Fertilizer Placement and Tillage Interaction in Corn and Soybean Production

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1 Knss Agriculturl Experiment Sttion Reserch Reports Volume Issue 3 Knss Fertilizer Reserch Article 2 25 Fertilizer Plcement nd Tillge Interction in Corn nd Soyen Production A. T. Ros Knss Stte University D. A. Ruiz Diz Knss Stte University, ruizdiz@ksu.edu Follow this nd dditionl works t: Prt of the Agriculturl Science Commons, Agriculture Commons, nd the Agronomy nd Crop Sciences Commons Recommended Cittion Ros, A. T. nd Ruiz Diz, D. A. (25) "Fertilizer Plcement nd Tillge Interction in Corn nd Soyen Production," Knss Agriculturl Experiment Sttion Reserch Reports: Vol. : Iss This report is rought to you for free nd open ccess y New Pririe Press. It hs een ccepted for inclusion in Knss Agriculturl Experiment Sttion Reserch Reports y n uthorized dministrtor of New Pririe Press. Copyright 25 Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion nd Coopertive Extension Service. Contents of this puliction my e freely reproduced for eductionl purposes. All other rights reserved. Brnd nmes ppering in this puliction re for product identifiction purposes only. K-Stte Reserch nd Extension is n equl opportunity provider nd employer.

2 Fertilizer Plcement nd Tillge Interction in Corn nd Soyen Production Astrct Different tillge systems cn ffect the vilility of phosphorus (P) y chnging the soil environment. The ojective of this study ws to evlute the effects nd interction of fertilizer plcement, tillge, nd vrieties for soyen nd corn. The experiment ws estlished t two loctions in Knss in 24. The experimentl design ws fctoril in rndomized complete lock with four replictions. Three fertilizer tretments were comined with two tillge systems nd two vrieties of soyen nd corn selected sed on contrsting root systems. Plnt tissue smples were collected during the vegettive nd reproductive stges to evlute P concentrtion, P uptke, nd dry mtter. Significnt differences were found in the prmeters cross loctions for corn nd soyen. Results suggest dvntges for deep-nd ppliction for soyen nd rodcst ppliction for corn. Vrieties responded differently in the prmeters evluted in this study. Keywords tillge, corn, soyen, phosphorus, fertilizer plcement This Deprtment of Agronomy rticle is ville in Knss Agriculturl Experiment Sttion Reserch Reports:

3 Knss Fertilizer Reserch 25 Fertilizer Plcement nd Tillge Interction in Corn nd Soyen Production A.T. Ros nd D.A. Ruiz Diz Summry Different tillge systems cn ffect the vilility of phosphorus (P) y chnging the soil environment. The ojective of this study ws to evlute the effects nd interction of fertilizer plcement, tillge, nd vrieties for soyen nd corn. The experiment ws estlished t two loctions in Knss in 24. The experimentl design ws fctoril in rndomized complete lock with four replictions. Three fertilizer tretments were comined with two tillge systems nd two vrieties of soyen nd corn selected sed on contrsting root systems. Plnt tissue smples were collected during the vegettive nd reproductive stges to evlute P concentrtion, P uptke, nd dry mtter. Significnt differences were found in the prmeters cross loctions for corn nd soyen. Results suggest dvntges for deep-nd ppliction for soyen nd rodcst ppliction for corn. Vrieties responded differently in the prmeters evluted in this study. Introduction Phosphorus is considered non-moile nutrient in the soil compred with other mcronutrients. Different soil tillge systems cn ffect the vilility of this nutrient in the soil. In Knss, oth no-till nd strip-till re incresing in populrity, especilly ecuse of the wter storge cpcity tht these systems provide to the soil. A no-till system consists of leving the soil surfce covered with residue to minimize erosion, conserve moisture, nd improve nutrient cycling if ssocited with crop rottion. The residue tht remins on the soil surfce lso cn cuse reduction in yield in some regions ecuse of wetter nd cooler soils t plnting time, which cn reduce nutrient uptke nd crop growth. No-till cn restrict root growth ecuse of compction tht cn reduce the ility of roots to explore the soil nd result in less contct with ville P (Hvlin et l., 24). Even with sufficient P in the soil, some deficiency cn occur under cool nd wet soil conditions, hindering P diffusion. Strip-tillge consists of disturing only the portion of the soil tht is to contin the seed row. Strip-till helps increse soil temperture nd expnd root growth nd therefore contct with the fertilizer or P in the soil. The effects of tillge on crop yield, erly growth, nd nutrient strtifiction cn e gretly influenced y fertilizer plcement. It improves plnt nutrient uptke efficiency nd consequently cn increse crop yields y enhncing the contct of the fertilizer with the plnt roots.

