 per cent) of the respondents were in the middle age group, while per cent of the respondents were in the old age group and per cent of them were in young age group. The average age of the respondents was 47 years. Naik (2006) in his study on Personal and socio-economic correlates of marketing pattern of the mango growers observed that two third (65.00 per cent) of the respondents belonged to middle age category, less than one fifth each of the respondents belonged to young age (18.00 per cent) and old age (17.00 per cent) category, respectively. The average age of the respondents was years indicating middle age. SnehaGodse (2010) in her study entitled Plant protection practices followed by mango growers in Sindhudurg district revealed that a majority (81.33 per cent) of the respondents were in the middle age group, while 6.00 per cent of the respondents were in the old age group and remaining per cent of them were in the young age group. The average age of the respondents was 48 years. Kawale (2011) in his studyon Impact of farmers field school on adoption of improved mango cultivation practices by the beneficiaries revealed that majority (75.00 per cent) of the respondents were in middle age group, while per cent of the

38 respondents were in the old age group and per cent of them were in young age group. The average age of the respondents was 47 years. Muttanna (2013) in a study on Perception of climate change among farm women and its impact on production of Red gram reveled that, 45 per cent of the farm women were young aged category followed by middle (35.84per cent) and old (19.16 per cent). Pawar (2013) in his study entitled Knowledge and use of ecofriendly management practices by mango growers in Konkan region inferred that majority of the respondents (60.00 per cent) were middle age while24.00 per cent were old and per cent were young. The average age of the respondents was years i.e. middle age. Kawale (2014) in his study entitled, Effectiveness of DVD in communicating mango orchard rejuvenation technology revealed that majority (69.75 per cent) of the respondents were in middle age group, while per cent of the respondents were in the old age group and per cent of them were in young age group. The average age of the respondents was 52 years. Pawar (2015) in study on Awareness of pesticide users about ill effects of pesticides revealed that a majority (74.00 per cent) of the respondents were in the middle age group, while per cent of the respondents were in the old age group and remaining per cent of them were in the young age group. The average age of the respondents was 45 years Education Thorat (2003) observed nearly half that maximum number (46.00 per cent) of the respondents had secondary education, followed by graduation (23.00 per cent), higher secondary (15.00 per cent), primary (10.00 per cent) and pre-primary (6.00 per cent)

39 education. Only per cent of the respondents were illiterate. The average education level of the respondents was 10th standard. Moulasab (2004)observed that more than per cent of the respondents had education up to primary school, per cent of the respondents had studied up to college (PUC), 9.16 per cent had education up to graduate level, less than one fifth (18.33 per cent) of the respondents were illiterates, while only 4.16 per cent of respondents had post graduate education. Kadam (2006) noticed that, maximum number (37.31 per cent) of the respondents had secondary education, followed by graduation (22.28 per cent). An equal number (19.17 per cent each) of the respondents had primary and higher secondary education. Only 2.07 per cent of the respondents had pre-primary education. The average educational level of the respondents was 11 standard. Kesarkar (2010) in his study on Cashew nut cultivation in Goa state with special reference to organic cultivation practices showed that per cent of the cashewnut growers had studied up to secondary level followed by higher secondary (24.00 per cent) and primary (19.50 per cent), while 8.50 per cent and 6.50 per cent were studied up to pre-primary and college level, respectively. SnehaGodse (2010)revealed that a maximum number (44.00 per cent) of the respondents had completed graduation, followed by secondary education (31.33 per cent). An equal number (2.00 per cent) of the respondents had pre-primary and post-graduation level education. Only 2.67 per cent of the respondents had primary education, while per cent respondents had higher-secondary education.

40 Kawale (2011)noticed that maximum number (43.00 per cent) of the respondents had secondary education, followed by primary (31.00 per cent), pre-primary (13.00 per cent) and higher secondary (10.00 per cent) education. Only 3.00 per cent of the respondents were from College education category. ShindeDesai (2011) in his study entitled Entrepreneurial ability of cashewnut processors of Konkan region revealed that majority of the micro cashewnut processors (38.00 per cent) had studied upto college level, whereas per cent small cashew nut processors had studied up to higher secondary level. Muttanna (2013) in A study on perception of climate change among farm women and its impact on production of Red gram revealed that, per cent of respondents belong to high level of farming experience category followed by medium (39.17per cent) and low (16.67per cent) level of farming experience. Pawar (2013) observed that 27 per cent of the mango growers had studied up to secondary level, followed by higher secondary (21 per cent) and primary (14.50 per cent), while 11 per cent and per cent were studied up to pre-primary and college level, respectively. PoojaChaudhari (2014)in her study Attitude of mango growers towards pesticides in Ratnagiri district of Konkan region found that a maximum number (48.34 per cent) of the respondents had completed secondary education followed by Higher secondary education (16.66 per cent), primary education (13.33 per cent) and (11.67 per cent) pre-primary education. While an equal number of respondents had completed graduation and post-graduation (5.00 per cent each).

41 Kawale (2014) noticed that maximum number (40.74 per cent) of the respondents had secondary education, followed by higher secondary (21.61 per cent), graduation (16.04 per cent) and preprimary (14.20 per cent). Only 7.41 per cent of the respondents were from primary education category. Pawar (2015) Awareness of pesticide users about ill effects of pesticides relieved that a maximum number (38.00 per cent) of therespondents had completed secondary education, followed by higher secondary education (26.00 per cent). The respondents in the category of primary were19.00 per cent, followed by preprimary (8.00 per cent) and graduation (7.00per cent). Only two respondents (2.00 per cent) belonged to the post graduate category. The average educational level of the beneficiaries was 9th standard. Wagh (2015) in his study on Entrepreneurial behaviour of mango growers in Ratnagiri district of Konkan region revealed that a maximum number (34.00 per cent) of the respondents had completed graduation education followed by Higher secondary education (28.00 per cent), primary and secondary education (14.67 per cent each), While 6.00 per cent respondents had completed pre-primary and 2.66 per cent post-graduation. The average educational level of the respondents was 11 th standard. Waghmode (2015) in his study entitled, Attitude of the mango growers towards global gap certification in Konkan region noticed that nearly three-fifth (59.00 per cent) of the respondents had graduation education, followed by secondary (15.00 per cent) and post-graduation (8.00 per cent). None of the respondents was from pre-primary and primary education category.

42 2.1.3 Farming experience Silpavatananan (2006) in his study entitled Farmers adoption of temperate fruit production technology in Mango development centre, the Royal project, Mae Taeng district, Chiang Mai Province, observed that the farmers had more than five years of fruit crops growing experience. Thakare (2008) in his study entitled Adoption of recommended cultivation practices by kagzi lime growers found that most of the respondents (44.60 per cent) had experience of 3 to 6 years in grape cultivation. It was followed by respondents who had experience above 6 years (28.07 per cent) and per cent of the respondents had experience up to 3 years in grape cultivation. Kadam (2006) revealed that more than three fourth (78.24 per cent) of the respondents had medium experience in mango cultivation, while remaining per cent and 7.25 per cent of the respondents had low and high experience in mango cultivation, respectively. On an average, the respondents had 21 years of experience in mango cultivation. SnehaGodse (2010) observed that three-fourth (74.00 per cent) of the respondents had medium experience in mango cultivation, while remaining per cent and per cent had low and high experience in mango cultivation, respectively. On an average, the respondents had 20 years of experience in mango cultivation. Kawale (2011) observed that of the respondents had medium experience in mango cultivation, while remaining per cent and 6.00 per cent of the respondents had high and low experience in the mango cultivation, respectively. On an average the respondents had 10 years of experience in mango cultivation.

43 Sorate (2011) in his study entitled Technological gap in cultivation of grape in Buldana district found that, majority of the respondents (79.00 per cent) had experience of 4 to 8 years in grape cultivation. It was followed by respondents who had experience up to 4 years (12.00 per cent) and 9.00 per cent of the respondents had experience above 8 years in grape cultivation. Pawar (2013)revealed that majority (64.00 per cent) of the respondents belonged to medium experience category (12 to 23 years), while per cent of the respondents had low experience (up to 11 years) and per cent had high (24 years and above) farming experience. The average farming experience of the mango growers was years. PoojaChaudhari (2014) found that majority (77.50 per cent) of the respondents had medium experience in mango cultivation, while remaining per cent of the respondents had high and 7.50 per cent of respondent had low experience in mango cultivation. The average experience of respondents was 17 years. Pawar (2015) reveled that majority (56.00 per cent) of therespondents had medium experience in mango cultivation, while remaining26.00 per cent and per cent of the respondents had low and high experience in mango cultivation, respectively. On an average, the respondentshad 17 years of experience in mango cultivation. Wagh (2015)revealed that majority (73.33 per cent) of the respondents had medium experience in mango cultivation, while remaining per cent of the respondents had high and12.00 per cent of respondents had low experience in mango cultivation. The average experience of respondents was 18 years Area under Alphonso variety

44 Misal (2002) revealed that half number (50.00 per cent) of respondents were having medium area under Alphonso mango (1.42 to 4.94 ha.), while per cent of the respondents were having small area under Alphonso mango (up to 1.41ha.) and per cent of the respondents were having large area under Alphonso mango (above 4.95 ha.). On an average, the respondents had 3.18 ha.ofarea under Alphonso mango. Khanolkar (2004) in his study entitled A study on adoption of plant protection equipments by the farmers in Sindhudurg district observed that maximum number (75.00 per cent) of the respondents were having medium size of orchard of mango and cashew (2.28 to 6.35 ha), while per cent of the respondents were having small area under mango and cashew orchard (up to 2.27 ha) and per cent of the respondents were having large size of orchard of mango and cashew (above 6.36 ha). On an average, the respondents had 4.31 ha of area under mango and cashew orchard. Satale (2005) in his study entitled Training needs of mango growers with respect of post harvest management practices noticed that maximum number (47.00 per cent) of the respondents were having medium size of mango orchard, while per cent of the respondents were having small area under mango orchard and per cent of the respondents were having large size of mango orchard. On an average, the respondents had 2.27 ha of area under mango orchard. Kadam (2006)observed that nearly one-half (46.11 per cent) of the respondents were having medium area under Alphonso mango plantation, whereas, more than one fourth (28.50 per cent) and per cent of the respondents were having semi-medium and marginal area under Alphonso mango plantation respectively. Only 6.21 per cent and 4.15 per cent of the respondents were having

45 large and small area under Alphonso mango plantation, respectively. SnehaGodse (2010)revealed that maximum number (34.67 per cent) of the respondents were having semi-medium area under mango cultivation, whereas,32.00 per cent and per cent of the respondents were having small and medium area under mango cultivation, respectively. Only 8.00 per cent and 4.66 per cent of the respondents were having marginal and large area under mango cultivation, respectively. The average area under mango cultivation was 3.90 ha, indicating semi-medium area under mango cultivation. Kawale (2011) observed that majority (84.00 per cent) of the beneficiaries had medium area under mango, followed by large (15.00 per cent), while 1.00 per cent of the beneficiaries had small area under mango. Kawale (2014) observed that majority (70.99 per cent) of the respondents had medium mango orchard size, followed by large (14. 81per cent), while per cent of the respondents had small mango orchard size. The average mango orchard size of the respondents was 5.21 ha. PoojaChaudhari (2014) revealed that majority (57.50 per cent) of the respondents had medium and per cent had low, while 15 per cent each of the respondents had high area under mango cultivation. The average area under mango cultivation was 6.5 ha. Pawar (2015) revealed that nearly three-fourth (74.00 per cent) ofthe respondents had medium area under mango while equal number that is,13.00 per cent each of the respondents had low and high area under mango.the average area under mango of the respondents was 2.00 ha.

46 Wagh (2015)revealed that majority (72.00 per cent) of the respondents had medium and per cent had high area under mango while, per cent each of the respondents had low area under mango cultivation.the average area under mango cultivation was 2.63 ha Age of the orchard Mundekar (1993) in his study revealed that majority (69.00 per cent) of the respondents had mango orchards of middle age that is, 19 to 43, while there were and per cent of the respondents having young and old mango plantations, respectively Yield of the mango Mandavkar (1998) in his study on Adoption of improved varieties of fruit crops by fruit growers revealed that the average yield of mango, cashew nut and coconut was kg/tree/year (2.7 tonnes/ha), 3.18 kg/tree/year (636 kg/ha) and 35 nuts/tree/year (6146 nuts/ha), respectively. Chougule (2000) in his study on Adoption behaviour of Cashew growers with reference to high yielding varieties of cashew observed that on an average, the cashew growers had the cashew production of 4.18 kg/tree/year. Borate (2002)conducted a study on Entrepreneurial behaviour of the mango growers in Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra State and revealed that production of mango on the farms of per cent of the respondents was low, while in case of per cent and per cent of the respondents, it was medium and high annual mango production, respectively. On an average, the respondents harvested quintals of mango.

