Nematodes in seed potato production: cuidado!

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1 Nematodes in seed potato production: cuidado! Nicole Viaene 5 September 2013 visit Chilean potato group and Belgapom Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research Plant Sciences Unit Agriculture and Fisheries Policy Area

2 What are nematodes? Most important nematodes on potato Quarantine nematodes: biology, spread, regulations, monitoring/control Root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne spp. Potato cyst nematode Globodera spp.

3 Nematodes

4 Plant-parasitic nematodes stylet average size 0,5 2 mm parasitizing plant roots, but also stem, seeds, tubers, leaves

5 Nematodes: life cycle - egg - juvenile 1 - juvenile 2 - juvenile 3 - juvenile 4 - adult

6 Nematodes: life cycle Pratylenchus sp.: female Pratylenchus sp.: male - ei - juveniel 1 - juveniel 2 - juveniel 3 - juveniel 4 - adult Females Meloidogyne sp. Females Globodera sp.

7 Nematodes: damage lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans in maize and potato

8 Nematodes: damage Potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis in potato

9 Nematodes: damage Root-knot nematode Meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato, salsify, carrot

10 Most important nematodes on potato Potato cyst nematodes Root-knot nematodes Lesion nematodes Potato rot nematode False root-knot nematode Globodera spp. Meloidogyne spp. Pratylenchus spp. Ditylenchus destructor Nacobus aberrans

11 Most important nematodes on potato + quarantine status (in EU) Potato cyst nematodes Root-knot nematodes Globodera spp. Meloidogyne spp. M. chitwoodi, M. fallax, Q some Q M. enterolobii Lesion nematodes Pratylenchus spp. Potato rot nematode Ditylenchus destructor False root-knot nematode Nacobus aberrans no Q Q Q

12 Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida potato cyst nematodes

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14 Symptoms on roots and tubers: cysts

15 Symptoms in field: reduced plant growth Potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis in potato

16 Spread of PCN SOIL ON FIELD MACHINERY - ploughing - harrowing - building ridges - spraying pesticides - harvesting -. Spread within field Spread between fields on same farm Spread between farms Photo: T. Been 16

17 Spread of PCN SOIL TARE, SIEVING AND GRADING SOIL Photos T.Been, PRI, Wageningen Soil taken back to other fields, other regions,. risk for spread 17

18 Spread of PCN SEED POTATO? EU directive 2007/33/EC applied since july 2010 Statutory field sampling: field free of cysts = no cysts detected in soil sample If cysts detected: no seed potato for 6 years only resistant variety of ware potato chemical soil desinfestation of the field trap crop

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20 Detection of potato cysts in soil 4U Identificatie van aardappelcystenaaltjes

21 Detection Distribution of cysts in Belgium in soil 21

22 Identification GLOBODERA ROSTOCHIENSIS OR G. PALLIDA? DNA PCR-mix met o.a. Ro-primer en Pa-primer A B

23 Root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne chitwoodi en M. fallax

24 Life cycle of Meloidogyne spp. ROOT Adult J4 Adult with eggs J3 J2 J2 after feeding Infective juvenile SOIL First moult, egg with juvenile Adapted from Karssen & Moens, 2006

25 Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax (EPPO)

26 Symptoms of Meloidogyne chitwoodi celery leek potato maize

27 Symptoms of Meloidogyne chitwoodi Visuel inspection possible

28 Inspection of tubers: visually Symptoms not always clear: incubation potato variety

29 Inspection of potato tubers for Meloidogyne -Visual detection based on symptoms

30 Inspection of potato tubers for Meloidogyne -Visual detection based on symptoms -Detection after extraction of nematodes from tubers (lab ) Similar to inspection for bacterial diseases 200 tubers per consignment of max 20 ton

31 Morphological identification:microscopy M. chitwoodi M. fallax

32 Molecular identification: PCR, qpcr, seqencing of DNA PCR with species-specific primers: Mc, Mf, Mh M. hapla kbp M.fallax 500bp M. chitwoodi PCR producten met JMV1, JMV2 en JMV hapla primers. (1) Bio2-Cuc-2, (2) Bio1-Sp-4, (3) Bio1-Tom-2, (4) Bio1-Cuc-1, (5) Bio2-Zuc-1, (6) Positive control (M.chitwoodi), (7-10) Bio3- Tom-3, Tom-2, Tom-1 and Tom-4 respectively, (11) Bio2-Ep-1, (12) Bio2-Cuc-3, (13) Blank

33 Thank you for your attention! Questions Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research Plant Sciences Unit Agriculture and Fisheries Policy Area