The Open Agriculture Journal

Transcription

1 Send Orders for Reprints to 64 The Open Agriculture Journl, 2018, 12, The Open Agriculture Journl Content list ville t: DOI: / RESEARCH ARTICLE Reclimed Wstewter Qulity Assessment for Irrigtion nd Its Mid- Time Reuse Effects on Pddy Growth nd Yield under Frmer Mngement Kmi Koosi * nd Rez Esmilnezhd Deprtment of Wter nd Agriculture, Gorgn rnch, Islmic Azd University, Gorgn, Irn Received: Jnury 02, 2018 Revised: Mrch 03, 2018 Accepted: April 08, 2018 Astrct: Introduction: Mny studies hve een conducted on irrigtion of uplnd crops with reclimed wstewter while there hve een few reports out wstewter reuse for pddies. The mjority of irrigtion wter requirement of pddy field in Bndrgz region (Irn) during the dry seson within the lst 12 yers is dependent on effluent of tretment plnt. Accordingly, different wter prmeters nd 12 irrigtion wter qulity indexes nd economicl- environmentl filed mngement fctor (fertilizer ppliction rte) nd crop growth nd yield were studied in freshwter (FW) nd wstewter (WW) filelds. Explntion: Unexpectedly, wstewter nd freshwter slinity ws less nd more thn the threshold slinity of pddy (2.0 ds.m -1 ), respectively nd due to the high concentrtion of chlorine, FW is not suitle for irrigtion. Bsed on lmost ll of indices nd stndrds for ssessing irrigtion wter qulity, WW ws significntly etter thn FW. Conclusion: The verge concentrtion of hevy metls in oth FW nd WW smples were in the order of Cr Cd P Ni. However, results showed tht concentrtion of hevy metls in WW ws significntly more thn FW. Nevertheless, these were elow mximum llowle sed on interntionl stndrds nd guidelines. The verge nitrogen concentrtion in the reclimed wstewter ws 11.2 mg.lit -1 tht ws more thn the required nitrogen concentrtion (7 mg.lit -1 ). So, dilution strtegy could e dopted when reclimed wter is used. No significnt difference ws oserved in two type frms sed on plnt height, spike length, nd 1000-seed weight, ut this fctor ws significntly effective on seed per spike nd seed yield so tht they were higher in WW irrigted frms y 12.4 nd 10 percent, respectively. Keywords: Golestn, Hevy metl, Nutrients, Rice, Pddy, Wste wter. 1. INTRODUCTION Rice is one of the most importnt crops in the world, including Irn. Worldwide, out million h of rice is cultivted tht seed production is million ton. In Irn, rice hrvested re nd production were 529 thousnd h nd 2.3 million ton, respectively [1]. Irrigtion wter for pddy rice production ccounts for more thn 70% of the totl irrigtion wter in Asi nd pddy rice is the lrgest consumer of freshwter resources in South nd Southest Asi [2]. Domestic wstewter reuse nd lnd ppliction re not new, nd knowledge on this topic hs evolved nd dvnced throughout humn history (since the Bronze Age c BC) which hs gone through different stges of development [3]. Due to the vilility constrint of the freshwter for irrigtion, vst mjority of the * Address correspondence to this uthor t the Deprtment of Wter nd Agriculture, Gorgn rnch, Islmic Azd University, Kmi Koosi, Gorgn, Irn; Tel: ; E-mil: kkoosi@yhoo.com / Benthm Open