47 Misal(2002)observed that majority (65.00 per cent) of the respondents had obtained medium yield of Alphonso mango, while per cent of the respondents had obtained high yield of Alphonso mango and per cent of the respondents had obtained low yield of Alphonso mango. Satale (2005)revealed that majority (52.00 per cent) of the respondents had medium annual fruit production (66 to 147 qtls), while per cent of the respondents had low annual fruit production (up to 65 qtls) and per cent of the respondents had high annual fruit production (147 qtls and above). The average fruit production obtained by the respondents was qtls. Kadam (2006) revealed that majority (63.21 per cent) of the commercial mango growers were in the medium category of mango yield, while per cent and per cent of the commercial mango growers were in high and low category respectively. On an average, the commercial mango growers had the mango yield of 217 fruits/tree/year. SnehaGodse (2010)revealed that majority (68.67 per cent) of the respondents were in the medium category of mango yield, while per cent and per cent of the respondents were in low and high category, respectively. On an average, the mango growers had 4.42 t/ha mango yield. Joshi (2012) in his study on Marketing behaviour of mango growers observed that majority (65.83 per cent) of the mango growers had medium yield of mango, followed by per cent and per cent of growers had low and high mango yield, respectively. Kawale (2014) regarding mango production revealed that two third (66.66 per cent) of the mango growers were in medium

48 category of mango production, followed by per cent in high category and per cent in low category. On an average, the mango growers had the production of 4.41 tons mango, which indicates their medium mango production Extension contact Misal (2002) revealedthat per cent of the respondentshad high extension contact, with per cent of the respondentshad medium extension contact, whereas per cent and per cent of the respondentshad no and low extension contact,respectively. Chorge (2009) in hisstudy on Marketing behaviour of the cashewnutgrowers in Konkan region revealedthatmajority (69.58 per cent) of the respondentshad medium extension contact, while per cent and per cent of the respondentshad low and high extension contact, respectively. Kawale (2011) revealed that three fifth (61.00 per cent) of the respondents were having medium extension contact, while per cent and per cent of the respondents were having low and high extension contact, respectively. The average extension contact score was five. Kawale (2014) noticed that majority (56.17 per cent) of the respondents were having medium extension contact, while per cent and per cent of the respondents were having high and low extension contact, respectively. Pawar (2015) revealed that maximum (47.00 per cent) of therespondents had medium extension contact, while remaining per centand per cent of the respondents had low and high extension contact,respectively. On an average, the respondents had 6.00 extension contact score.

49 Waghmode (2015) noticed that majority (77.00 per cent) of the respondents were having medium extension contact, while per cent and 5 per cent of the respondents were having low and high extension contact, respectively. The average extension contact score was Social participation Thorat (2003) revealed that more than half (52.00 per cent) of the respondent had low social participation while per cent of them had no social participation and per cent of them had high social participation. Chorge (2009)revealedthat per cent of the respondentshad low social participation. Lessthan one third (30.00 per cent) of the respondentshad high social participation, while per cent of the respondentshad medium social participation. Kawale (2011) observed that more than half (54.00 per cent) of the respondents had medium social participation, while per cent of them had low social participation and per cent of them had high social participation. The average social participation score of the respondents was three. Kawale(2014)found that majority (58.64 per cent) of the respondents had medium social participation, while per cent of them had high social participation and per cent of them had low social participation. Pawar (2015) observed that majority (74.00 per cent) of therespondents had medium social participation, while remaining per centand 8.00 per cent of the respondents had low and high social participation,respectively. On an average, the respondents had 7.00 social participation score.

50 2.1.9 Market orientation Misal (2002)found that per cent of the respondents had medium market orientation, while per cent of the respondents had low market orientation and per cent of the respondents had high market orientation. The average market orientation score was Thorat (2003) observed that nearly one-half (48.00 per cent) of the respondents had medium market orientation, while per cent and per cent of them had high and low market orientation, respectively. The average market orientation score of the respondents was Yadav (2004) in his study entitled Impact of agricultural research and extension project (ARE) on beneficiary farmers of Sunsari district (Nepal) observed that nearly three fourth (74.00 per cent) of the beneficiaries had medium market orientation. However, only per cent and 8.00 per cent of the beneficiaries had low and high market orientation, respectively. The average market orientation score was indicating their medium level of market orientation. Kadam (2006) reveled that more than half (55.44 per cent) of the respondents were in the medium category, while per cent and per cent of the respondents were in low and high category, respectively. On an average, the market orientation score of the commercial mango growers was 13. Waghmode (2015)found that majority (54.00 per cent) of the respondents were in the high category, while per cent and per cent of the respondents were in medium and low category, respectively. The average market orientation score of the commercial mango growers was

51 Risk orientation Vijay Kumar et al. (2003) noticed that maximum number (38.34 per cent) of the respondents had low risk orientation about the enterprises, followed by per cent of the respondents had medium risk orientation and per cent of the respondents had high risk orientation about enterprises. Nejkar (2008) in his study Post training performance of recipients of training at KVK, Ratnagiri indicated that about less than half (47.50 per cent) of the trainees were from medium risk orientation category, whereas per cent and per cent of the trainees belonged to high and low risk orientation category, respectively. The average risk orientation score was Chorge(2009) revealed that majority (60.84 per cent) of the cashew growers belonged to medium risk orientation category, while per cent and per cent of the cashew nut growers had low and high risk orientation respectively. SnehaGodse (2010) observed that in the category of medium risk orientation there was a majority(81.33 per cent) of the respondents, while 6.67 per cent of the respondents had high risk orientation and only per cent of them had low risk orientation. The average risk orientation score of the respondents was Kawale(2014) revealed that maximum number (44.45 per cent) of the respondents belonged to high risk orientation category, while per cent and per cent of the respondents had medium and low risk orientation, respectively. The average risk orientation score of the respondents was which pointed out their medium risk orientation.

52 PoojaChaudhari (2014) found that majority (67.50 per cent) of the respondents had medium risk orientation, while per cent of them had low risk orientation and per cent of the respondents had high risk orientation. The average risk orientation score of respondents was Waghmode (2015) revealed that majority (51.00 per cent) of the mango growers belonged to high risk orientation category, while per cent and percent of the mango growers had medium and low risk orientation,respectively. The average risk orientation score of mango growers was Scientific orientation Bhapkar (1994) in a Study to assess the technological gap and causes of non-adoption of recommended practices of cashew nut in Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra observed that more than half (54.67 per cent) of the respondents had medium scientific orientation, while per cent and per cent of them had low and high scientific orientation, respectively. The average scientific orientation score of the respondents was Moulasabet al. (2006)reported that majority of the respondents belonged to medium level of scientific orientation. SnehaGodse (2010) observed that majority (89.34 per cent) of the respondents had medium scientific orientation, while 5.33 per cent each of them had high and low scientific orientation, respectively. The average scientific orientation score of the respondents was 15.92, indicating medium scientific orientation. Pawar (2013) found that per cent of respondents had medium scientific orientation. While per cent and per cent of them belonged to low and high scientific orientation

53 category, respectively. The average scientific orientation score was Kawale (2014)noticed that per cent of the respondents were in high category, while per cent and per cent of the respondents were in medium and low category of scientific orientation, respectively Mass media exposure ShubhangiRanaware (2005) revealed that per cent of the respondent were having medium mass media exposure, while per cent and per cent of them were having low and high mass media exposure, respectively. Tambat (2007) revealed that majority (78.67 per cent) of the respondents had medium mass media exposure, followed by per cent having low mass media exposure and per cent having high mass media exposure. The average mass media exposure score of the respondents was 4.39, indicating medium mass media exposure. Karwande (2009) revealed that majority (70.00 per cent each) of the respondents from remote and peri-urban area had medium mass media exposure. The average mass media exposure score of the respondents from remote area and peri-urban area was 4.30 and 4.75, respectively indicating medium mass media exposure. Pawar (2011) observed that majority (73 percent) of the responded had medium, mass media exposure, while remaining percent and 10 percent had low and high mass media respectively. Kawale (2011) noticed that per cent of the respondents were having medium mass media exposure, while per cent and 9.00 per cent of them were having low and high mass media

54 exposure, respectively. The average mass media exposure score of the respondents was four. Kawale (2014)evident that per cent of the respondents were having medium mass media exposure, while per cent and per cent of them were having high and low mass media exposure, respectively. 2.2Effect of climate change on mango crop as perceived by the farmers Swaminathan (2009) said that climate awareness at the grassroots level in United Nations could help local communities to manage better the adverse impact of climate change. He also introduced the concept of local level climate risk managers who can spread both climate and genetic literacy and create awareness about climate change among the people at grass root level. Apataet al. (2009) examined the people s perception about climate change and adaptation among arable food crop farmers in South Western Nigeria. This study focused that there is a need for agricultural economists and other stakeholders in environmental management and agricultural sustainability in developing countries to come to terms with negative impacts of climate change and likely positive and beneficial response strategies to global warming. Sarkaretal. (2012)in their study conducted in Sunderbans coastal ecosystem of West Bengal observed that nearly 38 per cent of the respondents had heard about climate change. Majority of farmers perceived that climate change is real and it is already underway. Shashidahra and Reddy (2012) in their study conducted in Upper Krishna Project (UKP) area of Karnataka found that respondents experienced the increasing warming days, erratic

55 rainfall patterns, ecological variability, biological change and their adverse effects on human beings. Majority of therespondents opined that warming days are increasing (90.00per cent), rainfall pattern isunpredictable (97.00 per cent), seasons are changing (86.00per cent),incidents of drought is more (72.00per cent), wind pattern is getting warmer (70.00per cent), decreasing water sources(81.00per cent), wind storm is getting stronger (75.00per cent),changes in flowering and fruiting time (50.00per cent), invasion of new plant species (85.00per cent) and presence of mosquitoall round year (89.00per cent). Muttanna (2013) in a study on Perception of climate change among farm women and its impact on production of Red gram reveled that with respect to the changes in the rainfall before 2005, more than half (71.66 per cent) of the farm women had medium level of perception followed by low (18.34 per cent) and high (10 per cent) level perception. Majority of farm women (74.16 per cent) had medium level of perception, followed by high (24.17 per cent) and low (1.67 per cent) level of perception after the year Shankaraetal. (2013) intheir study conducted in eastern dry zone (zone 4) of Karnataka (2012) to understand the farmers perception of climate change (rainfall and temperature) and adaptation measures revealed that per cent of farmers had high perception of changes in rainfall before 2000 and per cent of them after 2000.

56 2.3 Relationship between profile characteristics of the mango growers and their perception about effect of climate change on mango crop Age and perception Sudheendra (1986) reported that, age was found to be nonsignificantly associated with perception regarding adoption pattern among sunflower growers. Nimbalkar and Pawar(1990) found that, age had nonsignificant relationship with the perception of televiewers towards farm programmes. Arulraj and Ulagalandan(1995) observed that, age exhibited negative and non-significant correlation with perception regarding early planting of sugarcane among sugarcane growers. Padmaiah(1995) reported that, age had negative and nonsignificant relationship with the perception of usefulness of WDP (Watershed Development Programme) by respondents of watershed area. Muttana (2013) found that age hasnon-significant association with the perception of climate change before and after the year Adebisi-Adelani and Oyesola (2014) in their study on Farmers Perceptions of the effect of climate change on tomato production in Nigeria revealed that the typical respondent was at a productive age and perceived climate has changed. In most of the studies listed above it may be concluded that age of the respondents had no relationship with perception of farmers.

57 2.3.2 Education and perception Sudheendra (1986) found that, there was non-significant relation between education and perception about adoption pattern of sunflower. Nimbalkar and Pawar(1990) reported that, education was found to be non-significantly associated with perception regarding farm programme among televiewers. Arulraj and Ulagalandan(1995) found that, education exhibited a non-significant correlation with perception regarding early planting of sugarcane. Padmaiah(1995) reported that, education exhibited significant correlation with perception of usefulness of WDP (Watershed Development Programme) by respondents in watershed area. Padmaiah and Ansari(1997) pointed that, education exhibited a positive and significant relationship with perception about usefulness of WDP (Watershed Development Programme). Climate change and African agriculture review report (2006) observed that, the level of education (measured in years) also greatly increases the probability of adaptation. Muttanna (2013) found that education and perception of climate change had non-significant association before 2005 and significant after Adebisi-Adelaniand Oyesola (2014) revealed that the level of education is important in mitigating effectsof climate changes because education is an avenue to secure information. Climate change and African agriculture review report (2006) observed that, the level of education (measured in years) also greatly increases the probability of adoption.

