Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield and economics of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) grown during kharif

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1 Agric. Sci. Digest., 35 (3) 2015: Print ISSN: X / Online ISSN: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield and economics of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) grown during kharif Digambar Prasad Jha*, S. K. Sharma and T. Amarawat Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur , India. Received: Accepted: DOI: / X ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted at the instructional farm of Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur, Rajasthan during kharif season of 2013 to study the effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield and economics of blackgram. The result indicated that application of 100 % RDF+Zn+Fe (N:P:K- 20:30:15 kg ha -1 + ZnSO 4 5 kg ha -1 ) recorded significantly highest plant height (34.18 cm), dry matter (10.31 g plant -1 ), leaf area index (2.216), number of pods (32.38 plant -1 ), number of seeds (6.88 pod -1 ), seed yield (870 kg ha -1 ), straw yield (1843 kg ha -1 ), biological yield (2713 kg ha -1 ), harvest index (32.10%), gross return ( 50975), net return (34930 ha -1 ) and B-C ratio (3.18), respectively over rest of the treatments but it was at par with 100% RDF, 50% RDF+50% RDN through FYM and FYM 4 t ha -1. The seed yield and net return of blackgram significantly increased by 8.75 and per cent, respectively over 100% RDF. Split dose of vermicompost indicate that split application of vermicompost 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS along with FYM 2 t ha -1 (Basal) recorded a significant increase yield and net returns of blackgram over vermicompost 1 t ha -1 (Basal)+vermicompost 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS and control, respectively. Key words: Blackgram, Dry matter, Economic, FYM, RDF, Seed yield, Straw yield. Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] is one of the important pulse crops of India. It is cultivated mostly on marginal lands in mono/ mixed cropping system without any fertilizers under rainfed conditions of southern Rajasthan. Its productivity is very low in Rajasthan (575 kg ha -1 ) (DOA, 2013) as compared to yield potential. One of the important reasons of low productivity is poor fertility of soil. The problem is compounded by the fact that the majority of the farmers in rainfed areas are resource poor with low risk bearing capacity and they generally do not apply recommended dose of fertilizers, either through organic or inorganic sources. Farmers of south and south-eastern Rajasthan grow blackgram without application of fertilizers or use less than recommended dose of macro and micro nutrients. This imbalanced nutrient supply adversely affects the seed yield of blackgram, soil health and even the profit to the farmers. It is known to increase nitrogen percentage in the soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Therefore, it plays an important role in maintaining soil fertility. But, the average productivity of the crop is far below. Major hurdles in increasing the productivity are the poor soil in which the crop is grown and improper fertilization. Mineral nutrition plays a key role in exploiting the genetic potential of pulses crops. Phosphours is an important mineral element for grain legumes as it helps in root development, participates in synthesis of phosphate and phosphoproteins and takes part in energy fixing and releasing process in plants. Significant response of legumes to phosphate nutrition has been reported by several workers (Singh and Yadav 2008). Most of the applied P gets fixed and only 10-18% is utilized by the current crop (Subehia and Sharma 2002). Iron is critical for chlorophyll formation and photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is the small sun-panels which the plants use to harvest energy from the sun and gives plants green pigment. Photosynthesis is the process during which the actual sun- rays are harvested. Iron is also used by enzymes to regulate transpiration in plants. This transpiration process allows nutrients to reach all parts of the plants. Without iron the above functions would not work. Since these functions are essential for plant growth, iron is an essential element, so there is a need to focus on these nutrients, especially zinc, as it is one of the most important micronutrient, while, applying with iron and NPK. Zinc deficient soil can be found throughout the word and are *Corresponding author s ojharca@gmail.com.