4 Modern corn hyrids nd soyen vrieties re eing developed to support dry conditions. These hyrids nd vrieties my differ in root growth hits nd therefore in their ility to extrct nd use nutrients. Gordon et l. (998) suggested tht different root systems mong corn hyrids my influence nutrient uptke, including P erly in the seson, often resulting in different responses to strter fertilizer ppliction in corn. The ojective of this study ws to evlute the effects of fertilizer plcement, tillge, nd vrieties on P uptke, P concentrtion, dry mtter ccumultion, nd grin yield in soyen nd corn. Procedures The experiment ws estlished t two loctions in Knss in 24. The Scndi loction is locted west of Scndi, KS, on the North Centrl Knss Experiment Field. This loction used supplementl irrigtion to mintin dequte soil moisture nd limit wter stress throughout the growing seson. The Ottw loction is south of Ottw, KS, on the Est Centrl Knss Experiment Field. The Ottw loction ws under rinfed conditions. Soil smples were collected in locks, nd one composite smple of 2 cores ws tken for ech lock, mking four smples per loction. Smples were nlyzed for P y the Mehlich-3 method (Frnk et l., 998) nd for K with the mmonium cette method (Wrncke nd Brown, 998). Soil ph ws mesured using : soil:wter rtio (Wtson nd Brown, 998), nd soil orgnic mtter (OM) ws determined y the Wlkley Blck method (Coms nd Nthn, 998). Soil test results re in Tle. Plot size ws ft 4 ft with four rows plnted t 3-in. spcing. The experimentl design ws fctoril in rndomized complete lock with four replictions. The fertilizer tretments consisted of control, deep-nd ppliction only, nd rodcst ppliction only. These three fertilizer tretments were comined with two tillge systems nd two different vrieties of soyen nd corn selected sed on contrsting root systems. The two vrieties of soyen used were 94Y4 nd P44T63R. The two hyrids of corn used were P5 AM nd P5 AM. The two tillge opertions were no-till nd striptill. Fertilizer ws pplied 2 to 3 weeks efore plnting. Deep-nd tretment rte ws 4 l/ N s ure mmonium nitrte (UAN; 28--, N-P 2 -K 2 O, respectively) nd 4 l/ P 2 s mmonium polyphosphte (-34-, N-P 2 -K 2 O, respectively) for corn; 2 l/ N s UAN (28--, N-P 2 -K 2 O, respectively), nd 4 l/ P 2 s mmonium polyphosphte (-34-, N-P 2 -K 2 O, respectively) for soyen. Brodcst tretment rtes were the sme s deep-nd rtes for oth crops. Nitrogen for corn ws pplied t 2 l/ for Ottw nd 8 l/ for Scndi s nhydrous mmoni (82--, N-P 2 - K 2 O, respectively). Plnt tissue smples were tken during the vegettive nd reproductive portion of the growing cycle of soyen nd corn. For soyen, whole-plnt smples were collected t growth stge V3, nd trifolite t the R3 growth stge. For corn, whole-plnt smples were collected t stges V6, V, nd VT. Plnts were weighed nd dried in forced-ir oven t 55 F for minimum of 6 dys nd weighed for dry iomss clcultion, then the plnts were ground nd sent to the Knss Stte University Soil Testing L for P nlysis. The iomss weight nd P concentrtion were used to clculte P uptke. The dt were nlyzed y loction nd cross loctions. The prmeters were nlyzed using PROC GLIMMIX (SAS 9.3, SAS Institute Inc., Cry, NC). Seprtion of mens t 2

