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1 Title The Effet of Wter Defiit in Ty nd Wter Requirement of Soyen Indonesi( 本文 (Fulltext) ) Author(s) ROSADI, Rden Ahmd Bustomi Cittion [Jrq-Jpn Agriulturl Reserh p.[47]-[52] Issue Dte 27- Rights Jpn Interntionl Reserh Cent 立行政法人国際農林水産業研究センター ) Version 出版社版 (pulisher version) postprin URL この資料の著作権は 各資料の著者 学協会 出版社等に帰属します

2 JARQ 4 (), (27) The Effet of Wter Defiit in Typil Soil Types on the Yield nd Wter Requirement of Soyen (Glyine mx [L.] Merr.) in Indonesi Rden Ahmd Bustomi ROSADI, AFANDI, Msteru SENGE 2 *, Kengo ITO 2 nd John Twih ADOMAKO 2 Fulty of Agriulture, University of Lmpung (Jln Prof. Dr. Soemntri Brojonegoro No., Bndr Lmpung 3545, Indonesi) 2 Fulty of Applied Biologil Siene, Gifu University (Yngido, Gifu 5 93, Jpn) Astrt An experiment ws onduted with the ojetive to investigte the influene of ville wter defiit in typil soil types on the yield nd rop wter requirement of soyens in Indonesi. This reserh ws onduted in plsti greenhouse of the University of Lmpung from June to August 25. A ftoril experiment ws rrnged in rndomized lok design with three replitions. The soil type (S) ws the first ftor with two different soil types, (S), nd (S2). Wter defiit (D) ws the seond ftor with five levels inluding D ( 2%), D2 (2 4%), D3 (4 6%), D4 (6 8%), nd D5 (8 %) of wter defiit from the totl ville wter (TAW). For exmple, D ( 2%) ment tht wter ws given to mintin the ville wter depletion etween % nd 2% of TAW in the root zone. Yield under full irrigtion in (2.3 g/pot) ws 2.3 times s muh s in (9.3 g/pot). Yield effiieny (the rtio of yield to rop wter requirement) in ws the gretest under defiit irrigtion of 3% of ville wter defiit (.83 g/g), whih ws.26 times s muh s under full irrigtion (.66 g/g). However, yield effiieny of ws the gretest under full irrigtion (.49 g/g). Therefore, yield effiieny of soyen in ws.8 times s muh s in. Disipline: Irrigtion, dringe nd relmtion Additionl key words: defiit irrigtion, red id soil, soyen, yield effiieny, wter stress Introdution Soyen prodution in Indonesi hs een flututing in reltion to the hnge of ropping re, whih from 2 to 24 ws 825, 679, 545, 527, nd 55 3 h respetively, nd the totl soyen prodution ws,8, 827, 673, 627, nd 77 3 t for the respetive res 7. Aording to n nonymous report in Mrwoto et l. 7, in the yer 24, ntionl onsumption of soyen ws 2.2 million t, ut ntionl prodution ws just.7 million t nd the rest.3 million t hd to e totlly imported to meet 65% of ntionl onsumption. Lmpung, loted in southern prt of Sumtr Islnd, hs gret hne to inrese produtivity, ropping re, nd prodution effiieny, sine humn resoures re ville (trnsmigrtion from Jv Islnd) nd irrigtion systems re highly equipped. Lmpung hs humid tropil limte, whih is hrterized y high rinfll onentrted in the riny seson s well s high humidity nd temperture throughout the yer. Under this ondition, red id soil is developed nd soil orgni mtter deomposes very rpidly. Red id soil in Indonesi hs een lssified into four soil types, nmely; Red- Yellow Mediterrnen,, Red-Yellow Podzoli, nd Lteriti. (Red-Yellow Podzoli) in Lmpung overs round 48.5% of the totl re, nd the rest onsists of, Andisol, nd Alluvil. In the provine of Lmpung, soyen prodution in 23 ws t from ropping re of h, or.2 t/h (Indonesi Centrl Bureu of Sttistis 4 ). Usully, soyen is plnted in pddy fields fter the seond hrvest of pddy rie t the end of the riny seson. Therefore, wter vilility eomes limiting ftor of prodution; hene the possiility of implementing defiit irrigtion method is inevitle. *Corresponding uthor: e-mil senge@gifu-u..jp Reeived 25 Otoer 25; epted 7 April