58 In the light of above studies, it is worth including education as a variable and finds its impact on perception Farming experience and climate change perception Maddison (2006) indicated that, experience in farming increases the probability of uptake of adaptation measures to climate change. Muttana (2013) found that farming experience had high and positive significant association with the perception of climate change. Adebisi-Adelani and Oyesola (2014) reported that the typical respondent have several years of production experience Area under Alphonso and perception Sudheendra (1986) reported that, land holding was found to be non-significant association with perception regarding the adoption pattern of sunflower. Nimbalkar and Pawar(1990) found that, land holding had nonsignificant relationship with the perception of televiewers towards farm programmes. Patel and Patel (1993) cited that, farm size had a nonsignificant relation with perception regarding lab to land programme. Arulraj and Ulagalandan(1995) reported that, there was significant correlation between land holding and perception regarding early planting of sugarcane among sugarcane growers. Padmaiah(1995) in his study observed that, land holding had non-significant association with perception of the usefulness of WDP (Watershed Development Programme).

59 2.3.5 Extension contact and climate change perception Sudheendra (1986) found that, extension contact had a nonsignificant association with the perception towards adoption pattern of sunflower among sunflower growers. Arulraj and Ulagalandan(1995) reported that, extension contact had a positive significant relationship with the perception about early planting of sugarcane. Padmaiah(1995) cited that, extension contact exerted positively significant relation with perception of usefulness of WDP (Watershed Development Programme)by respondents. Nhemachena andhassan (2007) reported that, farmers with access to free extension services, credit and markets significantly increases the probability of taking up adaptation options except moving from faming to non-farming. Muttanna (2013) found that extension contact had positive and significant association with perception of climate change. Muller and Shackleton (2014) in the study on Perceptions of climate change and barriers toadaptation amongst commonage and commerciallivestock farmers in the semi-arid Eastern CapeKaroo revealed that all of the famers were members of a local agricultural association and, at the time of the study, had been receiving mentorship from commercial farmers in the region Mass media exposure and climate change perception Sudheendra (1986) reported that, mass media was found to be non-significantly associated with the perception regarding the adoption pattern of sunflower.

60 Nimbalkar and Pawar(1990) reported that, mass media contact had a significant association with perception towards farm programmes among televiewers. Ratnakar and Reddy (1991) reported that, mass media contact has non-significant association with perception among beneficiaries of ITDA programme. Arulraj and Ulagalandan(1995) pointed out that, there was no correlation between mass media contact and perception regarding early planting of sugarcane. Padmaiah(1995) reported that, mass media contact did not exhibit any relationship with the perception of usefulness of WDP (Watershed Development Programme). Muttana (2013) found that mass media exposure and perception of climate change was non-significant before 2005 and significant after Practices followed by the mango growers to avoid the effect of climate change. Nhemachena and Hassan (2007) suggested that, mixed crop and livestock farmers are associated with positive and significant adaptation to changes in climatic conditions compared to specialized crop and or livestock farmers. The mixed farming systems are better able to cope with changes to climatic conditions by taking up various changes in management practices. Shashidahra and Reddy (2012) cent per cent of the respondents didn t change in cropping pattern; however majority of the respondents didn t change in planting time (72.30per cent) and variety of crops grown (98.00per cent). Whereas cent per cent of the respondents used farm yard manure in farming, whereas more than

61 two-third of the respondents wanted to adopt improved technology in farmland interested to use green house plastic, use of compost, used in-situ manure, chemical fertilizer, used pesticides water source protection and ready to adopt improved practice in soil conservation activities. Shankaraetal. (2013) revealed that out of 120 respondents considered for the study only 49 and 62 farmers were growing rice and mulberry respectively. It was observed that all farmers (100per cent) had not taken any adaptation measures like changing of the long duration varieties to short duration, from short to long duration, changing of rice crop to other alternative crops, changing in the planting dates, spacing between rows and plants, quantity of fertilizer application, quantities of seeds and irrigation due to changes in the climate before 2000 in the rice production. 2.5 Suggestions of the mango growers to mitigate the climate change Ronak and Niranjan (2008) reported that in Dhala region of Rajasthan farmers have been blending traditional and improved farming practices to adapt to changes in climate they are experiencing. By including practices like mulching, new seeds or vermi composting, crop diversification, green manuring in their agriculture system. Shiraz (2008) conducted a study on adaptive agriculture in flood affected areas in Eastern Uttar Pradesh region. Farmers undertaken many adaptive measures against climate change, some of them are crop intensification, diversification, value addition, crop cycle management i.e. pre flood cultivation, cropping with floods and post flood cultivation.

62 Rautela (2005) discussed the indigenous technical knowledge inputs for effective disaster management practices by the people of Himalayan terrain region. He observed that during the course of their habitation the indigenous people through experience, experimentation and accumulated knowledge devised ways of reducing their vulnerability tonatural hazards. Studies showed that their understanding was fairly evolved in the areas ofearthquake, landslide and drought management and had devised efficient ways of mitigatingthe effect of natural or climatic changes. Wall and Smit (2005) in their study on climate change adaptation in light ofsustainable agriculture in Canada identified several climate and weather risk adaptationstrategies currently in use and notes their close links to sustainable agriculture practices. Forexample, switch on to different crops, adopting efficient irrigation systems or alteringproduction systems. FAO (2005) in an assessment of impact of climate change on agriculture and foodsecurity report indicated that climate change has direct effects on livestock productivity aswell as indirectly through changes on the availability of fodder and pastures. Climatedetermines the type of livestock most adapted to different agro-ecological zones and theanimals that are able to sustain rural community s rearing habits. Climate change is expectedto affect livestock at the species level. Nhemachena and Hassan (2007) conducted a study on various adaptation strategiesused by farmers in response to changing climatic conditions in Southern Africa and indicatedthat less than 40 per cent of the respondent did not adopt any adaptation strategies. Theresult also showed that mixed crop and livestock farmers were associated with positive andsignificant adaptation to changes in climatic conditions and female headed households

63 weremore likely to take up adaptation options. It is also found that households with access toelectricity, tractors, heavy machines and animal power have better chances of taking upadaptation options. Nyonget al. (2007) in their study entitled The value of indigenous knowledge inclimate change mitigation adaptation strategies in the African Sahel reported that local population in the African Sahel region had developed and implemented extensive mitigationand adaptation strategies through their indigenous knowledge systems that have enabledthem to reduce their vulnerability against climate change. Gahendar anddinanath (2008) in a study on An integrated approach to climatechange adaptation examined that the farmers of the Chitwan district of central Nepal hastaken up number of adaptations against climate change. They constructed check dams andother infrastructures, some of them replaced rice by maize, the stream beds have risenbecause of deposition of debris making water inaccessible for irrigation during stress period. Rajpal and Kumar (2008) in their study on Making an opportunity in changing climatescenario, a case of Himachal Pradesh indicated that the farmers of Kullu and Lahaul valleyregion converted the climate change problem in to opportunity where apple farmers affectedby climate change have shifted to crops like kiwi and pomegranate and getting good yield. Ronak and Niranjan (2008) reported that in Dhala region of Rajasthan farmershavebeen blending traditional and improved farming practices to adapt to changes in climate theyare experiencing. By including practices like mulching, new seeds or vermicomposting, crop diversification, green maturing in their agriculture system.

64 Shiraz (2008) conducted a study on adaptive agriculture in flood affected areas in Eastern Uttar Pradesh region and found that farmers undertaken many adaptive measures against climate change. Some of them are crop intensification, diversification, value addition, crop cyclemanagement i.e. pre flood cultivation, cropping with floods and post flood cultivation. Kumar (2009) in his study on Indigenous technical knowledge in agriculture publisheda number of indigenous technological knowledge on rain-water management, soil and waterconservation, wind erosion, tillage practices, crop and cropping systems, pests and diseasemanagement, soil fertility management, farm implements, post-harvest technology, grain orseed storage, horticultural crops, veterinary and animal husbandry, fishery, ethno-botany andagro-biodiversity, weather forecasting, fuel management, thermal efficiency, waste watermanagement, garbage disposal and management, food-product development, natural yarns,dyes, days and weaves, low-cost housing material and ethnic food. Reidsmaet al. (2010) in their study entitled Adaptation to climate change and climatevariability in European agriculture observed that management and adaptation can largely reducethe potential impacts of climate change and climate variability on crop yields and farmers income. Gajendra(2011) in the study on Perspectives of farmers on effect ofclimate change on agriculture and Livestock revealed more than half of the respondents suggested afforestation (58.00per cent). The importanceof this practice was published by awareness campaigns, school children and advertisement bymass media and other modern medias, so most of the farmers given this suggestion.creatingawareness about climate change and adaptation

65 strategies (55.33per cent), most of the farmerswere not aware about phenomena of changing climate and suitable adaptation strategies tocope with this, because climate change is a recent concept. Decomposing of farm wasteinstead of burning (52.00 per cent),local farmers observing emission of GHG through burning of farmwaste, crop residues and by-products, for controlling this source of global warming suggesteddecomposition of farm waste. Further, per cent of respondents suggested that thereshould be control on use of farm machineries and automobiles, followed by less dependencyon external inputs and more on locally available resources (39.00 per cent) and promotion of organicfarming (26.00 per cent), about per cent of the farmers expressed efficient soil and watermanagement strategies and percent of respondents suggested for using renewable energysources. Only per cent of the respondents suggested providing subsidies to climateproof technologies and government policy intervention to reduce carbon dioxide emission,higher education, cosmopoliteness, social participation and higher economic conditions arethe reason for this suggestion. These are the important suggestions expressed by farmersbased on their experience in farming over a long period. Development departments shouldthink over all these suggestions of farmers in order to fulfill their needs to cope up with illeffects of climate change.

66 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Research methodology deals with the description of the research methods and procedures used in present study. Detailed methodology was developed for studying all aspects in line with specific objectives and has been explained in this chapter. Considering the importance of research methodology; it has been divided into important subsections, so as to enable logical presentation as definitions, concepts, methods, procedures and techniques used for present study. The same has been described with relevant details under following heads. 3.1 Locale of study 3.2 Research design 3.3Sample and sampling procedure 3.4 Variables and their empirical measurement 3.5 Tools and techniques of data collection 3.6 Statistical analysis 3.7 Operational definitions 3.1 Locale of study Study was conducted in South Konkan region of Maharashtra state. It comprises of two districts, namely Sindhudurg and Ratnagiriwhich has been declared as Horticulture districts by the state government. Area under mango cultivation is also higher in these districts as compared to other districts of Konkan region. So, these two districts were selected purposively for the present study Topography The topography of both the districts is hilly and many villages are situated in remote interior area. The Ratnagiri district is located

67 on the western coast of India and lies between to north latitude and to east longitude. The Sindhudurg district is also located on the western coast of India and lies between to north latitude and to east longitude Boundaries The Ratnagiri district is bounded by Raigad district in north, Arabian Sea in the west, Sindhudurg district in the south and Sahyadri hills in the east. The Sindhudurg district is flanked by Arabian Sea in the west and Sahyadri hills in the east. The district is bounded by Ratnagiri district in the north and the states of Goa and Karnataka are situated on the south side Soils The soils of both the districts are lateritic with brownish red colour and are termed as rice soils and warkas soil. The ph of the soil ranges from 5.5 to 6.5, which indicate its acidic nature Climate Theclimate of both the districts is generally warm and humid. Monsoon rains are usually received during the month of June to September. The average annual precipitation is about 3000 mm to 3500 mm. The intensity of rain is high in the month of July. The temperature of the districts varies from 17 0 C to 36 0 C Crops Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the major staple food of the districts, followed by Nagli (Eleusinecoracana) and Vari (Panicummiliaceum). These crops are mainly grown in Kharifseason. After the harvest of kharif rice, the pulse crops namely Wal (Dolichus lablab), Cowpea

68 (Vignasinensis) and Mung (Vignaradiata) are grown on residual moisture. Among the horticultural crops, Mango (Mangiferaindica), Cashew (Anacardiumoccidentale L.), Coconut (Cocusnucifera) and Areca nut (Areca catechu) are the major fruit crops. 3.2 Research design Since the phenomenon under the study had already occurred and is an established fact, Ex-post-Facto research design was followed for the conduct of the study. 3.3 Sample and sampling procedure The sampling procedure adopted for this research study is as follows Selection of Tahsils Totally eight tahsils and from each belt, four tahsils namely Dapoli and Ratnagiri from Ratnagiri district, Devgad and Vengurle from Sindhudurg district each representing coastal belt. Lanja and Chiplun from Ratnagiri district Kudal and Sawantwadi from Sindhudurg district each representing middle belt and having maximum area under mango crop wasbe selected for present study Selection of villages Two villages from each tahsil, having maximum area under mango cultivation were selected. Thus study covered 16 villages Selection of respondents Eight farmers with minimum two hectares area growing Alphonso mango variety were randomly selected. This was be followed to get better response towards change in climate over the

69 years. So number of respondents were128. The details are given here under. Sl. No. Name of the district 1. Ratnagiri 2. Sindhudurg Costal belt tahsils Dapoli Ratnagiri Devgad Vengurle Name of the village No. of respondents Middle belt tahsils Name of the village No. of respond ents Kolthare 8 Dewadhe 8 Lanja Dabhol 8 Pali 8 Pawas 8 Gowalkot 8 Chiplun Malangund 8 Rampur 8 Nandan 8 Kochare 8 Kudal Mond 8 Pat 8 Vetore 8 Sawantwadi Nirawde 8 Mathond 8 Talawade 8 Sub total 64 Sub total 64 Total Variables and their empirical measurement Dependent variable Perception of mango growers about climate change and its effect on Alphonso production Hodgetts (1979) discussed a person s view of reality and he observed that no two people will have the same perception in life and no two people see things exactly alike. On this background an effort has been made to investigate the perception of mango growers regarding climate change in South Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra. In this study perception was operationalised as understanding and interpretation of mango growers in terms of changes in climate (rainfall and temperature) over a period of time based on their prior experience. Considering the importance of rainfall and temperature on the climate change, the perception of mango growers was assessed on the changes of these two indicators.

