Biological soil properties & functions as affected by tillage system

Transcription

1 Biological soil properties & functions as affected by tillage system Results from NL sites February 26, 2014

2 NL field sites Marine clay loam soils Hoeksche Waard Farmers fields and experimental farm with conventional crop rotations Lelystad RCBD field experiment (different tillage systems for conventional and organic crop rotations

3 Lelystad field trial Minimum tillage (MT) Non-inversion tillage (NIT) Conventional tillage (CT) Block (n=4)

4 Lelystad field trial 8 cm CT NIT MT 20 cm 25 cm All with controlled traffic lanes

5 Lelystad field trial Conventional crop rotation (synthetic fertilizers) potato sugar winter onions beet wheat Organic crop rotation (animal manure) potato grass white spring carrots s. wheat clover cabbage wheat beans + use of green manure where possible

6 Lelystad field trial Crittenden et al 2014 (in press)

7 Multifunctional crop rotation gangbaar

8 Multifunctional crop rotation biologisch Ploegen biologisch systeem Jaar winter lente zomer herfst jan feb maa apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec 1 consumptie aardappel grasklaver 2 grasklaver 3 witte kool 4 zomertarwe witte klaver 5 winterpeen 6 zomertarwe/veldboon gele mosterd Niet kerend biologisch systeem Jaar winter lente zomer herfst jan feb maa apr mei jun jul aug sep okt nov dec 1 gele mosterd consumptie aardappel grasklaver 2 grasklaver 3 grasklaver witte kool 4 zomertarwe witte klaver 5 witte klaver winterpeen 6 zomertarwe/veldboon gele mosterd

9 Lelystad field trial Measurements : - Earthworm populations (Crittenden et al. 2014, APSOIL) & 2012 (Oudshoorn, 2013) - Nematode feeding groups and microbial parameters 2009 & 2012 (PPO & RIVM) - Soil physical characteristics (compaction, infiltration, pf, aggregate stability) - Soil OM/C - Soil N (including N2O) (PPO) - Crop yields (PPO) NB: not all data are available for all parcels all years

10 Lelystad field trial Measurements : - Earthworm populations (Crittenden et al. 2014, APSOIL) & 2012 (Oudshoorn, 2013) - Nematode feeding groups and microbial parameters 2009 & 2012 (PPO & RIVM) - Soil physical characteristics (compaction, infiltration, pf, aggregate stability) - Soil OM/C - Soil N (including N2O) (PPO) - Crop yields (PPO)

11 Results; Earthworms ( ) Earthworms (ind. m -2 ) Organic farming J10-6 NIT * * * Spring2009 Fall2009 Fall2010 Spring 2011 Fall2011 CT Crittenden et al 2014 (in press)

12 Results; Earthworms ( ) Earthworms (ind. m -2 ) Conventional farming - J92b NIT CT Spring2009 Fall2009 Fall2010 Spring 2011 Fall2011 Crittenden et al 2014 (in press)

13 Results; Earthworms Fall 2012 Conventional J9-2b Organic Organic J10-6 Data: Oudshoorn 2013

14 Results; Earthworms Fall Sampling date T i l l a g e system Conventional J9-2b Organic J10-6 CT MT NIT CT MT NIT Fall 2009 Fall 2010 Spring barley Onions; rye grass Winter wheat; mustard Carrots; white clover Organic Fall 2011 Potatoes Wheat/Faba bean Fall 2012 Sugar beet 123 b 263 a 308 a Potatoes; grass clover a 159 b 104 b Organic 841 a 560 b 555 b Data: Bas Oudshoorn

15 Results; Earthworm species Conventional J9-2b Species composition all yrs Endogeic species: - A. caliginosa (65-85%) - A. rosea - A. chlorotica (<1%) Organic J10-6 Epigeic species: - L. rubellus (CT<MT/NIT) - E. tetraedra - L. castaneus (<1%) - S. mammalis (<1%) Anecic species - A. longa (<1%) - L. terrestris (<1%) Crittenden et al Oudshoorn, 2013

16 Results; Nematode feeding groups Data PPO, Gerard Korthals baseline data? (0-25 cm depth)

17 Nematode Guild Analysis Calculation of functional indices, nematode guild analysis o Maturity index (MI) (r-k life strategies, disturbance indicator) o Enrichment index (EI) (nutrient status) o Structure index (SI) (soil ecosystem stability) o Basal index (BI) (disruption) o Channel index (CI) (bacterial- or fungal decomposition)

18 Nematode Guild Analysis Calculation of functional indices, nematode guild analysis Structured Basal B M E Om 4 Om omnivores Ba cp- 1 Fu cp- 2 Ca 2 Ca 3 Ca 4 Ca Fu 2 Fu 3 Fu 4 Fu Ba 2 Ba 3 Ba 4 Ba cp- 2 cp- 3 cp- 4 cp- 5 Structure trajectory carnivores fungivores bacterivores

19 Results; Microbial parameters Data PPO, RIVM, Alterra baseline data? (0-25 cm depth)

20 Results; soil physical characteristics Aggregate stability Conventional J9-2b Organic J10-6 Data: Crittenden et al in prep.