3 R. A. B. Rosdi et l. In order to ensure suessful defiit irrigtion, it is neessry to onsider the wter retention pity of the soil. In sndy soil, plnts my undergo wter stress quikly under defiit irrigtion, wheres plnts in deep soils of fine texture my hve mple time to djust to low soil wter mtri potentil, nd my remin unffeted y low soil wter ontent. Therefore, suess with defiit irrigtion is more prole in finely textured soils 6. Aording to Doorenoss nd Kssm 3, in order to quntify the effet of wter stress, it is neessry to derive the reltionship etween reltive yield derese nd reltive evpotrnspirtion defiit given y the following eqution. - Y = K y ( - ET ) () where - Y = reltive yield derese, Y = tul yield, Y m = mximum yield (under no wter stress ondition in eh soil type), - ET = reltive evpotrnspirtion derese, K y = yield response ftor, ET = tul evpotrnspirtion, nd ET m = mximum evpotrnspirtion (under no wter stress ondition in eh soil type). The K y of soyen for the whole growing period under wter defiit ws 5 ording to Doorenos nd Kssm 3 nd Moutonnet 8. Bsed on the ove desription, the reserh ws onduted with the ojetive to investigte the influene of ville wter defiit in typil soil types of Indonesi on yield nd rop wter requirement of soyens. This reserh n e used to determine irrigtion shedules for the different soil types whih ensure optimum growth nd prodution effiieny of soyens. Mterils nd methods This reserh ws onduted in plsti greenhouse loted in the experimentl field of Lmpung University from June to August 25. The soyen ultivr used ws Slmet. Soyens were plnted in plsti ukets inside the plsti greenhouse. The size of the plsti greenhouse ws 6 m 2. The top roof height ws 4.5 m, nd the lowest roof height ws 3 m. The greenhouse type ws moo A-frme. The verge temperture is 26.4ºC nd the reltive humidity (RH) ws 83.3%. A ftoril experiment ws rrnged in rndomized lok design with three replitions. The soil types (S) ws the first ftor with two different soil types, (S), nd (S2). Aville wter defiit (D) ws the seond ftor with five levels inluding: D ( 2%), D2 (2 4%), D3 (4 6%), D4 (6 8%), nd D5 (8 %) of ville wter defiit. For exmple, the wter defiit level, D2 (2 4%) ment tht wter ws given to mintin the ville wter depletion etween 2% nd 4% of the totl ville wter (TAW) in the root zone. TAW is defined s the wter ontent etween field pity (θ FC ) nd permnent wilting point (θ PWP ). When the mximum llowle depletion of ville wter got lose to 4% of TAW, wter ws pplied to ring k the ville wter depletion to the defiit level of 2% of TAW. The physil nd hemil properties of the soils re shown in Tle. Agronomi vriles evluted in this reserh were yield (Y, g/pot) nd rop wter requirement (CWR, g). CWR ws lulted s the totl evpotrnspirtion (ET, g/d) during the whole growing period. Evpotrnspirtion (ET), whih determined rop wter requirement, ws mesured y weighing the ontiner every dy. The ontiner served the role of weighing lysimeter tht hydrologilly isoltes soil surfe lterl inflow/outflow. Dily evpotrnspirtion ws lulted y the following formul: ET = Wd i - Wd i- (2) where Wd i (g) = the weight of ontiner t dy (i), nd Wd i- (g) = the weight of the ontiner t dy (i - ). The volume of the ontiner (plsti uket) ws L with top dimeter of 28 m, ottom dimeter of 2.5 m, nd height of 2.5 m. The soil ws tken from top soil (2 m depth), then ir-dried nd sieved with 3 mm mesh sreen to mke soil homogenous efore filling the ontiners. A smll 3 mm dimeter hole for dringe ws loted t the enter of the ontiner ottoms. Five seeds were plnted in eh plsti uket, nd one week lter thinned to only 2 seedlings whih were mintined until the end of the growth period. Ure fertilizer ws pplied t 75 kg/h, triple superphosphte t 75 kg/h, nd murite of potsh t 75 kg/h. All fertilizer ws pplied just one, t seedling time. The soyen Soil moisture ontent (m 3 /m 3 ) Tle. The soil physil nd hemil properties TAW θ FC - θ PWP Orgni ontent ph (H 2 O) Soil texture (kg/kg) θ FC (34.7 kp) θ PWP (85 kp) (m 3 /m 3 ) (kg/kg) Snd Silt Cly JARQ 4 () 27