70 Based on the review of literature and by discussion with scientists, 6 statements were prepared covering the rainfall and temperature changes over a production period. Each statement was edited carefully to avoid ambiguity and confusion in understanding the meaning intended. Perception of respondents was assessed before and after 2005 separately in terms of temperature and rainfall. The respondents were asked to indicate their responses for each of the statements on two point continuum namely agree and disagree with a scoring pattern of 2,1 respectively for each of the statements, if it is correctly perceived by the mango growers as per the meteorological data otherwise the scoring was reversed as 1, Perception of mango growers about climate change (rainfall and temperature) Based on the review of literature and by discussion with scientists, 6 statements were prepared covering the rainfall and temperature changes over a production period. Each statement was edited carefully to avoid ambiguity and confusion in understanding the meaning intended. Perception of respondents was assessed before and after 2005 separately in terms of temperature and rainfall. The respondents were asked to indicate their responses for each of the statements on two point continuum namely agree and disagree with a scoring pattern of 2,1 respectively for each of the statements, if it is correctly perceived by the mango growers as per the meteorological data otherwise the scoring was reversed as 1, 2.The scoring pattern for each of the statement under before and after 2005 was given based on the meteorological data of the South Konkan as given below.

71 Sl. No Statements Less fluctuation rainfall pattern from June to October (south west monsoon). Increased in total amount of rainfall. Less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during summer (February 15 th to June 15 th ). Summer was getting warmer (February 15 th to June 15 th ). Less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during winter (November 15 th to February 15 th ) Experienced less extreme temperature (November 15 th to February 15 th ) Before 2005 After 2005 Agree Disagree Agree Disagree (Dapoli) 1 (Mulde) 1 (Dapoli) 2 (Mulde) 1 (Dapoli) 1 (Mulde) 2 (Dapoli) 2 (Mulde) The summated score was thus obtained from perception of rainfall and temperature for before 2005 and after 2005 as perception score of an individual respondent. The total maximum and minimum score an individual could get on this was 24 and 12, respectively. The total score was worked out for each respondents on the basis of these score respondents were further categorized as high perception, medium perception and low perception categories based on mean and standard deviation. Sl. No. Category Score 1. Low perception up to Medium perception 19 to High perception above 20 Mean = 19 SD = 1

72 Perception of mango growers about effect of climate change on Alphonso production For evaluating the perception of respondents on effect of climate change on the selected aspects of Alphonso mango production, the respondents were assessed before and after 2005 separately. The score one and zero were assigned for agree and disagree respectively based on their response. The details are presented here under. Sl. No Statements Change in Floral initiation pattern and time Change in Fruit setting time More effect on Premature fruit drop Response Before 2005 After 2005 Agree Disagree Agree Disagree More effect on Fruit setting More effect on Mango yield More effect on Incidence of disease More effect on Incidence of pest More effect on Physiological disorders (Sun scald on fruits) Increased Number of spraying Increased Concentration of chemical Severity Weed infestation Changes in Harvesting period The summated score was thus obtained from perception of effect of climate change on Alphonso production for before 2005 and after 2005 as perception score of an individual respondent. The

73 maximum and minimum score an individual could get on this was 12 and 0, respectively. The total score for each of the respondents was worked out. On the basis of these scoresrespondents were further categorized as high perception, medium perception and low perception categories based on mean ± standard deviation. Sl. No. Category Score 1. Low perception Up to Medium perception 6.91 to High perception above Mean = 9.49 SD = Other aspects of the study Mango growers adaptation to climate change According to UNDP, (2005), Adaptation is a process by which strategies to moderate, cope with and take advantage of the consequences of climatic events are enhanced, developed and implemented. In this study adaptation refers to the adjustments or alterations which are introduced by mango growers in their farming such as alteration in crop production, soil and water conservation measures in order to manage the losses or to take advantages of changes in climate. The adaptation measures introduced in major aspects of Alphonso mango production, soil and water conservation measures, subsidiary activities and migration were considered, for assessing adaptation. The details of the adoption measures considered in the study are given below.

74 Production technologies 1) Initiated to change mango variety 2) Application of growth regulators 3) Practice of integrated disease management 4) Practice of integrated pest management 5) Practice of integrated nutrient management 6) Irrigation at critical stage 7) Canopy management 8) Construction of farm pond 9) Contour bunds 10) Graded bunds 11) Ridges and furrows 12) Mulching 13) Drip irrigation 14) Inter cropping 15) Vegetative bunds 16) Contour trenches Subsidiary activities : 1) Dairy 2) Sheep rearing 3) Dairy + sheep rearing 4) Poultry 5) Poultry + sheep rearing 6) Dairy + sheep rearing + poultry 7) Poultry + dairy 8) Goat rearing Migration due to climate change Information regarding any of the family members of the respondents have migrated to the urban areas only due to climate change was recorded with details.

75 3.4.3 Independent variables Age The chronological age of the respondent at the time of interview was taken into consideration. The following categories of age were made by using formula mean ± standard deviation (S.D.). Sl. No. Category Age (years) 1. Young Up to Middle 44 to Old Above 60 Mean = S.D. = Education It is assumed that the formal education increases the potentiality to change an individual. With this view, the information regarding formal education successfully completed by the mango growers was taken into consideration. The following categories were made on the basis of formal educational level attained by the respondents. Sl. No Category Education (Std.) 1. Illiterate Not attended 2. Pre primary Up to 4 th 3. Primary 5 th to 7 th 4. Secondary 8 th to 10 th 5. Higher secondary 11 th to 12 th 6. College 13 th and above Similarly, one score was given for each successfully completed standard by the respondents. This score was considered for testing the relationship with dependent variable.

76 Farming experience It referred to the number of years actually spent by the respondent in farming. On the basis of farming experience, the respondents were grouped in to three categories on the basis of mean ±standard deviation (S.D.). Sl. No. Category Farming experience (years) 1. Low Up to Medium 27 to High Above 45 Mean= 36 S.D.= Area under Alphonso variety The area under Alphonso mango cultivation was taken into consideration. On the basis of minimum two heaters area put under Alphonso mango cultivation by the respondents, they were grouped into three categorieson the basis of mean ± ½standard deviation (S.D.). Sl. No. Category Area under Alphonso variety (ha) 1. Low Up to Medium 3.13 to High Above 5.94 Mean = 4.53 ½S.D. = Age of the orchard It referred to the number of years of the orchard from planting. The following categories of age of the orchard were made by using formula mean ± standard deviation (S.D.).

77 Sl. No. Category Age of the orchard (years) 1. Young Up to Middle 31 to Old Above 54 Mean = 42 S.D. = Yield of the mango It referred to the actual yield of mango fruits obtained in the previous year in tons per hectare from his/her orchard. Finally, they were categorized into three groups on the basis of mean ± S.D. Sl. No. Category Production (tons) 1. Low Up to Medium 1.05 to High Above 4.72 Mean = 2.88 S.D. = Extension contact Extension contact is operationalised as the awareness of the respondent about various extension agencies and their regularity of contact with the same to acquire information or advice to agriculture in general. The extension contact is measured with the help of scale developed by Sawant (1999). Quantification of the variable is done by assigning score one for awareness about extension agencies and zero for no awareness. A score of four, two, and zero was assigned regular, occasional and never respectively for the regularity of contact. Thus considering mean and standard deviation the respondents were grouped into three categories namely low, medium and high.

78 Sl. No. Category Extension contact (score) 1. Low Up to Medium 6.31 to High Above Mean = 9.55 S.D. = Social participation Social participation refers to the degree of involvement of the respondent in formal and/or informal organization, simply as a member or an officer bearer. The Social participation of respondents was measured with the help of scale developed by Nirban (2004). The social participation score of the respondent was calculated on the basis of the nature of their participation and the number of organizations they had participated in. A score of one was assigned to an individual when he/she was a member of organization; a score of two was given to the respondent who was the office bearer of an organization. Further, a score of two was given for regular participation, while one and zero score was given for occasional and never/no participation, respectively. Thus, the cumulative score was obtained for each respondent and finally, they were grouped into three categories considering the mean standard deviation (mean ± S.D.). Sl. No. Category Social participation (score) 1. Low Up to 2 2. Medium 3 to 6 3. High Above 6 Mean = 4 S.D. = 2

79 Market orientation Orientation of the individual towards marketing system is called as market orientation. The scale developed by Samantha (1977) was used to measure this variable. The scale consists of six items with three alternative responses for each item. The farmers were requested to check one of the alternatives to each item. The positive statements were given scores of three for agree and two and one score for somewhat agree and disagree; respectively and viceversa in case of negative statement. The score for each individual was obtained by summation of the score awarded for each one of the items included. Based on the total score obtained by the respondents, they were grouped into three categories as under considering mean and ± standard deviation (S.D.). Sl. No. Category Market orientation (score) 1 Low Up to Medium to High Above Mean = S.D. = Risk Orientation Risk orientation is the degree to which the respondent is inclined towards risk and uncertainty and has courage to face the problems in farming. The risk orientation of respondents was measured with the help of risk preference scale developed by Supe (2007) with some modifications. The score for each respondent on risk orientation was obtained by summation of score awarded for each of the item included.

80 Thus, the maximum score an individual may get was eighteen and minimum was six. Categorization of the respondents was done by considering the mean ± standard deviation (S.D.). Sl. No. Category Risk orientation(score) 1 Low Up to Medium to Large Above Mean = S.D. = Scientific orientation It is the degree to which a farmer is oriented to the use of Scientific methods in decision making and farming. This variable was measured with the help of scale developed by Supe (2007). This Scale consisted with six items. Of these six statements, first five statements are positive and statement number six is negative. The responses are to be recorded on five points continuum ranging from strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree and strongly disagree. The respondents were grouped into three categories by using mean ± standard deviation (S.D.). Sl. No. Category Scientific orientation (score) 1 Low Up to Medium to High Above Mean = S.D. = Mass media exposure Mass media means of communication which reach and influence large people within short time. Exposure of the respondents to mass media namely radio, television, internet,

81 newspaper, farm magazine and extension publication are taken into consideration. This variable was measured with the help of scale developed by Nirban (2004). Score is allotted to the respondents for receiving knowledge about agriculture and allied enterprise from each of the selected mass media. The score of the two for always receiving while one and zero for sometimes and never receiving information, respectively. Thus, cumulative score is obtained by summing up the scores by the respondent for all the mass media listed in the schedule. Likewise, the mass media exposure for all the respondents is worked out and they are classified into three categories namely, low medium and high by using mean and standard deviation. Sl. No. Category Mass media exposure (score) 1 Low Up to Medium 4.61 to High Above 8.71 Mean = 6.66 S.D. = Tools and techniques of data collection The data were collected with the help of a specially designed interview schedule by keeping in view the objectives of the study Construction of schedule An interview schedule was prepared, so as to collect the information in line with the objectives of the study. It was developed into two parts. Part first included the questions about the profile characteristics of the respondents. Part second was about perception of climate change and effect on Alphonso mango production and other aspects of the study.