5 significnce level of P =. were completed using the LINES option in PROC GLIMMIX. Results Soyen Fertilizer plcement showed significnt effect on P tissue concentrtion, P uptke, nd iomss (Tles 2 nd 3). Deep-nd ppliction resulted in the higher vlues for those prmeters (Tle 4). Deep-nd ws proly superior to rodcst nd control tretments ecuse this technique pplies the fertilizer closer to the seed, which fcilittes P uptke y the roots. Although these dvntges fostered erly growth nd P uptke, they were not enough to contriute to etter grin yields. Preliminry results showed differences in vrieties for oth Scndi nd Ottw loctions (Tle 3). The vriety 94Y4 ws roughly 7 u/ more productive thn P44T63R in Ottw (Figure ). It cn e explined y the poorly drined soil, where 94Y4 hd etter performnce ccording to genetic chrcteristics. In Scndi, the opposite ws found, where P44T63R ws pproximtely 5 u/ superior thn 94Y4 (Figure ). Also, no-till showed etter results thn strip-till in this loction (Figure ). Soils with good dringe, low compction, nd pivot irrigtion system contriuted to those chievements. Corn P concentrtion, P uptke, nd dry mtter were ffected y fertilizer plcement cross loctions (Tle 5). Even with soil P test high for Ottw, oth deep-nd nd rodcst ppliction were superior to the control, lthough the responses re similr mong them. Hyrids ehved differently under these prmeters (Tle 6). In generl, P5AM ws superior to P5AM. P5AM contins drought-tolernce trits tht cn contriute to deep root system development nd more P sorption y the plnt. Complementry studies will e done to test this hypothesis. Corn yields were responsive to fertilizer plcement (Tle 7). According to results, in Ottw, rodcst ppliction hd etter yields thn deep-nd ppliction (Figure 2). It cn e explined y the higher levels of P in the soil test. Those vlues re close to the criticl level in Knss, which is 2 ppm (Leikm et l., 23). Brodcst tretment proly helped the corn lter in the growing seson when the root system could rech the P ville in the surfce. The irrigtion system in Scndi could hve influenced deep-nd nd rodcst pplictions to ttin similr yields. References Coms, S.M., nd M.V. Nthn Soil orgnic mtter. p in: J. R. Brown (Ed.), Recommended chemicl soil test procedures for the North Centrl Region. North Centrl Region Pul. 22 (rev.). Missouri Agric. Exp. Stn., Columi. Frnk, K., D. Beegle, nd J. Denning Phosphorus. p. 2-3 in: J. R. Brown (Ed.), Recommended chemicl soil test procedures for the North Centrl Region. North Centrl Region Pul. 22 (rev.), Missouri Agric. Exp. Stn., Columi. 3

6 Gordon W.B., D.A. Whitney, nd D.L. Fjell Strter fertilizer interctions with corn nd grin sorghum hyrids. Better Crops, 82:6 9. Hvlin et l. 24. Soil fertility nd fertilizers: n introduction to nutrient mngement. 8th edition. Leikm, D.F., R.E. Lmond, nd D.B. Mengel. 23. Soil test interprettions nd fertilizer recommendtions. Knss Stte University Agriculturl Experiment Sttion. Deprtment of Agronomy. MF Wrncke, D., nd J.R. Brown 998. Potssium nd other sic ctions. p in: J. R. Brown (Ed.), Recommended chemicl soil test procedures for the North Centrl Region. North Centrl Region Pul. 22 (rev.). Missouri Agric. Exp. Stn., Columi. Wtson, M.E., nd J.R. Brown 998. ph nd lime requirement. p.3 6 in: J. R. Brown (Ed.) Recommended chemicl soil test procedures for the North Centrl Region. North Centrl Region Pul. 22 (rev.). Missouri Agric. Exp. Stn., Columi. Tle. Averge soil test vlues on ech loction of study Soil test vlues Loction Crop STP STK ph OM mg/kg % Ottw Soyen Corn Scndi Soyen Corn STP, soil test for phosphorus; STK, soil test for potssium; OM, orgnic mtter. Tle 2. Levels of significnce (P-vlues) for different vriles cross loctions for soyen V3 R3 Vriles P UPP DM P P > F Till (T) Hyrid (H) T H Fertilizer (F).2... T F H F T F H P, phosphorus concentrtion; UPP, phosphorus uptke; DM, dry mtter; V3, trifolite leves t three nodes; R3, eginning pod. 4