4 Defiit Irrigtion of Soyen in Typil Soil Types plnts were irrigted with hnd-held wtering n, nd the mount of wter pplied ws the sme s the mount of ET of the dy efore. The soyen plnts were spryed with insetiide to protet them from inset ttk t lest twie month. The growth period of the soyen ws 85 dys. Two weeks efore hrvesting, irrigtion ws stopped. Sttistil nlysis ws done using F-test t the 5% signifine level, followed y Lest Signifint Differene (LSD) test t the sme level. Results nd disussion. Crop wter requirement The influenes of ville wter defiit (D) on rop wter requirement (CWR) in the different soil types (S) re shown in Tle 2. It n e oserved from this tle tht the effets of ville wter defiit on CWR in nd re quite signifint. In, the plnts experiened wter stress strting from ville wter defiit 2 4% of TAW (D2), ut in the plnts experiened wter stress eginning from ville wter defiit 4 6% of TAW (D3). It mens tht the ritil wter ontent (θ ), defined s wter ontent when plnts egin to experiene wter stress, orresponded to ville wter defiit 3% of TAW in nd ville wter defiit 5% of TAW in. The vlue θ in is lulted s -.3 ( -.5) =.6 m 3 /m 3 (49 kp) nd in is lulted s (5 -.) = m 3 /m 3 (66kP). There ws signifint differene in the response of Tle 2. The effet of ville wter defiit t different soil types on the totl CWR (g/pot) ville wter defiit of D, D2, nd D3 etween nd, nd there ws no signifint differene in D4 nd D5. It mens tht the CWR in is greter thn in under no stress (D) nd low wter defiit of D2 nd D3. However, CWR in nd re lmost the sme under high wter defiits of D4 nd D5. 2. Evpotrnspirtion Fig. shows the reltionship etween ET nd the frtion of wter depletion p. The vlue of ET is the rtio of tul evpotrnspirtion (ET ) to the mximum evpotrnspirtion (ET m ). Mximum evpotrnspirtion (ET m ) refers to onditions when wter is dequte for unrestrited growth nd development. The vlue of ET orresponds to the wter stress oeffiient (K s ) proposed y Allen et l. 2, whih is defined s the rtio of ET dj to ET. ET dj is the rop evpotrnspirtion under non-stndrd ondition (i.e. wter stress ondition) nd ET is evpotrnspirtion under stndrd ondition (i.e. no wter stress ondition). The vlue of p is the rtio of wter depletion to the totl ville wter (TAW) in the root zone, whih is n inditor of the wter defiit level. For exmple, the verge vlue of p under the wter mngement of D3 (4 6%) tretment is lulted s (.4 +.6)/2 =.5. Fig. shows tht ET vlues derese with inresing p, delining fster in thn. It mens tht the evpotrnspirtion in is more sensitive to wter stress thn in. Aording to Allen et l. 2 (998), the vlue of p is funtion of the soil type, for fine textured soils (ly) the p vlue n e redued y 5 %, while for more orse textured soils (snd), they n e inresed y 5 %. It is esy to understnd, euse the texture of soil onsists of 8% snd nd 8% ly, wheres soil onsists of 4% snd nd 3% ly (Tle ). D ( 2%) D2 (2 4%) 3,256,88 2,45,87 D3 (4 6%) D4 (6 8%) D5 (8 %),923,49,377,97 d e Numers followed y the sme letter horizontlly nd vertilly were not signifintly different using LSD-test t 5% signifine level. The old line nd or shding re the oundries for signifine levels etween the tretments ompred to the ontrol/highest vlue. ET/ETm The ville wter defiit Fig.. The reltion etween the ville wter defiit (p) nd ET on nd 49