82 3.5.2 Pretesting of interview schedule The interview schedule was pre-tested in non- sampled area by interviewing twenty respondents of Gudge village of Dapolitahsil of Ratnagiri district and Kasal village of Kudalthasil. Necessary modifications were carried out on the basis of observations made during pre-testing and schedule was finalized to collect the final data (Appendix III) Collection of data Personal interview technique was used for data collection. Before starting an interview, the investigator introduced himselfand explained the purpose of his visit to each respondent. During the course of interview, the questions were explained to them to ensure proper understanding. This helped in getting appropriate responses. The filled in interview schedule were checked immediately after the closure of interview for their completion in all respects. 3.6 Statistical analysis The data were computed and processed and the established parameters like mean, frequencies, percentage and standard deviation were used as per requirement Mean The arithmetic mean was calculated by summing all the individual score dividing it by the number of cases. The formula was. X n i 1 n Xi = Arithmetic mean i = Total score n = Number of respondents

83 3.6.2 Standard Deviation (S.D.) The standard deviation is found by taking the difference of each item in the series from the arithmetic mean ( ). Squaring the difference (X-X) 2. Summing all the squares difference (X-X) 2 diving by number of item (N) and then extracting the square root. S. D. Where, ( Xi X ) ( n 1) S.D. = 2 Standard Deviation Xi X = Deviation from mean n = Number of respondents Coefficient of correlation The coefficient of correlation measures the degree of correlation existing between two variables. A good measure of coefficient of correlation is one, which supplies the answer in pure number, independent of the units of which the variables have been expressed and also indicates the direction of correlation. Pearson s correlation coefficient (r) was worked out for assessing the degree of association between the personal and socio-economic characteristics and extent of participation of the farmers. Where, rxy = n = Number of respondents xy 1/n X - Y X 2 ( X) 2 Y 2 - ( X) 2 n n rxy = Correlation coefficient between X and Y

84 3.7 Operational definitions Definitions of some of the terms used in the present study are given below 1) Mango grower A person who has more than 100 mango trees who himself was looking after the management of mango orchard and undertaking plant protection measures on his own. 2) Age Chronological age of the mango growers at the time of interview. 3) Education It refers to the number of years of formal education successfully completed by the respondents. 4) Farming experience It refers to number of years actually spent by the respondents in farming. 5)Area under Alphonso mango Actual area brought under Alphonso mango cultivation by the respondents in hectare. 6) Age of the orchard Itrefersthe number of years of the orchard from planting 7) Yield of the mango It is the actual yield of mango fruits obtained in previous year in tonnes per hectare.

85 8)Extension contact It is the operationalised as the awareness of the respondent about various extension agencies and their regularity of contact with the same to acquire information or advice to agriculture in general. 9)Social participation It refers to the degree of involvement of the respondent in formal and informal organization, simply as a member or an office bearer. 10)Market orientation It is operationally defined as the degree to which a farmer is oriented towards production and marketing function of the farm. 11) Risk orientation It is the degree to which the respondent is oriented towards risk and uncertainty and has courage to face the problems in farming. 12) Scientific orientation It is the degree to which a farmer is oriented to the use of scientific methods in decision making and farming. 13) Mass media exposure Mass media means of communication which reach and influence large people with a short time. Exposure of the respondents to mass media namely radio, television, internet, newspaper, farm magazine and extension publication are taken in to consideration. 14) Perception The ability to see, hears, or become aware of something through the senses. Is the set of processes by which an individual

86 becomes aware of and interprets information about the environment (Lindsay and Norman, (1977). 15) Climate change It refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g. using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. (IPCC, 2007) 16) Mitigation It refers to the elimination or reduction of the frequency, magnitude, or severity of exposure to risk, or minimization of the potential impact of a threat or warning. 17) Effect It refers to a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause.

87 CHAPTERIV RESULT AND DISCUSSION The findings of the investigation have been presented under the following headings. 4.1 Profile of the Alphonso mango growers 4.2 Perception of Alphonso mango growers about climate change 4.3Adaptation measures initiated in response to climate change 4.4Relationship of the independent variables with perception of climate change 4.5 Suggestions of Alphonso mango growers to mitigate ill effects of climate change 4.1 Profile of the Alphonso mango growers The data in respect of the selected personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of the commercial mango growers are presented and discussed in this part Age Table 1. The data regarding age of the respondents are presented in Table 1: Distribution of the respondents according to their age Sl. No. Age (years) Number Respondents Percentage 1 Young (Upto 43 ) Middle (44 to 60) Old (Above 60) Total Mean = years S.D = 8.49

88 The data from Table 1 revealed that, majority (70.31per cent) of the respondents were in the middle age group, while per cent of the respondents were in the young age group and 14.06per cent of them were in old age group. The average age of the respondents was 51 years. It can be concluded from these findings that of the respondents age might have been influencing their perception level about climate change effect on Alphonso mango. The findings were similar to the findings of Borate (2002), Misal (2002), and Naik (2006) and dissimilar to the findings of Kadam (2006), SnehaGodse (2010), Kawale (2011), and Pawar (2015) Education 2. The education levels of respondents are presented in the Table Table 2: Distribution of the respondents according to their Sl. No. education Education level (Std.) Number Respondents Percentage 1. Illiterate Pre primary(up to 4 th ) Primary(5 th to 7 th ) Secondary(8 th to 10 th ) Higher secondary(11 th to 12 th ) Graduation (13 th and above) Total Mean =10 th standard

89 It is found from Table 2 that a maximum number (31.25 per cent) of the respondents had completed secondary education followed by graduation (26.56 per cent), higher secondary education (19.53 per cent), primary education (14.06 per cent). Less than one tenth (7.03 per cent)of the respondents had preprimary education and only 1.56 per cent of the respondents were illiterate. On an average the respondents education was 10 th standard. The findings were similar to the findings of Thorat (2003), Kadam (2006), and dismillar to Pawar (2013) Kawale (2014) and Wagh (2015) Farming experience Data regarding farming experience of the respondents in mango cultivation are presented in Table 3. Table 3: Distribution of the respondents according to their Sl. No. farming experience Farming experience (Years) Number It is observed from Table 3, that majority (68.75 per cent) of the respondents had medium farming experience, while remaining per cent and per cent of the respondents had low and high farming experience, respectively. On an average, the respondents had 36 years of farming experience. Respondents Percentage 1. Low (Up to 27) Medium (28 to 45) High (Above 45) Total Mean = 36 S.D = 9

90 The farming experience helps in effective perception and to initiate, find innovative and adoption measure that required mitigating the effect of climate change on Alphonso mango. The findings were similar to the findings of Kadam (2006), SnehaGodse (2010), Pawar (2013) and Pawar (2015) and dissimilar tothe findings ofkawale (2011), Sorate (2011), PoojaChaudhari (2014), and Wagh (2015) Area under Alphonso mango The data regarding area under Alphonso mango owned by the respondents with minimum two heaters are shown in Table 4. Table 4: Distribution of the respondents according to their area Sl. No. under Alphonso Area under Alphonso (ha.) Number Respondents Percentage 1. Low(Up to 3.12) Medium(3.13 to 5.94) High(above 5.94) Total Mean = 4.53 ha ½ S.D. = 1.41 Data regards to area under Alphonso mango, it could be observed from Table 4, that nearly half (41.41 per cent) of the respondents were having low area under Alphonso mango plantation, whereas, more than one fourth (33.59 per cent) of the respondents were having medium and one fourth (25.00 per cent)of the respondents have high area under Alphonso mango plantation.on an average, the mango growers were having 4.53 ha of land under Alphonso mango plantation. The area of Alphonso may positively influence the perception of climate change and to initiate the adoption measures.

91 The findings were similar to the findings of Satale (2005), PoojaChaudhari (2014), and Pawar (2015) and dissimilar to the findings of Kawale (2011), Kawale (2014), and Wagh (2015) Age of the orchard The data regarding to age of the orchard of the respondents are shown in Table 5. Table 5: Distribution of the respondents according to their age Sl. No. of the orchard Age of the orchard (years) Number Respondents Percentage 1. Young (Up to 30) Middle (31 to 54 ) Old (Above 54) Total Mean = 42 years S.D = 12 It is observed from above Table 5 that majority (60.16 per cent) of the Alphonso mango orchard belongs to middle age group, per cent and per cent of the orchard belongs to young and old age group, respectively. On an average the age of the orchard was 42 years. The findings were similar to the findings of Mundekar (1993) Yield of the Alphonso The data regarding to yield of the Alphonso mango of the respondents are shown in Table 6.

92 Table 6: Distribution of the respondents according to their yield Sl. No. of the Alphonso Yield(tons/ ha) Number Respondents Percentage 1. Low (Up to 1.04) Medium (1.05 to 4.72 ) High (Above 4.72) Total Mean = 2.88 tons S.D = 1.84 Its observed from the Table 6 that three fourth (75.78 per cent) of the respondents belongs to medium yield group and per cent and 8.59 per cent belongs to high and low yield group, respectively. On an average the mean yield of the Alphonso mango is 2.88 tons per ha. The data shows the variation in yield and this might be due to effect of climate change on the crop. The findings were similar to the findings of Misal (2002), Kadam (2006), and Kawale (2014) and dissimilar to the findings of Borate (2002), Satale (2005), SnehaGodse (2010), and Joshi (2012) Extension contact The data regarding to extension contact of the respondents are shown in Table 7. It is observed from the data presented in Table 7 that more than three fifth (62.50 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of extension contact, while more than one fourth (26.56 per cent) and per cent of the respondents had high and low level of extension contact, respectively. The average extension contact score of the respondents was 9.55.

93 Table 7: Distribution of the respondents according to their extension contact Sl. No. Extension contact (score) Number Respondents Percentage 1. Low (Up to 6.30) Medium (6.31 to 12.79) High(Above 12.79) Total Mean = 9.55 score S.D = 3.25 It can be concluded from these findings that majority of the respondents are having active extension contact. This ultimately might have been influencing their perception level about climate change effect on Alphonso mango. The findings were similar to the findings of Kawale (2014) and dissimilar to the findings of Misal (2002), Kawale (2011), Pawar (2015), and Waghmode (2015) Social participation The data regarding to social participation of the respondents are shown in Table 8. Table 8: Distribution of the respondents according to their Sl. No. social participation Social participation (score) Number Respondents Percentage 1. Low (Up to 1.62) Medium (1.63 to 5.96) High (Above 5.96) Total Mean = 3.79 score S.D = 2.17 It is observed from the data presented in Table 8 that more than three fifth (60.94per cent) of the respondents had medium

94 level of social participation, while nearly one fourth (24.22per cent) and per cent of the respondents had high and low level of social participation, respectively. The average social participation score of the respondents was It can be concluded from these findings that majority of the respondents had participated in the activities of social organisation. This ultimately might have been influencing their perception level about climate change effect on Alphonso mango production. The findings were similar to the findings of Kawale (2014) and dissimilar to the findings of Thorat (2003), Chorge (2009), Kawale (2011), and Pawar (2015) Risk orientation The data in respect of risk orientation of the respondents are given in Table 9. Table 9: Distribution of the respondents according to their risk Sl. No. orientation Risk orientation (score) Number Respondents Percentage 1. Low (Up to 19.59) Medium (19.60 to 24.48) High (Above 24.48) Total Mean = score S.D = 2.44 It is evident from above Table 10that majority (73.43 per cent) of the respondents had medium risk orientation, while per cent of them had high risk orientation and per cent of the respondents had low risk orientation. The average risk orientation score of respondents was

95 It can be concluded from these findings that majority of the respondents are risk oriented. This might have been influencing their perception level about climate change effect on Alphonso mango production and to take adoption measures to mitigate it. The findings were similar to the findings of Nejkar (2008) and SnehaGodse (2010) and dissimilar to the findings of Kawale (2014), PoojaChaudhari (2014) and Waghmode (2015) Market orientation The information regardingdistribution of the respondents according to their market orientation is given in Table 10. Table 10: Distribution of the respondents according to their Sl. No. market orientation Market orientation (score) Number Respondents Percentage 1. Low (Up to 20.09) Medium (20.10to 22.90) High (Above 22.90) Total Mean = score S.D = 1.40 The data presented in Table 10 regarding market orientation indicated that majority (72.66 per cent) of the respondents were in the medium category, while one fourth (25.00 per cent) and per cent of the respondents were in low and high category, respectively. On an average, the market orientation score of the mango growers was It can be concluded from these findings that majority of the respondents are market oriented. This might have been influencing their perception level about climate change effect on Alphonso

96 mango production and to take adoption measures to mitigate it and to maintain the competition in the market. The findings were similarthe findings of Misal (2002), Yadav (2004) and Kadam (2006) and dissimilar to the findings of Thorat (2003) and Waghmode (2015) Scientific orientation The information regardingdistribution of the respondents according to their scientific orientation is given in Table 11. Table 11: Distribution of the respondents according to their Sl. No. scientific orientation Scientific orientation (score) Number Respondents Percentage 1. Low (Up to 22) Medium (23 to 24) High (Above 24) Total Mean = score S.D = 1.54 The data presented in Table 11 regarding scientific orientation indicated that majority (70.31 per cent) of the respondents were in the medium category, while per cent and per cent of the respondents were in low and high category, respectively. On an average, the scientific orientation score of the Alphonso mango growers was It can be concluded from these findings that majority of the respondents are scientifically oriented. This ultimately might have been influencing their perception level about climate change effect on Alphonso mango production and to initiate adoption measure to mitigate the ill effects and to maintain the quality of the produce.