7 Tle 3. Levels of significnce (P-vlues) for soyen yields y loction nd cross loctions Ottw Scndi Across loctions P > F Till (T) Hyrid (H)...74 T H Fertilizer (F) T F H F T F H Tle 4. Men vlues for the prmeters evluted during the soyen growing seson cross loctions V3 R3 Vriles P UPP DM P % mg/plnt g/plnt % Tillge (T) No-till Strip-till Vriety (V) 94Y P44T63R Fertilizer (F) Check.28 c 5.87 c.96.3 Brodcst Deep nd T x F x V No-till 94Y4 Check No-till 94Y4 Brodcst No-till 94Y4 Deep nd No-till P44T63R Check No-till P44T63R Brodcst No-till P44T63R Deep nd Strip-till 94Y4 Check Strip-till 94Y4 Brodcst Strip-till 94Y4 Deep nd Strip-till P44T63R Check Strip-till P44T63R Brodcst Strip-till P44T63R Deep nd P, phosphorus concentrtion; UPP, phosphorus uptke; DM, dry mtter; V3, trifolite leves t three nodes; R3, eginning pod. 2 Letters indicte significnt difference t α <. using PROC GLIMMIX (SAS 9.3). 5

8 Tle 5. Levels of significnce (P-vlues) for different corn vriles cross loctions V6 growth stge V growth stge VT growth stge Vriles P UPP DM P UPP DM P UPP DM P > F Till (T) Hyrid (H) T H Fertilizer (F) T F H F T F H P, phosphorus concentrtion; UPP, phosphorus uptke; DM, dry mtter. 6

9 Tle 6. Men vlues for the prmeters evluted during the corn growing seson cross loctions V6 V VT Vriles P UPP DM P UPP DM P UPP DM % mg/plnt g/plnt % mg/plnt g/plnt % mg/plnt g/plnt Tillge (T) No-till Strip-till Hyrid (H) P5 AM P5 AM Fertilizer (F) Check Brodcst Deep nd T F V No-till P5 AM Check e e No-till P5 AM Brodcst cd 88.3 cd No-till P5 AM Deep nd de ed No-till P5 AM Check de ed No-till P5 AM Brodcst No-till P5 AM Deep nd Strip-till P5 AM Check cde 85.2 cd Strip-till P5 AM Brodcst cd cd Strip-till P5 AM Deep nd c 92.4 c Strip-till P5 AM Check cde 8.72 cde Strip-till P5 AM Brodcst Strip-till P5 AM Deep nd cd cde P, phosphorus concentrtion; UPP, phosphorus uptke; DM, dry mtter; V6, six-lef collr present; V, 2-lef collr present; VT, tsseling stge. 2 Letters indicte significnt difference t α <. using PROC GLIMMIX (SAS 9.3). 7

10 Tle 7. Levels of significnce (P-vlues) for corn yields y loction nd cross loctions Ottw Scndi Across loctions P > F Till (T) Hyrid (H) T H Fertilizer (F)..49. T F H F T F H A Yield, u/ Y4 P44T63R 7 6 B 5 Yield, u/ Y4 P44T63R 7 6 C 5 Yield, u/ No-till Strip-till Figure. A nd B: men vlues for soyen yields ccording to vrieties in Ottw nd Scndi, respectively; C: men vlues for soyen yields ccording to tillge in Scndi. 8

11 6 4 A Yield, u/ c 4 2 Brodcst Deep-nd Control 25 2 B Yield, u/ 5 5 Brodcst Deep-nd Control Yield, u/ C Brodcst Deep-nd Control Figure 2. A, B, nd C: Men vlues for corn yields ccording to fertilizer plcement in Ottw, Scndi, nd cross loctions, respectively. 9