2 Volume 35 Issue 3 (2015) 225 normally associated with low soil organic matter and alkaline soil. Zinc and iron deficiencies are corrected in most cases by applying granular zinc sulphate (ZnSO 4 ) and iron sulphate (FeSO 4 ) fertilizer. Addition of FYM and vermicompost to these soils not only supplies the additional nutrients to the growing plants but also affects the availability of native nutrients from soil and chemical fertilizers due to release of organic acids and other microbial products during the decomposition (Stevenson 1967). Production of organic acids during decomposition of FYM lowers the ph due to which stable complexes with cations like Ca 2+, Mg 2+, Fe 2+ and Al 3+ of greater stability and releases water soluble phosphates. Due to this chelating effect, the organic acid solublizes more P than inorganic acids at the same ph (Pattanayak et al. 2009). Besides, FYM also maintains a congenial hydro-thermal regime for optimum crop production. Since vermicompost helps in enhancing the activity of microorganisms in soils which further enhances solubility of nutrients and their consequent availability to plants is known to be altered by microorganism by reducing soil ph at micro sites, chelating action of organic acids produced by them and intraphyl mobility in the fungal filaments (Parthasarathi et al., 2008). In addition to nitrogen, which is fixed in the soil from the atmosphere, farmyard manure and vermicompost are another source of nutrients which enhance the nitrogen fixation capacity of the crop. In addition to biologically fixed nitrogen, crop also requires nitrogen through fertilization to meet its initial requirement. As much information is not available on the combined effect of organics, fertilizer nutrients and micronutrients, on the productivity of the blackgram, the present experiment was undertaken to study the effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth, yield and economic of blackgram under rainfed conditions of southern Rajasthan. A field experiments was conducted during kharif, 2013 at Instructional Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur situated in agro-climatic zone IV a (Sub-humid southern plain and Aravali Hills) of Rajasthan. The region has a semi-arid climate. The soil of the experimental site was clay loam in texture containing , and kg ha -1 available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, respectively in 0-30 cm soil depth with ph 7.9 and 0.58 per cent organic carbon. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications, assigning 9 treatments consisting (control, 75% RDF, 100% RDF, 100% RDF+Zn+Fe, 50% RDF+50% RDN through FYM, FYM 4 t ha -1, vermicompost 2 t ha -1 (Basal), FYM 2 t ha -1 (Basal)+vermicompost 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS and vermicompost 1 t ha -1 (Basal)+vermicompost 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS). The recommended doses of N, P 2 O 5, K 2 O, ZnSO 4, and FeSO 4 were 20, 30, 15, 5 and 5 kg ha -1, respectively. Full dose of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc and iron in the form of urea, DAP, MOP, ZnSO 4 and FeSO 4 were applied basal as per treatments. FYM and vermicompost were incorporated as per treatments. The blackgram variety PU-31 was sown on 10 th July 2013 at 30 cm row to row spacing by using recommended seed rate of 16 kg ha -1. All other agronomic practices were adopted as per need of the crop. Effect on growth attributes: The data on growth parameters of blackgram are presented in Table 1. Various plant growth parameter of blackgram crop are affected by varying sources of nutrients. The maximum plant height (34.18 cm) at harvest was recorded under 100% RDF+Zn+Fe (N:P:K- 20:30:15 kg ha -1 + ZnSO 4 5 kg ha -1 ) which was at par with treatment 100% RDF, 50% RDF+50% RDN through FYM and FYM 4 t ha -1 (Table 1). Evaluation of effect of split dose of vermicompost indicated that split application of vermicompost 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS along with FYM 2 t ha -1 (Basal) recorded a significant increase growth attributes over vermicompost 1 t ha -1 (Basal)+vermicompost 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS and control, respectively. Dry matter accumulation TABLE 1: Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on growth and yield attributes of blackgram Treatments Plant height Dry matter Leaf are Number of Number of (cm) (g) index (LAI) pods plant -1 seeds pod -1 Control % RDF % RDF % RDF + Zn + Fe % RDF + 50 % RDN through FYM FYM 4 t ha Vermicompost 2 t ha -1 (Basal) FYM 2 t ha -1 (Basal) + VC 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS VC1 t ha -1 (Basal) + VC 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS SEm± CD (P=0.05) RDF = Recommended dose of fertilizer, DAS = Day after sowing, VC = Vermicompost