97 The findings were similar to the findings of Bhapkar (1994) and Pawar (2013) and dissimilarto the findings of SnehaGodse (2010) and Kawale (2014) Mass media exposure The information regardingdistribution of the respondents according to their mass media exposure is given in Table 12. Table 12: Distribution of the respondents according to their Sl. No. mass media exposure Mass media exposure (score) Number Respondents Percentage 1. Low (Up to 4.60) Medium (4.61to 8.71) High (Above 8.71) Total Mean = 6.66 score S.D = 2.05 It is observed from the data presented in Table 12 that majority (67.97 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of mass media exposure, while 19.53per cent and 12.50per cent of the respondents had high and low level of mass media exposure, respectively. The average mass media exposure score of the respondents was It can be concluded from these findings that majority of the respondents are having active mass media exposure to seek and gain the knowledgeregarding climate change. This ultimately might have been influencing their perception level about climate change effect on Alphonso mangoto initiate adoption measure to mitigate the ill effects and to maintain the quality of the produce and innovativeness.

98 The findings were similar to the findings of Kawale (2014) and dissimilar to the findings of ShubhangiRanaware (2005), Tambat (2007), Pawar (2011) and Kawale (2011). 4.2 Perception of Alphonso mango growers about climate change Perception about climate change is the interpretation of Alphonso mango growers in terms of changes in climate over a period of a time based on their prior experience. In this context Alphonso mango growers were interviewed to know whether they perceived any changes in the climate on major aspects like rainfall and temperature over a period by using structured schedule. The results were described as below Perception of Alphonso mango growers about climate change (rainfall and temperature) The data with respect of perception of mango growers about climate change i.e. rainfall and temperature are presented in Table 13. Data with respect to perception of Alphonso mango growers about changes in the rainfall and temperature are presented in two time intervals such as before and after the year 2005 in Table 13.

99 Table 13: Perception of mango growersabout climate change with respect to rainfall and temperature Sl. No Particulars Less fluctuation in rainfall pattern from June to October (south west monsoon). Increased in total amount of rainfall. Less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during summer (February 15 th to June 15 th ). Summer was getting warmer (February 15 th to June 15 th ). Less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during winter (November 15 th to February 15 th ) Experienced less extreme temperature (November 15 th to February 15 th ) Positively perceived 98 (76.56) 30 (23.44) 63 (49.22) 89 (69.53) 35 (27.34) 93 (72.66) Before 2005 After 2005 Negatively perceived 30 (23.44) 98 (76.56) 65 (50.78) 39 (30.47) 93 (72.66) 35 (27.34) Positively perceived 115 (89.84) 115 (89.84) 128 (100.00) 128 (100.00) 0 (0.00) 64 (50.00) (Figure in the parenthesis indicate percentages) Negatively perceived 13 (10.16) 13 (10.16) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 128 (100.00) 64 (50.00) The above data shows that before 2005, majority of the respondents positively perceived that there was less fluctuation in rainfall pattern (76.56 per cent)and summer was getting warmer (69.53 per cent) and experienced less extreme temperature (72.66 per cent). While, majority of the respondents negatively perceived that there was increased in total amount of rainfall (76.56 per cent),

100 less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during winter(72.66 per cent) and less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during summer (50.78 per cent). The results further revealed that after 2005, majority of the mango growers positively perceived that there was less fluctuation in rainfall pattern from June to October(89.84 per cent), and increased in total amount of rainfall (89.84 percent). All the respondents positively perceived that there was less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during summer ( per cent) and summer was getting warmer ( per cent).half of the respondents positively perceived that they experienced less extreme temperature during November 15 th to February 15 th (50.00 per cent). While all the respondents negatively perceived that there was less fluctuation pattern of temperature during winter ( per cent). The negative perception with respect to rainfall and temperature may be due to memory factor over a time period and pre assumed factor about the climate change phenomenon Perceived effect of climate change on production of Alphonso mango Effect of climate change refers to the degree to which, severity of climatic parameters like rainfall and temperature and their ill effects on crop production, water resource availability and natural phenomenon.

101 Table 14: Perceived effect of climate change on production of Sl. No Alphonso mango Particulars 1. Change in floral initiation pattern and time 2. Change in fruit setting time 3. More effect on premature fruit drop 4. More effect on mango yield 5. More effect on incidence of disease 6. More effect on incidence of pest 7. More effect on physiological disorders (Sun scald on fruits) 8. Increased number of spraying 9. Increased concentration of chemical 10. Severity weed infestation 11. Changes in harvesting period Frequency of the respondents Before 2005 After 2005 Agree Disagree Agree Disagree 10 (7.81) 6 (4.69) 12 (9.38) 8 (6.25) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 118 (92.19) 122 (95.31) 116 (90.63) 120 (93.75) 128 (100.00) 128 (100.00) 128 (100.00) 128 (100.00) 128 (100.00) 118 (92.19) 91 (71.09) 96 (75.00) 124 (96.88) 114 (89.06) 114 (89.06) 87 (67.97) 87 (67.97) 106 (82.81) 0 (0.00) 128 (100.00) 0 (0.00) (0.00) (100.00) (96.88) (Figure in the parenthesis indicate percentages) 10 (7.81) 37 (28.91) 32 (25.00) 4 (3.13) 14 (10.94) 14 (10.94) 41 (32.03) 41 (32.03) 22 (17.17) 128 (100.00) 4 (3.13) Results on perceived effect of climate change on production aspects of Alphonso mango are presented in the Table 14. A cursory look at the Table 14reveals that before the year 2005,majority of the respondents disagreed with the change in floral initiation pattern and time (92.19 per cent), fruit setting time (95.31 per cent), more effect on premature fruit drop (90.63 per cent), mango yield (93.75 per cent), while cent percent ( per cent) disagreed with change in more effect on incidence of

102 disease, more effect on incidence of pest, more effect on physiological disorders (Sun scald on fruits), increased number of spraying, increased concentration of chemical, severity weed infestation, changes in harvesting period. After the year 2005, majority of the respondents agreed with the change in floral initiation pattern and time (92.19 per cent), change in fruit setting time (71.09 per cent), more effect on premature fruit drop (75.00 per cent), more effect on mango yield (96.88 per cent), more effect on incidence of disease (89.06 per cent), more effect on incidence of pest (89.06 per cent), more effect on physiological disorders (Sun scald on fruits) (67.97 per cent), increased number of spraying (67.97 per cent), increased concentration of chemical (82.81 per cent), changes in harvesting period (96.88 per cent), and cent per cent (100.00) disagreed with change in severity weed infestation. The response is due their field experience, observations and changed in cultivation practices to mitigate the climate change effect in their orchard to maintain and sustain the benefits Overall perception of mango growers about climate change Overall perception of mango growers about climate change with respect to rainfall and temperature and its effect on Alphonso mango production was studied. The data in this regard are presented in Table 15.

103 Table 15: Classification of the respondents according to their overall perception about climate change Sl. No. Overall perception (Score) Number Respondents Percentage 1. Low (Up to 26) Medium (27 to 32) High (Above 32) Total Mean = 29 score S.D = 3 It is observed from above Table 15 more than three fourth (78.91 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of perception, about per cent had low level of perception followed by high level of perception 6.25 per cent.the average perception score was 29. The findings were similar to the findings of Sarkaret al.(2012), Shashidahara and Reddy (2012). 4.3 Relationship between profile characteristics of the respondents with their overall perception The relationship between the selected characteristics traits of the Alphonso mango growers and their perception was tested by computing the correlation coefficient (r) and presented in Table 16.

104 Table 16:Relationship of personal, socio-economic and Sl. No. psychological characteristics of the respondents with their overall perception Characters r value 1. Age ** 2. Education * 3. Farming experience ** 4. Area under Alphonso variety NS 5. Age of the orchard NS 6. Yield of the mango ** 7. Extension contact ** 8. Social participation NS 9. Market orientation NS 10. Risk orientation ** 11. Scientific orientation * 12. Mass media exposure * * the level of 0.05 per cent ** the level of 0.01per cent NS Non-significant Age and overall perception about climate change The relationship between age of the Alphonso growers and their perception of climate change waspositively significant at 0.01level. Thus, it could be said that ageof the Alphonso growers had significant impact on their overall perception of climate change and effect of climate change on Alphonso production. It means, the Alphonso growers from all the categories of age had different level perception of climate change. Age factor relates to their observation and experience. Age helps the mango growers in comparison of two

105 time interval because climate change is natural phenomena which is a long time slow process. The findings were similar to the findings of Adebisi-Adelani and Oyesola (2014) and dissimilar to the findings of Sudheendra (1986), Nimbalkar and Pawar (1990),Arulraj and Ulagalandan (1995) Muttanna (2013) Education and overall perception about climate change The relationship between education of Alphonso growers and overall perception of climate change and effect of climate change on Alphonso production was positively significant. Thus, it could be said that education of the Alphonso growers had significant impact on their perception. Formal education provides man s positive outlook towards ideas and issues and contribute to the advancement of welfare of farming. Education is likely to enhance farmer s ability to receive,interpreteand comprehend information needed to make innovative decisions. The findings were similar tothe findings of Padmaiah (1995),Padmaiah and Ansari (1997) and Climate Change and African Agriculture Review Report (2006) and dissimilar to the findings of Sudheendra (1986), Nimbalkar and Pawar (1990) and Arulraj and Ulagalandan (1995) Farming experience and overall perception about climate change The relationship between farming experience of Alphonso growers and overall perception of climate change and effect of climate change on Alphonso production has positively significant. Thus, it could be said that farming experience of the Alphonso growers had major impact on their perception of climate change. Involvement of the farmers in the farming practices for a long period

106 of time leads to perceive correctly than lay ones about the actual climate change. Their experience for a longer period might have helped them to understand the change in climate and its effect on mango production over the years. The findings were similar to the findings of Maddison (2006), Muttanna (2013) and Adebisi-Adelani and Oyesola (2014) Area under Alphonso variety and overall perception about climate change The relationship between area under Alphonso variety of the respondents and their overall perception of climate change was nonsignificant. Thus, it could be said that area under Alphonso variety of the Alphonso growers had least impact on their overall perception of climate change. It means,all the Alphonso growers had more or less same level perception of climate change natural phenomena which can be observed and experienced by everyone without difference in Alphonso area holding. The findings were similar to the findings of Arulraj and Ulagalandan (1995) and dissimilar to the findings of Sudheendar (1986), Nimbalkar and Pawar (1990). Patel and Patel (1993) and Padmaiah (1995) Age of the orchard and overall perception about climate change The relationship between age of the orchard of the Alphonso growers and their overall perception of climate change was nonsignificant. Thus, it could be said that age of the orchard of the Alphonso had no impact on their overall perception of climate change.

107 4.3.6Yield of the mango and overall perception about climate change The relationship between yield of the mango of the Alphonso growers and their overall perception of climate change waspositively significant. Thus, it could be said that yield of the Alphonso mango had significant impact on their perception of climate change.climate change has direct effect on the yield of the mango which can be observed, recorded and easily comparable Extension contact and overall perception about climate change The relationship between extension contact of the Alphonso growers and their overall perception of climate change was positively significant. Thus, it could be said that extension contact of the Alphonso growers had major impact on their overall perception of climate change. Contact with extension on agencies helps the farmers to gather the proper information about the phenomenon correctly and to adopt or initiate the changes needed in production aspects. The findings were similar to the findings of Arulraj and Ulagalandan (1995) and Padmaiah (1995) and dissimilar to the findings of Sudheendra (1986) Social participation and overall perception about climate change The relationship between social participation of the Alphonso growers and their perception of climate change was negatively nonsignificant Climate change is a natural phenomena which can be observed and experienced by everyone in spite of their different level social participation.

