Vegetable Production in Turkey II. Management of Production

Transcription

1 Vegetable Production in Turkey II. Management of Production Prof. Dr. Yüksel Tüzel Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eftal Düzyaman Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture Bornova Izmir / Turkey yuksel.tuzel@ege.edu.tr

2 Outlook Assoc. Prof. Dr. Eftal Düzyaman Genetic material Vegetable production Seed & breeding industry Prof. Dr. Yüksel Tüzel Greenhouse production overview Management of soil fertility concerning the vegetable growing Pest risk management of vegetable crops Conclusion

3 Vegetable Production Protected cultivation Open field production

4 Protected cultivation Total protected cultivation has reached to ha in Area under low plastic tunnel is 33.4% ( ha) of the total while the rest ( ha) is occupied by greenhouses.

5 Protected cultivation Cultivated crops

6 Management of Soil Fertility Production is in soil; ha soilless culture in greenhouses; Fertigation (particularly in greenhouses); Fertilizer production is 2.9 million tonnes; Fertilizer consumption is 5.3 million tonnes; Mean fertilizer use is below world average (due to small farm size, decrease of product prices ) Imported

7 Management of Soil Fertility Independency, Difficulties in raw material supply, High cost.

8 Management of Soil Fertility Constraints Lack of soil and/or leaf analysis for fertilization resulting in increase of EC & NO 3 pollution; In Demre-Antalya 168 soil & 84 irrigation water samples were taken from 28 greenhouses at 3 growing periods and from 2 depths. EC was found high at 0-20 and cm depths and also irrigation water was in C2 (medium salinity) and C3 (high salinity) categories (Sönmez ve Kaplan, 2004). NO 3 pollution of well water has reached to a significant level in Kumluca-Antalya. NO 3 level was over 45 mg/l in more than 50% of the wells (Kaplan ve ark., 1999)..

9 Management of Plant Protection Country Active ingradient Factor consumption (kg/ha) Turkey Greece x Italy Spain Portugal France Germany United Kingdom The Netherlands Austria Denmark Hungary Regions Average is not high! But consumption is very high in west and south coast of Turkey! Rate of regions Aegean 15 Mediterranean 20 Aegean + Mediterranean 35 East Anatolia 6 South-east Anatolia 23 East Anatolia + South-east Anatolia 29

10 Management of Plant Protection Yearly mean consumption increase is 9.64%! Production (t) Import (t) Total (t/year) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,9

11 Management of Plant Protection Over dose use; Spraying number; Mixing of different pesticides (also with fertilizers); Measurement of dose; Residue.. But there are improvements : Consumption of environmentally friendly pesticides Total (kg or liter) Ratio in total (%) Over dose use; Residue problems.

12 Recent developmets Production technology Plant propogation material Cultivar Studies started in The use of hybrid seeds started with greenhouse cultivation. Appearance, resistance to transport were more important, however taste & aroma, antioxidant content became important. Local varieties are preferred. Commercialized cultivar number in 2008: tomato (555), cucumber (282), pepper (203), melon (107), watermelon (101), courgette (97), eggplant (50) (ttsm.gov.tr, 2009). Seed 7 governmental organization belongs to Ministry works on vegetable seeds in Among the 144 private companies, 71 of them is dealing with vegetable seeds. 38 of them has research & development facilities. (tugem.gov.tr, 2009) Seedling Recent improvements Number & area of companies increased sharply. It was 12 in 2000 and increased to 30 in Today the number has reached to 79 and the area to 110 ha.

13 Seedling production

14 Seedling production In 2008 : 36 million grafted watermelon, 35 million grafted tomato ; 1 million grafted cucumberseedling.

15 Good Agricultural Practices Implementation IPP approach was introduced in 1990s due to mainly the demand of exporters. Good agricultural practises (GAP), a certificated production system, have come to agenda in 2000 s with a demand coming from Europe. The problems faced in Turkish fresh fruit and vegetables export to EU has forced both producers and exporters to use EUREPGAP certification. The interest of government, local administrators and exporters to the GAP has encouraged the producers to shift GAP system in the production in particular to sustain export markets

16 Also, private consultants have started to play an important role in Turkish protected cultivation since 2002 parallel to the developments in the demand to the safe products. The Society of Agricultural Consultants was established in 2006 in Antalya. In the same year, a regulation related to agricultural extension and consulting services was issued by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.

