Ecological Aquaculture: The EVOLUTION of the Blue Revolution

Transcription

1 Ecological Aquaculture: The EVOLUTION of the Blue Revolution Barry A. Costa-Pierce, Ph.D., FAAAS Henry L. & Grace Doherty Professor of Marine Sciences Chair, UNE Department of Marine Sciences Director, UNE Center of Excellence in the Marine Sciences

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3 It s NOT the new Blue Revolution

4 Egypt 4,000 y ago China 2,300 y ago Europe 2,100 y ago Bolivia 2,000 y ago Mexico 1,400 y ago Indonesia 1,400 y ago Cambodia 1,000 y ago Hawaii 700 y ago Costa-Pierce, B.A Sustainable ecological aquaculture systems: the need for a new social contract for aquaculture development. Marine Tech. Soc. Jor. 44(3): 1-25.

5 Fan Li, 470 B.C.

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7 Makoa

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9 Costa-Pierce, B Aquaculture in ancient Hawaii. BioScience 37: Costa-Pierce, B The ahupua'a aquaculture ecosystems in Hawaii, p Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.

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14 Mann, C.C Ancient earthmovers of the Amazon. Science 321:

15 Llanos Region

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17 is NOT new It is an integral part of our planetary wisdom and cultural heritage an essential part of our past and a vital part of our future

18 9.6 to 12.3 B World Gerland et al Science 346: population stabilization unlikely this century

19 50 40 Million MT Global Aquaculture Production Brackishwater Culture Freshwater Culture Mariculture 100 MMT (2014) SOURCE: FAO

20 2500 Thousand MT GLOBAL SALMON PRODUCTION 5144 (2015) 2000 Wild Pacific Farmed Pacific Wild Atlantic Farmed Atlantic 1500 Ph.D '00 '01 '02 SOURCE: FAO FishStat

21 of total global aquaculture production Asia >91% Asia >91% of total global aquaculture production China ~60% (53.9 mil MT) of total global aquaculture production in 2012 (FAO, 2014a) CHINA 60%

22 Top 20 Aquaculture Species (x10 3 MT) Top Ten Pacific oyster 3439 Silver carp 3308 Grass carp 2894 Common carp 2465 Bighead carp 1584 Japanese shell 1427 Crucian carp 1036 Yesso scallop 856 Nile tilapia 794 Rohu carp 755 Next Ten Atlantic salmon 688 Catla carp 629 Malaysian prawn 578 Mrigal carp 561 Blue mussel 500 Bream 449 Trout 438 Milkfish 369 Channel catfish 256 Blood cockle 253 SIX ARE CARPS! EIGHT ARE CARPS!

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35 Two Approaches for the Future of Aquaculture A Sustainability Science Approach An Ecosystems Approach

36 Energy Food Water Sustainabilty Science Waste Shelter

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38 Costa-Pierce, B.A. (ed.) Ocean Farming and Sustainable Aquaculture Science and Technology. Springer, N.Y. 1,865p.

39 Welcome to the Anthropocene! (Biermann et al., 2012) human activities have moved ocean/coastal and other Earth systems outside the range of natural variability not seen over the past 500,000 years

40 16 and counting

41 Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Source

42 Total food supply (2011) Aquatic ~160 mil MT Agriculture ~3,982 mil MT ~4% of total foods

43 Energy Food Water Ocean Food Systems Waste Shelter

44 Ecology as the Paradigm for the Future of Aquaculture

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47 PEOPLE Fisheries Fed & Unfed Aquaculture The Aquaculture Toolbox

48 An Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture is a strategy for the integration of the aquaculture within the wider ecosystem such that it promotes sustainable development, equity, and resilience of interlinked social-ecological systems.

49 Being a strategy, the ecosystem approach to aquaculture, it is NOT WHAT IS DONE but rather HOW IT IS DONE. The participation of stakeholders is the basis of the strategy.

50 Dalton (2005) Conservation Biology 19: Social Ecology of Aquaculture

51 SOCIAL ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

52 2010. Mar. Tech. Soc. J. 44(3):

53 These Species Have a New Social Contract Convergence last ~10 y that user conflicts in shellfish aquaculture can be resolved due to not only technological advances but also to a growing global science/ngo consensus that shellfish aquaculture can fit in in an environmentally and socially responsible manner in many marine environments, the majority of which are already crowded with existing users

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56 Baird Symposium November

57 Biculture cage systems Fed Unfed Muller and Varadi (1984) Costa-Pierce and Hadikusumah (1990) Costa-Pierce (1997)

58 Systems Ecology siting (MSP) ecological design ecological engineering monitoring modeling impacts Ecological Aquaculture Social Ecology human dimensions ecosystems governance ecological economics branding, marketing An Ecosystems Approach to Aquaculture

59 Potential Aquaculture Yields Types of Carrying Capacity Tools Used to Calculate Carrying Capacities Stakeholders Who Define Acceptability Highest Production Mass Balance or Simulation Models Aquaculture & Scientific Community Ecological Mass Balance or Simulation Models Aquaculture & Environmental Communities Regulatory Social Risk Analysis Precautionary Approach Aquaculture, Environmental & Management Communities & The Public

60 2011. Byron, C., D. Bengtson, B. Costa-Pierce, and J. Calanni. Integrating science into management: ecological carrying capacity of bivalve shellfish aquaculture. Marine Policy 35: Byron, C., J. Link, B. Costa-Pierce, D. Bengtson. Modeling ecological carrying capacity of shellfish aquaculture in highly flushed temperate lagoons. Aquaculture 314: Byron, C., J. Link, B. Costa-Pierce, D. Bengtson. Calculating ecological carrying capacity of shellfish aquaculture using mass-balance modeling: Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. Ecological Modeling 222: Byron, C.J. and B.A. Costa-Pierce. Carrying capacity tools for use in the implementation of an ecosystems approach to aquaculture, p In: L.G., Ross, T.C. Telfer, L. Falconer, D. Soto and J. Aguilar-Manjarrez, Editors Site Selection and Carrying Capacities for Inland and Coastal Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings 21. FAO, Rome, Italy. 281 pp Ferreira, J., Ramos, L. & Costa-Pierce, B.A. Key drivers and issues surrounding carrying capacity and site selection, with emphasis on environmental components, p In: L.G., Ross, T.C. Telfer, L. Falconer, D. Soto and J. Aguilar-Manjarrez, Editors Site Selection and Carrying Capacities for Inland and Coastal Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings 21. FAO, Rome, Italy. 281 pp Ross, L.G. and 29 co-authors. Carrying capacities and site selection within the Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture, p In: L.G. Ross et al. (eds.) Site Selection and Carrying Capacities for Inland and Coastal Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings 21. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy. 281 pp.

61 Aquaculture Business Success Feed Success! Seed Need

62 Society s Success Scales Ecosystems Fisheries Agriculture Feed Success! Seed Ecosystems Wild Fisheries Need = Market Opportunity Costs Fisheries Price & Volume Development Value-added Knowledge economy Green jobs Infrastructure