3 226 AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE DIGEST increased significantly with the advancement of crop age. Application of 100% RDF+Zn+Fe (N:P:K- 20:30:15 kg ha -1 + ZnSO 4 5 kg ha -1 ) produced significantly higher dry matter of investigation than rest of the treatments at harvest of recording observation (Table 1). At harvest 100% RDF+Zn+Fe produced and 8.76% more dry matter over 100% RDF and FYM 4 t ha -1, respectively. The higher dry matter production is ascribed to the vigorous and enhanced plant growth and also to higher leaf area development that aided in the effective interception of light, thus leading to higher dry matter production. These findings were also supported by Subramanian and Solaimalai (2000), Kumaran and Subramanian (2001), Rathore et al. (2010). The data presented in Table-1 revealed that the significantly maximum leaf area index (2.216) at harvest were recorded under 100% RDF+Zn+Fe (N:P:K- 20:30:15 kg ha -1 + ZnSO 4 5 kg ha -1 ) which was at par with treatment 100% RDF, 50% RDF+50% RDN through FYM and FYM 4 t ha -1. Better nutrient availability might have resulted in greater leaf area index. The overall improvement in the growth of blackgram with the addition of fertilizers (NPK with zinc and iron) could be ascribed to their pivotal role in several physiological and biochemical processes, viz., root development, photosynthesis, energy transfer reaction and symbiotic biological N fixation process. The similar results were also reported by Subramanian and Solaimalai (2000), Kumaran and Subramanian (2001), Meena et al. (2006), Choudhary et al. (2007), Yadav et al. (2007), Ravi et al. (2008), Rathore et al. (2010) and Hussain et al. (2011). Effect on yield attributes and yield: A perusal of data (Table 1-2) revealed that yield attributes increased significantly with the application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients in blackgram over control. The yield attributing characters i.e., number of pods (32.38 plant -1 ) and number of seeds (6.88 pod -1 ) of blackgram increased significantly with 100% RDF+Zn+Fe (N:P:K- 20:30:15 kg ha -1 + ZnSO 4 5 kg ha -1 + FeSO 4 5 kg ha -1 ). Evaluation of effect of split dose of vermicompost indicate that split application of vermicompost 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS along with FYM 2 t ha -1 (Basal) recorded a significant increase yield attributes of blackgram over vermicompost 1 t ha -1 (Basal)+vermicompost 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS and control, respectively. Similarly, the maximum seed yield (870 kg ha -1 ), straw yield (1843 kg ha -1 ), biological yield (2713 kg ha -1 ) and harvest index (32.10%) of blackgram was recorded under 100% RDF+Zn+Fe (N:P:K- 20:30:15 kg ha ZnSO 4 5 kg ha -1 ) which was at par with treatment 100% RDF, 50% RDF+50% RDN through FYM and FYM 4 t ha -1 and significantly increased over rest of treatment and control (Table-2). Application of 100% RDF + Zn + Fe significantly increased seed yield by and 8.75 per cent over 75% RDF and 100% RDF, respectively. Further, evaluation of effect of split dose of vermicompost indicate that split application of vermicompost 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS along with FYM 2 t ha -1 as basal recorded a significant increase of per cent in seed yield over vermicompost 1 t ha -1 (Basal) + vermicompost 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS. The combined application NPK+Zn+Fe rates to the blackgram increased availability of major and minor nutrients to plant might have enhanced early root growth and cell multiplication leading to more absorption of other nutrients from deeper layers of soil ultimately resulting in increased plant growth attributes and finally increased crop growth rate. The increased yield attributes and yield might be due the increased supply of the major nutrients by translocation of photosynthates accumulated under the influence of the sources of inorganic nutrients. Further, the translocation and accumulation of photosynthates in the economic sinks, resulted in increased seed, straw and biological yields. Seed, straw and biological yield and net return of blackgram significantly increased with the application of zinc and iron. TABLE 2: Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients on yield attributes, yield and economics of blackgram Treatments Yield (kg ha -1 ) Harvest Gross Net B-C Seed Straw Biological index returns returns ratio (%) ( ha -1 ) (ha -1 ) Control % RDF % RDF % RDF + Zn + Fe % RDF + 50 % RDN through FYM FYM 4 t ha Vermicompost 2 t ha -1 (Basal) FYM 2 t ha -1 (Basal) + VC 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS VC 1 t ha -1 (Basal) + VC 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS SEm± CD (P=0.05) RDF = Recommended dose of fertilizer, DAS = Day after sowing, VC = Vermicompost