5 R. A. B. Rosdi et l. Tle 3. The effet of ville wter defiit t the different soil types on yield (g/pot) Y / Y m D B D B D B D B d D A e d Numers followed y the sme letter horizontlly nd vertilly were not signifintly different using LSD-test t 5% signifine level. The old line nd or shding re the oundries for signifine levels etween the tretments ompred to the ontrol/highest vlue The ville wter defiit (p) Fig. 2. The reltion etween the ville wter defiit (p) nd Y Ky = ET/ETm Fig. 3. Yield response to wter defiit of soyen in nd Y/Ym 3. Yield The effet of ville wter defiit (D) in the different soil types (S) on yield re shown in Tle 3. From Tle 3, it ould e seen tht there were signifint differenes etween the yields of nd under the low wter defiit of D, D2, nd D3, ut there ws no signifint differene under high wter defiit of D4 nd D5. The yields of soyen egn to derese signifintly y wter stress under ville wter defiit more thn 4 6% of TAW in oth the nd. The yield in ws greter thn in under ll wter defiit levels. Espeilly the mximum yield in (2.3 g/pot) ws 2.29 times s muh s in (9.3 g/pot) under full irrigtion (D). Fig. 2 shows the reltion etween (Y ) nd the ville wter defiit frtion p. The vlue of Y is the rtio of the tul yield (Y ) gined under ville wter defiit level of p to the mximum yield (Y m ) under no wter stress ondition, whih is lso n inditor tht the plnt is in stress ondition. The reltions etween (Y ) nd p in nd re lmost the sme. Beyond the wter depletion p =.3, the vlues of Y for nd derese shrply, inditing stress ondition. Bsed on Tles 2 nd 3, nd Fig., nd 2, it is pprent tht the response of nd to CWR nd yield were different. Those differenes hppen euse of the effet of the different physil nd hemil properties of the soil. Bsed on the lortory nlysis, the hemil properties differed, espeilly ph (H 2 O). The ph of the ws 5.5, nd the ws Aording to Tn 9, nd were lssified s hving moderte nd strong idity, respetively. Bsed on the physil properties, the soil is lssified s lomy snd with 8% snd nd 8% ly, nd the s ly lom with 4% snd nd 3% ly. Aording to Ismil nd Effendi 5, the est ph for soyen growth is 6.8 with yield index of %. The effets of ph on the yield re shown y the yield index. The yield index of soyen t ph 4.7, 5., 5.7, 6.8, nd 7.5 re 65, 79, 8,, nd 93% respetively. It mens tht the lower the ph, the lower the yield. Therefore, the yield of is greter thn. 4. Yield response ftor The vlues of the yield response ftor (K y ) for wter usge of the different soil types tht re lulted using eqution () re shown in Tle 4. The K y vlues in re greter thn in under ll wter defiit levels. The verge K y vlues of nd re 4 nd.74, respetively. Fig. 3 shows tht the reltionship etween rel- 5 JARQ 4 () 27

6 Defiit Irrigtion of Soyen in Typil Soil Types Tle 4. The yield response ftor of soyen Soil types WD Level (%) Yield (g) ET (g) - Y - ET K y (S) (S2) D ( 2%) 2.3 3,236 D2 (2 4%) 2. 2, D3 (4 6%) 4.6, D4 (6 8%) 8.4, D5 (8 %) Averge 4 D ( 2%) 9.3,88 D2 (2 4%) 8.4, D3 (4 6%) 6.2, D4 (6 8%) 4.7, D5 (8 %) Averge.74 WD: Wter defiit, ET: Evpotrnspirtion. Tle 5. The effet of wter defiit (WD) on wter uses effiieny (WUE), nd yield effiieny (YE) Soil Types WD level (%) Totl iomss (g) Yield (g) CWR (g) WUE (g/g) = /3 YE (g/g) 5 = 2/3 D ( 2) , D2 (2 4) , D3 (4 6) , D4 (6 8) , D5 (8 ) D ( 2) , D2 (2 4) , D3 (4 6) , D4 (6 8).9 4.7, D5 (8 ) WD: Wter defiit, WUE: Wter use defiieny, YE: Yield effiieny. tive yield derese ( - Y ) nd reltive trnspirtion defiit ( - T /T m ) ws liner in with R 2 =.99, ut nonliner in with R 2 =.98. The K y vlues in were less thn under ville wter defiit lower thn D3, ut were greter thn under wter defiit higher thn D4. It mens tht defiit irrigtion ws effetive for eonomy of wter usge in under wter stress lower thn D3 ompred to full irrigtion (D). However, defiit irrigtion in ws not effetive ompred to full irrigtion. 