21 Results; soil physical characteristics Aggregate stability Organic J10-6 Organic J10-3 Data: Crittenden et al in prep.

22 Results; soil physical characteristics pf Organic J10-6; 0-5 cm Organic J10-6; cm Data: Crittenden et al in prep.

23 Results; soil physical characteristics pf Organic J10-3; 0-5 cm Organic J10-3; cm Data: Crittenden et al in prep.

24 Results; soil organic matter SOM Organic J10-6 Organic J10-3 Data: Crittenden et al in prep.

25 Results; soil physical & OM/C 2012 Data: Bas Oudshoorn Conventional J92b Organic J10-3

26 Results; Soil C stocks Soil organic carbon (Mg/ha) No net C sequestration (P T =0.911) ST: 88±4 Mg/ha NIT: 89±4 Mg/ha Data: Natasja Poot Depth (cm) ST NIT Organic J10-6

27 Results; more soil physical characteristics Data: Poot 2012; Oudshoorn 2013 Conventional Organic Ksat (cm/min) 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 ST NIT 0-10 cm cm Organic J10-6 Conventional J9-2b Organic J10-6

28 Results; soil physical 2012 Data: Bas Oudshoorn Conventional Organic

29 Mineralisatieveldjes 2012 Nmin 0-30 cm kg/ha

30 Results; crop yields Data: PPO Teelt Jaar ST T M ST T M ST T M ST T M ST T M suikerbiet 100% 100% 100% 100% 102% 104% 100% 97% 96% a a a a a a zomergerst 100% 100% 100% 100% 96% 104% a a a pootaardappel 100% 99% 101% a a a peen 100% 92% 88% 100% 77% 80% 100% 74% 69% b ab a b a a zomertarwe 100% 105% 108% 100% a a a a a a wintertarwe 100% 105% 105% a a a grasklaver 100% 108% 100% 144% 141% a a a b b veldbonen/zomertarwe 100% 83% 100% 110% 114% b a a b b pootaardappel 100% 97% 99% 100% 93% 95% zaaiui a a a a a a eiwit % consumptieaardappel 100% 100% 95% 100% 100% 100% b b a a a a witte kool 100% 98% 95% 100% 103% 93% b ab a

31 Discussion / conclusions Large variation in earthworm densities between parcels and years Very much dominated by A. caliginosa When sign. tillage effects are found: Different response in organic farming than in conventional farming. Hypothesis that NIT would increase total ew numbers is not confirmed L. rubellus increases under NIT, anecics virtually absent Can anecics survive in our arable fields? => Results also confirmed in farmers fields (Crittenden et al, ms submitted)

32 Discussion / conclusions Higher aggregate stability in NIT, especially at cm Higher SOM content in NIT with time (top 15 cms only and only sign. in one of the two parcels) => No net C sequestration Higher compaction in NIT based on penetrometer readings Measurement of water infiltration with double ring method? What are we measuring? Yields: lower for NIT in some crops (esp. carrot), higher for others (grass/cereals), but also dependent on year

33 Discussion / conclusions Soil physics: quantification and translation to ecosystem services? Proxies for ecosystem services? LCA? Scale? Functional unit? Do we have information about desired levels or ranges for proxies / soil quality indicators? (prototyping).

34 Thanks to: Steve Crittenden, Joana Frazão Ron de Goede (WU) Bas Oudshoorn, Natasja Poot, Tamila Eswaramurthy (MSc students) Wijnand Sukkel, Derk van Balen, Gerard Korthals (PPO).. and all SUSTAIN colleagues

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36 Communication Newsletter Soil physical effects Soil chemical effects (organic matter, N) Soil biology (nematodes, microbial) 2014: NIT Hand book in cooperation with Network of Practice on Reduced Tillage Farming Presentations for farmers Conference presentations (EGU, Green Carbon)

37 Handbook NIT Yields: PPO Weed control: advisor Pests: advisor Diseases? Soil structure: PRI N dynamics: LBI, PPO Earthworms: Wageningen Univ. Soil health: PRI Practical crop management: advisors

38 Farmers fields marine loam soils Effects of NIT and field margin strips 3 commercial farms and one field station in the Hoeksche Waard

39 Farmers fields marine loam soils Traditional practice: - Max. 12 species of earthworms in arable fields - Appr. 200 ind m-2 Crittenden et al. in prep.

40 Farmers fields marine loam soils Aantallen m bedrijven RAND GEPLOEGD NKG L. Terrestris A. Longa E. Tetraeda S. Mammalis L. Castaneus L. Rubellus D. Rubidus M. Miniscula A. Limicola A. Rosea Al. Chlorotica A. Caliginosa Crittenden et al. in prep.

41 Farmers fields marine loam soils Aantallen m bedrijven RAND GEPLOEGD NKG L. Terrestris A. Longa E. Tetraeda S. Mammalis L. Castaneus L. Rubellus D. Rubidus M. Miniscula A. Limicola A. Rosea Al. Chlorotica A. Caliginosa Crittenden et al. in prep.