4 Volume 35 Issue 3 (2015) 227 The absorption of nutrients might have helped the plant in greater photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and synthesis of carbohydrates. Thus, there beneficial effects of zinc brought about a substantial improvement in yield attributes of zinc and iron brought about a substantial improvement in yield attributes and ultimately in seed and straw yields of blackgram. Increased yield attributes and yield by various workers have been reported at different places Kumaran and Subramanian (2001), Poongothai and Chitdeshwari (2003), Balachandar et al. (2003), Saxena et al. (2005), Choudhary et al. (2007), Jat and Mehra (2007), Chandra and Khandelwal (2009), Athokpam et al. (2009) and Rathore et al. (2010). Economics of the treatments: Significantly higher gross returns (Rs. 50,975 ha -1 ) was recorded with 100% RDF+Zn+Fe over rest of the treatments and control (Table-2). The maximum net return (34,930) of blackgram was recorded under 100% RDF+Zn+Fe (N:P:K- 20:30:15 kg ha -1 + ZnSO 4 5 kg ha -1 ) which was at par with 100% RDF (Rs. 31,405 ha -1 ), 50% RDF+50% RDN through FYM (27,746) and FYM 4 t ha -1 (Rs. 32,404) and was higher by 100% RDF+Zn+Fe (23,204), 100% RDF (Rs. 19,679), 50% RDF+50% RDN through FYM (16,020) and FYM 4 t ha -1 (Rs. 20,678) over control (Rs. 11,726 ha -1 ). The maximum B-C ratio was recorded with application 100% RDF+Zn+Fe (3.18) followed by 100% RDF (2.99), FYM 4 t ha -1 (2.80) and 50% RDF+50% RDN through FYM (2.64). Application of 100% RDF+ Zn+ Fe and 100% RDF significantly increased the net return and benefit cost ratio of blackgram over control (Table-2). Further application of FYM 4 t ha -1 and 50% RDF + 50% RDN through FYM positively increased the net returns as compared to vermicompost 2 t ha -1 (Basal) and control, respectively. However, net return and benefit cost ratio was significantly increased by application of FYM 2 t ha -1 (Basal)+vermicompost 1 t ha -1 at 30 DAS as compared to vermicompost 1 t ha -1 (Basal)+vermicompost 1 t ha DAS and control. The increased net return could be explained on the basis of increased yield under the influence of sources of inorganic nutrients in the present investigation. Further, the benefit cost ratio was decreased due to application of organic sources viz., FYM and vermicompost because of the higher cost involved in applying the organic sources. Significantly increase net return and benefit cost ratio due to inorganic sources of nutrient under the present study are in close agreement with the finding of Gupta et al. (2007), Shashikumar et al. (2013) and Kumawat et al. (2013). From this investigation it can be concluded that, the reproductive efficiency of blackgram is significantly influenced by NPK with zinc and iron treatments. However, application of 100% RDF+Zn+Fe significantly increased the plant growth, higher dry matter production and uptake of nutrients compared to control and resulted in significant increase in number of pods formed, percentage of fruits set and seed yield of blackgram. CONCLUSION It is concluded from that investigation the application of recommended dose of fertilizer (100% NPK of 20:30:15 and 4 t ha -1 recorded better seed yield (800 and 860 kg ha -1 ) of blackgram crop. The highest seed yield (870 kg ha -1 ) and net return (Rs ha - 1 ) was obtained in the treatment consisting the basal application of zinc and iron along with 100% nitrogen, phosphorus and potash (Recommended dose of fertilizer). The addition of ZnSO 4 and FeSO 4 as 5 kg ha -1 along with 100 % NPK of RDF prone superior to application of 100% NPK of RDF in terms of growth and yield parameters of blackgram crop. REFERENCES Athokpam, H. S., Chongtham, N., Singh, R. K. K., Singh, N. G. and Singh, N. B. (2009). Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by blackgram (Vigna mungo L.). Environment and Ecology, 27: Balachandar, D., Nagarajan, P., Gunasekaran, S. (2003). Effect of organic amendments and micronutrients on nodulation and yield of blackgram in acid soil. Legume Research, 26: Chandra, D. and Khandelwal, R.B. (2009). Effect of zinc and phosphorus on yield, nutrient uptake and oil content of mustard growth on the gypsum-treated sodic soil. J. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 57: Choudhary, H.C., Khan, S. and Uttam, S.K. (2007). Effect of N, P, S and Zn nutrition and moisture conservation practices on nutrient uptake, quality and yield of rainfed Indian mustard in eroded soil. Indian Agric., 53: DOA, (2013). Rajasthan Agricultural Statistics- At a glance (2013). Directorate of Agriculture, Statistical Cell, Rajasthan, Jaipur. Gupta, B. R., Tiwari, R., Tiwari, T. P. and Tiwari, K. N. (2007). Maximizing Yield, Nutrient Use Efficiency, and Profit in Summer Blackgram. Better Crops, 91: Hussain, N., Mehdi, M. and Kant, R. H. (2011). Response of Nitrogen and Phosphorus on Growth and Yield Attributes of Blackgram (Vigna mungo). Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2:

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