5. Yield nd wter use effiienies Tle 5 shows the effet of ville wter defiit (D) on the yield nd wter use effiieny. Yield effiieny (YE) for wter usge is defined s the rtio of yield (g) of soyen to the rop wter requirement (mm). Wter use effiieny is defined s the rtio of iomss (g) of soyen to the rop wter requirement (mm). Wter use nd yield effiienies in were the gretest under defiit irrigtion of ville wter defiit of D2. YE under defiit level of D2 (.44 g/mm) ws.22 times s muh s under full irrigtion of D (.36 g/mm). The defiit irrigtion whih mintins soil wter defiit t 2 4% of TAW in ould onserve 8% of irrigted wter to produe the sme yield of soyen ompred to full irrigtion. Furthermore, the K s vlue of t optiml defiit irrigtion (D2) ws ET = 2,45/3,236 =.74 (see Tle 4). Wter use nd yield effiienies in were the gretest under full irrigtion of D. The mximum yield 5

7 R. A. B. Rosdi et l. effiieny in (.83 g/g) ws.8 times s muh s in (.46 g/g). 4. Conlusions. Evpotrnspirtion of soyens in with orse soil texture ws more sensitive to wter stress thn in with fine soil texture. Soyen egn to experiene wter stress t ville wter defiits of 2 4% in, nd in t ville wter defiits of 4 6%. Critil wter ontents of nd were.6 m 3 /m 3 (49 kp) nd m 3 /m 3 (66 kp), respetively. 2. Soil produtivity, yield of soyen per unit re under full irrigtion, in (2.3 g/pot) ws 2.3 times s muh s in (9.3 g/pot). It ould e ssumed tht those differenes hppened euse of the effet of the different hemil properties, espeilly soil idity. 3. The verge vlues of the yield response ftor (K y ) of nd were 4 nd.74, respetively. It is onluded from these results tht defiit irrigtion is effetive in, ut it is not effetive in. 4. Yield effiieny of ws the gretest under defiit irrigtion of ville wter defiit 2 4% or 3% of TAW (.83 g/g), whih ws.26 times s muh s under full irrigtion (.66 g/g). However, yield effiieny of ws the gretest under full irrigtion (.49 g/mm). Therefore, yield effiieny of soyen in (.83 g/g) ws.8 times s muh s (.46 g/g). Referenes. Afndi (23) Soil erosion nd soil physil properties under offee tree with vrious mngement in hilly humid tropil re of Lmpung, South Sumtr, Indonesi. Dotorl thesis, United Grduted Shool of Agriulturl Siene, Gifu University, Gifu, Jpn, Allen, R. G. et l. (998) Crop evpotrnspirtion-guidelines for omputing rop wter requirements, FAO irrigtion nd dringe pper no. 56. FAO, Rome, Doorenos, J. & Kssm, A. H. (979) Yield response to wter, FAO irrigtion nd dringe pper no. 33 (prt A). FAO, Rome, Indonesi Centrl Bureu of Sttisti (23) Food rops sttistis. BPS Sttistis, Indonesi, Jkrt. Aville online t htm. 5. Ismil, I. G. & Effendi, S. (985) Soyen on uplnd re. Food Crops Reserh Institute, Sukmndi, Kird, C. et l. (999) Crop yield response to defiit irrigtion. Kluwer Ademi Pulisher, Dordreht, the Netherlnds, Mrwoto & Swstik, D. K. S. & Simtupng, P. (25) Soyen development nd reserh poliy in Indonesi. In Pro. of workshop of soyen development on suoptiml lnd, Blitki Mlng, July 26, 25, Moutonnet, P. (2) Yield response ftors of field rops to defiit irrigtion. In Defiit irrigtion prties, wter reports no. 22, FAO, Rome, Tn, Kim H. (998) Priniples of soil hemistry. Mrel Dekker In, New York, pp JARQ 4 () 27