108 4.3.9 Market orientation and overall perception about climate change The relationship between market orientation of the Alphonso growers and their overall perception of climate changewasnegatively non-significant. Thus, it could be said that market orientation of the Alphonso growers had no significant impact on their overall perception of climate change. It means, the Alphonso growers from all the categories had different level perception of climate change. It s because climate change is natural phenomena which can be observed and experienced by everyone Risk orientation and overall perception about climate change The relationship between risk orientation of the Alphonso growers and their overall perception of climate change was positively significant. Thus, it could be said that risk orientation of the Alphonso growers had significant impact on their perception of climate change. Even though climate change is a natural phenomenon which can be observed and experienced by everyone but risk oriented farmers perceive it properly to mitigate it Scientific orientation and overall perception about climate change The relationship between scientific orientation of the Alphonso growers and their overall perception of climate change was positively significant. Thus, it could be said that scientific orientation of the Alphonso growers had significant impact on their overall perception of climate change. Scientifically oriented farmers might have perceived the climate positively to overcome the ill effects by taking required measures and adoption practices to maintain the potential

109 of their orchard and to reduce the causes for climate change due to their farming practices Mass media exposureand overall perception about climate change The relationship between mass media exposure of the Alphonso growers and their overall perception of climate change was positively significant. Thus, it could be said that mass media exposure of the Alphonso growers had significant impact on their overall perception of climate change. Mass media might have helped them to collect the information on climate change well in advance and accordingly they might have taken proper steps to reduce its effect on mango production. The findings were similar to the findings of Nimbalkar and Pawar (1990) and dissimilar to the findings of Sudheendra (1986), Ratnakar and Reddy (1991), Arulraj and Ulgalandan (1995) and Padhmaiah (1995). 4.4 Adaptation measures initiated in response to climate change In this study adaptation is some adjustments or alterations which are introduced by farm women in their farming, such as alteration in crop production aspects in order to reduce the losses or to take advantages of changes in climate. Climate change is one which adversely affecting on production of Alphonso mango since they have initiated many adoption measures, in order to sustain the production and they are taking many alternative strategies to mitigate the ill effects of climate change. With this background important adaptation measures initiated by Alphonso mango growers in response to climate change were studied.

110 4.4.1Adaptation measures initiated in response to climate change about mango production Data presented in the Table 17 depicts that the adaptation measures initiated by Alphonso mango growers in response to climate change, none of the respondents initiated to change mango variety before 2005 and after 2005, per cent of respondents intended to change Alphonso variety and they are interested in Ratna variety. Before 2005, majority of the respondents initiated the practices like integrated pest management (IPM) (67.19 per cent) and integrated nutrient management (INM) (72.66 per cent). While majority of them not initiated the practices namely application of growth regulators (65.63 per cent), practices of integrated disease management (71.09 per cent), number of irrigation given or irrigation at critical stage (84.38 per cent) and canopy management (65.63 per cent). After the year 2005, majority of the respondents initiated adoption measure like application of growth regulators (82.61 per cent), practice of integrated pest management (IPM) (81.25 per cent), practice of integrated nutrient management (INM) (81.25 per cent), and practice of integrated disease management (IDM) (58.59 per cent), canopy management (69.53 per cent), and irrigation at critical stage (42.97 per cent). The increase in the adoption practices is due to a necessary measure needed to mitigate the climate.

111 Table 17: Adaptation measures initiated in response to climate change by the mango growers Sl. No Adaptation measures initiated in Alphonso mango production Initiation in change of mango variety Application of growth regulators 3. Practice of IDM 4. Practice of IPM 5. Practice of INM Number of irrigation given or Irrigation at Critical stage Canopy management Frequency and Percentage of the respondents Before 2005 After 2005 Initiated 0 (0.00) 44 (34.88) 37 (28.91) 86 (67.19) 93 (72.66) 20 (15.63) Not initiated Initiated 128 (100.00) 84 (65.63) 91 (71.09) 42 (32.81) 35 (27.34) 108 (84.38) 16 (12.50) Ratna 106 (82.61) 75 (58.59) 104 (81.25) 104 (81.25) 55 (42.97) 44 (34.38) 84 (65.63) 89 (69.53) (Figure in parentheses indicate percentages) Not initiated 112 (87.50) 22 (17.19) 53 (41.41) 24 (18.75) 24 (18.75) 73 (57.03) 39 (30.47) Adaptation measures initiated in soil and water conservation practices Data presented in the Table 18 depicts the adaptation measures initiated by Alphonso mango growers before and after the year 2005 in response to climate change with respect to soil and water conservation practices. Before the year 2005 cent per cent respondents adopted contour bunds and majority of the respondents adopted graded bunds (72.66 per cent). More than half of the respondents adopted vegetative bunds (62.50 per cent), and contour trenches (57.81 per cent). Less than half of the respondents adopted mulching practice

112 (45.31 per cent) and ridges and furrows (44.53 per cent). Only per cent respondents adopted drip irrigation and 6.25 per cent adopted farm pond and none of them adopted inter cropping practice. After the year 2005 only three adoption practices namely farm pond (11.72 per cent), mulching (65.63 per cent), and drip irrigation (42.97 per cent) has increased and rest of the practices remains same as observed in before the year Table 18: Adaptation measures initiated in soil and water Sl. No. conservation practices by respondents Soil and water conservation practices Frequency and Percentage of the respondents Before 2005 After 2005 Adapted Not adapted Adapted 1. Farm pond (6.25) (93.75) (11.72) 2. Contour bunds (100.00) (0.00) (100.00) 3. Graded bunds (72.66) (27.34) (72.66) 4. Ridges and furrows (44.53) (55.47) (44.53) 5. Mulching (45.31) (54.69) (65.63) 6. Drip irrigation (15.63) (84.38) (42.97) 7. Inter cropping (0.00) (100.00) (4.69) 8. Vegetative bunds (62.50) (37.50) (62.50) 9. Contour trenches (57.81) (42.19) (57.81) (Figure in parentheses indicate percentages) Not adapted 113 (88.28) 0 (0.00) 35 (27.34) 71 (55.47) 44 (34.38) 73 (57.03) 112 (95.31) 48 (37.50) 54 (42.19) There was no change in adoption measures like contour bunds, graded bunds, ridges and furrows, vegetative bund, contour trenches as the measures are fixed and depended on land

113 topography which has not changed after And the measures like farm pond, mulching, drip irrigation, inter cropping were adopted to reduces the soil and water loss and to effective utilization of the resources for sustainable production which is sine qua non Subsidiary activities initiated due to climate change The research reveals that none of the respondents initiated the subsidiary activities due to climate change Migration due to climate change The research reveals that none of the respondents have migrated only due to climate change. 5. Suggestions of the Alphonso mango growers to mitigate the ill effects of climate change Alphonso mango growers were asked to indicate the following suggestion as more important or less important as per there needs to mitigate the ill effects and losses due to climate change cause. The data in the Table 19 revealed that all the respondents suggested that early warning has to be given to the farmers about environmental changes, Awareness about appropriate adaptation measures against climate change be created, subsidies and compensation has to be given for the crops to make up the cost of cultivation due to weather aberrations, agriculture information be given at village level whenever necessary, need of soil testing and water testing facilities at village with supply of remedies from government at subsidised prices, government has to take care about the follow up of protocol and law by industries which causes environmental pollution and strict actions should be taken against any violations, development of mango varieties resistance to Abiotic and biotic stress which reduces the chemical measures and

114 preferred by consumers having more market demand, need of farmers problem oriented research, and establishment of demonstration plots at taluka for educating the farmers and helping them for comparison of their plot to the university standard or technology recommended to them. More than three fourth of the respondents suggested that insurance has to be extended to all crops and indiscriminate use of paclobutrazole should be controlled (89.84 per cent), and financial support for soil nutrient enrichment should be provided (79.69 per cent). Majority of the respondents suggested need of incentive or support for increasing the green manuring (71.09 per cent), development departments should ensure supplying of production inputs at appropriate time in the villages (71.09 per cent), and support price has to be given to all the crop produce based on cost cultivation (60.16 per cent).

115 Table 19: Suggestions of the Alphonso mango growers to mitigate the ill effects of climate change Sl. No. Suggestions Frequency Percentage 1 Early warning has to be given to the farmers about environmental changes Awareness about appropriate adaptation measures against climate change be created Development departments should ensure 3 supplying of production inputs at appropriate time in the villages 4 Subsidies/compensation has to be given for the crops to make up the cost of cultivation due to weather aberrations Insurance has to be extended to all crops Providing financial support for soil nutrient enrichment Incentive/support for increasing the green manuring Support price has to be given to all the crop produce based on cost cultivation Creating awareness/support for adaption of organic technologies/ farming Agriculture information at be given at village 10. level whenever necessary Need of soil testing and water testing 11. facilities at village with supply of remedies from government at subsidies prices Government has to take care about the follow up of protocol and law by industries 12. which causes environmental pollution and strict action should be taken against any violations Development of mango varieties resistance to Abiotic and biotic stress which reduces 13. the chemical measures and preferred by consumers having more market demand 14. Need of farmers problem oriented research Indiscriminate use of paclobutrazole should 15. be controlled Establishment of demonstration plots at taluka for educating the farmers and 16. helping them for comparison of their plot to the university standard or technology recommended to them Need of more information about Indo 17. Israel project and help them to adoption of the project

116 CHAPTER V SUMMARY The present research study entitled Effect of climate change on Alphonso mango as perceived by the farmers from South Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra was undertaken with the following specific objectives. 6. To know the profile of mango growers. 7. To study the effect of the climate change on mango crop as perceived by the farmers. 8. To find out the relationship between profile characteristics of the mango growers and their perception about effect of climate change on mango crop. 9. To study the practices followed by the mango growers to avoid the effect of climate change. 10. To elicit the suggestions of the mango growers to mitigate the climate change. The study was conducted in South Konkan region of Maharashtra state. It comprises of two districts, namely Sindhudurg and Ratnagiri. Totally eight tahsils namely Dapoli, Lanja, Chiplun, Ratnagiri from Ratnagiri district and Devgad, Vengurle, Kudal and Sawantwadifrom Sindhudurg district each representing coastal belt. Lanja and Chiplun from Ratnagiri district Kudal and Sawantwadi from Sindhudurg district were selected for present study.two villages from each tahsil and eight respondents from each village with minimum two hectares of Alphonso mango were selected. Thus, study covered 16 villages and 128 mango growers.an interview schedule was specially designed, in line with the objectives set forth, to collect the needed information. The data were collected by personally interviewing Alphonso mango growers from these villages. The findings of the study are summarized in this chapter.

117 5.1 Profile of the Alphonso mango growers It was observed that majority (70.31per cent) of the respondents were in the middle age group and average age of the respondents was 51 years.maximum number (31.25 per cent) of the respondents had completed secondary education and average education level was 10 th standard.majority (68.75 per cent) of the respondents had medium farming experience and average farming experience was 36 years. More than two fifth (41.41 per cent) of the respondents were having low area under Alphonso mango plantation.on an average, the mango growers were having 4.53 ha under Alphonso mango.majority (60.16 per cent) of the Alphonso mango orchard belongs to middle age group and average the age of the orchard was 42 years.three fourth (75.78 per cent) of the respondents belongs to medium yield group and average yield of the Alphonso mango was 2.88 tons per ha.more than three fifth (62.50 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of extension contact and average extension contact score of the respondents was More than three fifth (60.94 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of social participation and average social participation score of the respondents was 3.79.Majority (73.43 per cent) of the respondents had medium risk orientation and average risk orientation score of respondents was Majority (72.66 per cent) of the respondents were in the medium category and the averages market orientation score of the mango growers was Majority (70.31 per cent) of the respondents were in the medium category and the average the scientific orientation score of the Alphonso mango growers was Majority (67.97 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of mass media exposure and average mass media exposure score of the respondents was 6.66.

118 5.2 Perception of Alphonso mango growers with respect to change in rainfall and temperature The research study showed that before 2005, majority of the respondents positively perceived that there was less fluctuation in rainfall pattern (76.56 per cent), summer was getting warmer (69.53 per cent) and experienced less extreme temperature (72.66 per cent). While, majority of the respondents negatively perceived that there was increased in total amount of rainfall (76.56 per cent), less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during winter (72.66 per cent) and less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during summer (50.78 per cent). The results further revealed that after 2005, majority of the mango growers positively perceived that there was less fluctuation in rainfall pattern from June to October (89.84 per cent) and increased in total amount of rainfall (89.84 percent). All the respondents positively perceived that there was less fluctuation in pattern of temperature during summer ( per cent) and summer was getting warmer ( per cent). Half of the respondents positively perceived that they experienced less extreme temperature during November 15 th to February 15 th (50.00 per cent). While all the respondents negatively perceived that there was less fluctuation pattern of temperature during winter ( per cent).