17 GAP certificated area Region Aegean Provinces Area (ha) % İzmir, Denizli, Manisa, Aydın, Muğla, Afyon Mediterranean Adana, Antalya, Mersin, Isparta Middle Anatolia Konya, Karaman Blacksea Samsun, Giresun East Anatolia Southeast Anatolia TOTAL 17 provinces

18 Certificated Production

19 Certificated Production

20 Certificated Production

21 Company Natura Sebze Meyve Gıda Tic. Ltd. Şti. Address Toptancı Hal: 695 Antalya / TÜRKİYE Telephone Fax Mail Web address info@antalyanatura.com Grower information Greenhouse code Name & surname ALİ BARUT Greenhouse name E Province ANTALYA Site GÜZELOBA Plant Tomato Greenhouse type PE Ventilation Side Heating Frost protection Planting date End of harvest Identification number Name of farmer ALİ BARUT Greenhouse code E Place ANTALYA Area 1550 m² Town MERKEZ Season Fall Cv. MALİKE F1 Start of harvest

22 Pest & Disease Management Date Application date Name of pest or disease Name of pesticide & active ingradient Licence date and number Duration between spraying and harvest Dose Application type Leafminer Liriomyza spp. EVISECT S ( THIOCYCLAM HYDROGEN OXALATE %50) / Days 50.00g/ da PULV Leafminer Liriomyza spp. EVISECT S ( THIOCYCLAM HYDROGEN OXALATE %50) / Days 50.00g/ da PULV Powdery mildew Leveillula taurica TOPAS 100 EC ( PENCONAZOLE, 100) / Days 50.00cc/ da PULV Powdery mildew Leveillula taurica TOPAS 100 EC ( PENCONAZOLE, 100) / Days 50.00cc/ da PULV Aphids Aphis spp. PLENUM 50 WG ( PYMETROZINE % 50 G/L) / Days 30.00g/ da PULV Powdery mildew Leveillula taurica TOPAS 100 EC ( PENCONAZOLE, 100) / Days 50.00cc/ da PULV Mildew Phytophthora infestans ANTRACOL 70 WP ( PROPINEB, 70) /528 7 Days g/ da PULV Mildew Phytophthora infestans EQUATION-CONTACT ( % FOMAXODONE+MANCO ZEB) / Days 80.00g/ da PULV Powdery mildew Leveillula taurica SIGNUM WP ( % 26,7+6,7 BOSCALID+PYROCLOS TROBIN) / Days 60.00g/1.00 da PULV Mildew Phytophthora infestans BRAVO ( CHLOROTHALONIL, 500) / Days ml/ da PULV Grey mildew Botrytis cinerea BELLKUTE 40 WP ( % 40 IMINOCTADINE TRIALBESILATE) / Days 60.00g/ da PULV Red spidermite Tetranychus spp. OBERON 240 SC / Days 60.00cc/ da PULV.

23 Needs development! Export is still low: The vegetable production and processing sector has to organise itself for export market. The limitations of export possibilities have been forced the enterprises to work in low capacities. Input use needs improvement: At appropriate amount, timing and optimum prices. Also needed to provide of continuous high quality product. Consumer demands have changed: Certificated production (GAP) should be increased. Tracebility of the product Record keeping of growers Efforts to increase awareness for environmentally friendy production systems.

24 Needs development! Development of new products Development of Brand names Subsidy for some inputs (electricity, fuel, etc.), Forming technical and economical co-operation and international relations, Training, Production planning.

25 STRENGHTS *Introduction of modern production facilities *Availability of cheap labour *Capacity for high product quality *Convenient of environment conditions *Water availability WEAKNESSES *High cost of energy *Inadequate financing capabilities *Small size farms *Lack of training of farmers *Socio-economic context OPPORTUNITIES *Enter new markets *Close relationship with EU *Development in the demands of the domestic market *To take into consideration of different consumer demand *Being organized as farm commodity groups THREATS *Likely entry of new competitors *Crisis of regional and global impact

26 The Scenario The most important objectives to be reached The increasing globalization The evolution of consumers expectations The attention to environmental impact Product innovation Production cost reduction Yield increase Production qualification Environmental impact reduction.

27 Thank you!