119 5.3 Perceived effect of climate change on production aspects of Alphonso mango The research study revealed that before 2005, majority of the respondents disagreed with the change in floral initiation pattern and time (92.19 per cent), fruit setting time (95.31 per cent), more effect on premature fruit drop (90.63 per cent), mango yield (93.75 per cent), while cent per cent ( per cent) disagreed with change in more effect on incidence of disease, more effect on incidence of pest, more effect on physiological disorders (Sun scald on fruits), increased number of spraying, increased concentration of chemical, severity weed infestation and changes in harvesting period. After the year 2005, majority of the respondents agreed with the change in floral initiation pattern and time (92.19 per cent), change in fruit setting time (71.09 per cent), more effect on premature fruit drop (75.00 per cent), more effect on mango yield (96.88 per cent), more effect on incidence of disease (89.06 per cent), more effect on incidence of pest (89.06 per cent), more effect on physiological disorders (Sun scald on fruits) (67.97 per cent), increased number of spraying (67.97 per cent), increased concentration of chemical (82.81 per cent), changes in harvesting period (96.88 per cent), and cent per cent (100.00) disagreed with change in severity weed infestation. 5.4Overall perception about climate change More than three fourth (78.91 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of perception, while per cent had low level of perception followed by high level of perception(6.25 per cent). The average perception score was 29.

120 5.5 Relationship between profile characteristics of the respondents with their perception The research study revealed that the education and mass media exposure was found to be positively related with perception at 0.05 per cent level of probability. Age, farming experience, yield of the mango, extension contact, risk orientation and scientific orientation were found to be positively related with perception at 0.01 per cent level of probability. Relation between perception and area under Alphonso variety and age of the orchard was positively non significant and social participation and market orientation was negatively non- significant. 5.6 Adaptation measures initiated in response to climate change in the production of Alphonso mango The research study revealed that before 2005, majority of the respondents initiated the practices like integrated pest management (IPM) (67.19 per cent) and integrated nutrient management (INM) (72.66 per cent). While majority of them not initiated the practices namely application of growth regulators (65.63 per cent), practices of integrated disease management (71.09 per cent), number of irrigation given or irrigation at critical stage (84.38 per cent) and canopy management (65.63 per cent). After the year 2005, majority of the respondents initiated adoption measure like application of growth regulators (82.61 per cent), practice of integrated pest management (IPM) (81.25 per cent), practice of integrated nutrient management (INM) (81.25 per cent), and practice of integrated disease management (IDM) (58.59 per cent), canopy management (69.53 per cent), and irrigation at critical stage (42.97 per cent).

121 5.7 Adaptation measures initiated in soil and water conservation practices The research study revealed that before 2005 cent per cent respondents adopted contour bunds and majority of the respondents adopted graded bunds (72.66 per cent). More than half of the respondents adopted vegetative bunds (62.50 per cent), and contour trenches (57.81 per cent). Less than half of the respondents adopted mulching practice (45.31 per cent) and ridges and furrows (44.53 per cent). Only per cent respondents adopted drip irrigation and 6.25 per cent adopted farm pond and none of them adopted inter cropping practice. After 2005, only three adoption practices namely farm pond (11.72 per cent), mulching (65.63 per cent), and drip irrigation (42.97 per cent) has increased and rest of the practices remains same as observed in before the year Suggestions of the Alphonso mango growers to mitigate the ill effects of climate change The research study revealed that all the respondents suggested that early warning has to be given to the farmers about environmental changes, awareness about appropriate adaptation measures against climate change be created, subsidies and compensation has to be given for the crops to make up the cost of cultivation due to weather aberrations, agriculture information be given at village level whenever necessary, need of soil testing and water testing facilities at village with supply of remedies from government at subsidised prices, government has to take care about the follow up of protocol and law by industries which causes environmental pollution and strict actions should be taken against any violations, development of mango varieties resistance to abiotic

122 and biotic stress which reduces the chemical measures and preferred by consumers having more market demand, need of farmers problem oriented research, and establishment of demonstration plots at taluk for educating the farmers and helping them for comparison of their plot to the university standard or technology recommended to them. More than three fourth of the respondents suggested that insurance has to be extended to all crops and indiscriminate use of paclobutrazole should be controlled (89.84 per cent), and financial support for soil nutrient enrichment should be provided (79.69 per cent). Majority of the respondents suggested need of incentive or support for increasing the green manuring (71.09 per cent), development departments should ensure supplying of production inputs at appropriate time in the villages (71.09 per cent), and support price has to be given to all the crop produce based on cost cultivation (60.16 per cent).

123 CHAPTERVI IMPLICATIONS The present study on farmers perception on climate change, their adoption choices and the determinants of adoption choices in the study area could supplement the current knowledge and perception and adoption process in the country and could substantially contributed to plan development interventions in the Administration. 6.1 The study revealed that more than three fourth (78.91 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of perception,this is an eye open information for policy makers and development departments to implement suitable programmes to increase the perception of mango growers about climate change. It is necessary to build the confidence and to improve the status of mango growers by making Alphonso production as profitable occupation. 6.2 All the respondents negatively perceived about the temperature fluctuation in winter after 2005, the period in which maximum flowering occurs. Sothe policy makers and development departments needs to be take care of updating the knowledge regarding the actual climate and measures need to be taken to overcome the ill effects due to that climate effect and forecasting the prevailing weather conditions to take the needy control measures to mitigate it. The scientists need to work on this aspect to provide the solution to the mango growers. 6.3 There was only little increase in the adoption measures under taken by the mango growers in increasing Alphonso production and soil and water conservation practices.so the extension programmes by development organizations has to

124 carry out different programmes for increasing the adoption of suitable measures avoiding the ill effects of climate change. Development departments have to organize training programmes to create awareness about adoption measures. There is need to motivate and encourage mango growers to initiate adoption measures so as to overcome ill effects of climate change. 6.4 The investigation has confirmed the perception about climate change was depended on the characteristics of mango growers namely age, education, farming experience, yield of mango, extension contact, risk orientation, scientific orientation and mass media exposure. The extension workers may use these factors for creating awareness about the climate change among the mango growers. 6.5 In the study, an attempt has been made to analyse the perception of climate change among mango growers and its impact on production of mango in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts of Konkan region. Therefore, the findings cannot be generalized for the larger universe. Thus, it is suggested to conduct similar type of investigation in different areas so that the findings could be more meaningful and relevant. Therefore, it is suggested that further investigation may be taken up in different areas. 6.6 Suggestions offered by the mango growers to mitigate ill effects of climate change were, has to be considered seriously to include in the development programmes to mitigate the ill effects of climatechange. These suggestions should be kept in mind before formulating the programmes and policies on climate change.

125 6.7 There is a need to improve the system which creates awareness among people to provide early warming and to create awareness among people about the climate change and also provide early warming in order to avoid the ill effects of climate change. 6.8 Development departments could initiate appropriate measures in advance to forecast climate changes and suggest suitable mitigating measures to overcome the effects in near future. 6.9 Development departments need to make the suitable policy decisions in providing agriculture inputs at appropriate time in the village. They should provide support price, insurance to all crops and subsidies has to be given to mango growers in order to sustain their lives under adverse climatic situations.

126 CHAPTER NO. CONTENTS PARTICULARS PAGE NO. I INTRODUCTION 1-8 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 9-39 III METHODOLOGY IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION V SUMMARY VI IMPLICATIONS LITERATURE CITED i - ix APPENDICES

127 Figure 2: Distribution of the respondents according to their age AGE Young (up to 43) Middle (44 to 60) Old (above 60) Frequency Figure 3: Distribution of the respondents according to theireducation EDUCATION Illitrare Pre primary Primary Secondary Higher secondary College Frequency

128 Figure 4: Distribution of the respondents according to their farming experience. Farming Experience Low Medium High Frequency Figure 5: Distribution of the respondents according to their areaunder Alphonso. 53 Area under Alphonso Low (up to 3.12) Medium (3.13 to 5.94) High (above 5.94) Frequency

129 Figure 6: Distribution of the respondents according to their age o the orchard Age of the Orchard Young Middle Old Frequency Figure 7: Distribution of the respondents according to their yield of the Alphonso Yield of the Alphonso Low Medium High Frequency

130 Frequency Frequency Figure8: Distribution of the respondents according to their extension contact Extension contact Medium, High, Low, 14 0 Respondents category Figure 9 : Distribution of the respondents according to their social participation Social participation Medium, Low, 19 High, 31 0 Respondents category

131 Frequency Frequency Figure 10 : Distribution of the respondents according to their risk orientation Risk orientation Low, 14 Medium, 94 Respondents category High, 20 Figure 11 : Distribution of the respondents according to their market orientation Market orientation Medium, 93 Low, 32 Respondent category High, 28

132 Frequency Frequency Figure 12: Distribution of the respondents according to their scientific orientation Scientific orientation Medium, 90 Low, 22 Respondents category High, 16 Figure 13 : Distribution of the respondents according to their mass media exposure Mass media exposure Low, 16 Medium, 87 Respondents category High, 25

133 Figure 14: Perceived effect of Climate Change on production aspects of Alphonso mango Agree Disagree Agree Disagree Before 2005 After 2005 A B C D E F G H I J K Figure 15: Classification of respondents according to their overall perception Low High Medium Respondents category

134 Figure 16: Adoption measures initiated in response to climate change in the production of Alphonso mango Figure 15: Adoption measures initated in response to climate change in the production of Alphonso mango A B C D E F G Before 2005 After 2005 Before 2005 After 2005 Not initiated Initiated Figure 17: Adoption measures initiated in soil and water conservation practices by the respondents Figure 17: adoption measures initiated in soil and water conservation practices by the respondents A B C D E F G H I Before 2005 After 2005 Before 2005 After 2005 Not Initiated Initiated

135 Figure 14: Perceived effect of Climate Change on production aspects of Alphonso mango A - Change in floral initiation pattern and time B - Change in fruit setting time C - More effect on premature fruit drop D - More effect on mango yield E - More effect on incidence of disease F - More effect on incidence of pest G - More effect on physiological disorders (Sun scald on fruits) H - Increased number of spraying I - Increased concentration of chemical J - Severity in weeds infestation K - Changes in harvesting period

136 Figure 16: Adoption measures initiated in response to climate change in the production of Alphonso mango A -Initiated to change mango variety B - Application of growth regulators C - Practice of IDM D - Practice of IPM E - Practice of INM F - Number of irrigation given or Irrigation at Critical stage G - Canopy management Figure 17: Adoption measures initiated in soil and water conservation practices by the respondents A - Farm pond B - Contour bunds C - Graded bunds D - Ridges and furrows E - Mulching F - Drip irrigation G - Inter cropping H - Vegetative bunds I - Contour trenches

137 Figure No LIST OF FIGURES Title Map of Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg showing study area Distribution of the respondents according to their age Distribution of the respondents according to their education Distribution of the respondents according to their farming experience Distribution of the respondents according to their area under Alphonso Distribution of the respondents according to their age of the orchard Distribution of the respondents according to their yield of the Alphonso Distribution of the respondents according to their extension contact Distribution of the respondents according to their social participation Distribution of the respondents according to their risk orientation Distribution of the respondents according to their market orientation Distribution of the respondents according to their scientific orientation Distribution of the respondents according to their mass media exposure Perceived effect of climate change on production aspects of Alphonso mango Classification of respondents according to their overall perception Adoption measures initiated in response to climate change in the production of Alphonso mango Adoption measures initiated in soil and water conservation practices by the respondents Between Pages

138 LIST OF PLATE Plate No. Title Between Pages 1. Investigator while interviewing the respondents 55-56

139 Table No LIST OF TABLES Title Distribution of the respondents according to their age Distribution of the respondents according to their education Distribution of the respondents according to their farming experience Distribution of the respondents according to their area under Alphonso Distribution of the respondents according to their age of the orchard Distribution of the respondents according to their yield of the Alphonso Distribution of the respondents according to their extension contact Distribution of the respondents according to their social participation Distribution of the respondents according to their risk orientation Distribution of the respondents according to their market orientation Distribution of the respondents according to their scientific orientation Distribution of the respondents according to their mass media exposure Perception of mango growers on change in rainfall and temperature Perceived effect of climate change on production aspects of Alphonso mango Classification of the respondents according to their overall perception about climate change Relationship of personal, socio-economic and psychological characteristics of the respondents with their overall perception Adaptation measures initiated in response to climate change by the mango growers Adaptation measures initiated in soil and water conservation practices by respondents Suggestions of the Alphonso mango growers to mitigate the ill effects of climate change Page No

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149 Figure 1: Map showing study area Map of Maharashtra Dapoli Chiplun Ratnagiri Lanja Devgad Kudal sawantawadi vengurla Map of Ratnagiri DistrictMap of Sindhudurg District

150 Plate 1 : Investigator while interviewing the respondents