2 Wstewter Qulity Assessment Yield under Frmer The Open Agriculture Journl, 2018, Volume reclimed wter is used for lndscpe nd griculturl irrigtion, especilly in rid nd semi- rid region [4-6]. There is no complete glol dt on the extent of wstewter usge for lnd irrigting mostly due to lck of heterogeneous dt. Nonetheless, the glol figure commonly cited is t lest 20 million hectres in 50 countries (round 10 percent of irrigted lnd) re irrigted with rw or prtilly treted wstewter [7-9] nd it hs een pplied in nerly 120 countries [10]. It is lso estimted tht more thn 10% of the world s popultion consumes crops irrigted with wstewter [2]. As n irrigtion wter resource, reclimed wstewter cn promote soil qulity y nutrients nd orgnic mtter, iodegrdle orgnic mtter, eneficil microorgnisms nd soil iologicl ctivities. However, the most prevlent risks for irrigtion use of wstewter re those ssocited with incresing ph, slinity, sodicity, nd oron in wter, s well s the potentil ccumultion of pthogens, nonessentil toxic metls, nd orgnic chemicls in the receiving soils [4, 11-14]. Wter qulity criteri, guidelines, nd stndrds for irrigtion re the result of scientific exmintions on the suitility of wter nd wstewter sed on its effects on soil, crop nd helth. Mny orgniztions nd countries such s the FAO in 1992 [6], WHO in 1989 nd 2006 [15, 16], EPA in 1980, 1992, 2004 nd 2012 [10, 17-19], Isrel in 1952, 1999 nd 2010 [2], Itly in 1977 nd 2006 [2], Frnce in 1991 nd 2010 [2], Irn in 2000 [20], Jordn in 2002 [21], Cyprus in 2005 [2, 22], Portugl in 2006 [2], Spin in 2007 [2], Greece in 2011 [23] nd South Kore in 2011 [2] hve suggested nd modified wter qulity guidelines or stndrds for sfe wstewter reuse. Existing wter qulity criteri for irrigtion nd wstewter reuse were exmined nd wter qulity stndrds of mny countries were nlyzed to set griculturl wter qulity stndrd for indirect wstewter reuse considering for oth pddy nd uplnd crops [2]. Wstewter is vlule source of plnt nutrients needed for mintining fertility nd productivity levels of the soil. Irrigtion with wstewter hs een shown to increse which results in growth nd yield of different plnts such s pddy [5, 24]. Assessments of wstewter reused for griculture hs een performed in mny countries, ut the findings re not directly pplicle to pddy fields ecuse of pddy rice production require lrge volumes of wter. Pddy fields re flooded efore plowing, nd the wter level is kept s high s up to 10 cm during the growing seson [25]. While there re mny studies providing ssessments of wstewter reuse for uplnd crop, few of the findings re pplicle to pddy irrigtion with wstewter [26] in respect of wter qulity ssessment [27], chnging physicl or chemicl properties of soil [24, 27] nd crop growing [24, 28]. Specilly, the effects of reclimed wstewter on plnt growth nd crop production re rrely studied in field conditions nd thus, this kind of study is scrce [26]. Therefore, the present study ws undertken to evlute the effect of wstewter irrigtion on growth nd yield of rice crop in fields under frmer mngement nd the sfety of irrigtion wter contining toxic hevy metls sed on different wter qulity stndrds. It ws hypothesized tht huge use of wstewter for pddy irrigtion will not only reduce the pddy growth ut lso enhnce the soil fertility nd crop yield. 2. MATERIALS & METHODS 2.1. Study Are Bndrgz city is locted in the of Golestn province, Irn. The direct distnce of Bndrgz municipl wstewter tretment plnt from the Cspin se (Gorgn Gulf) is out 1.7 Km. Also, the distnce where the wstewter dischrged into the Cspin se to the Minkleh protected zone is 35 Km (Fig. 1). Plnt ws lunched in 2005 with cpcity of 3100 m 3.dy -1. Wstewter using concrete pipe reched to the erth chnnels nd then emptied to the se (Fig. 1). In Bndrgz region, irrigtion wter scrcity in the summer seson, which coincides with the pek crop wter requirement period, hs cused the frmers interested to usge of treted wstewter s n unconventionl wter resource for supplying lrge portion of wter requirement in more thn 700 h of pddy field in round of plnt [27]. Rice cultivtion is dominnt in this re nd irrigtion seson is pproximtely 3-month (lte-my to lte-august) long with the pek of irrigtion wter requirement within July. There re more thn 700 h pddy frm tht re locted ner Bndrgz wstewter tretment plnt. The mjority of the flow in these frmlnds is dependent on effluent of tretment plnt during the dry seson. Within the lst 12 yers, frmers remove of mnhole doors nd directly pumping the treted wstewter for irrigtion. Most frmers ignore the hzrds of the indiscreet reuse of wstewter for irrigtion. During the dry seson, which is the most intensive griculturl irrigtion period in the region, lrge portion of pddy irrigtion wter supply in these res depends on dischrge from the plnt.

3 66 The Open Agriculture Journl, 2018, Volume 12 Koosi nd Esmilnezhd Persin Se Gorgn Gulf Bndrgz city Wstewter Plnt Fig. (1). Loction of Bndrgz wstewter plnt nd fields irrigted y freshwter (lue) nd wstewter (red) Tretments To study the effect of reclimed wstewter (WW) on growth trits nd yield of pddy crop nd its comprison with the tue well freshwter (FW) frms in Bndrgz, 40 pddy frms were rndomly selected (Fig. 1). Hlf of these frms hve een irrigted y freshwter nd the rested hlf y the reclimed wstewter in recent 12 yers. A similr study method ws used y Jng et l. [7]. All the frming opertions, conducted under frmers mngement during growth seson, were recorded precisely including frm re, the vlue of used seed for plnting, dtes of plnting nd hrvesting, growth seson length nd ppliction mount of nitrogen, phosphte, nd potssium fertilizers. During growth seson, 7 smples from ech wter resource (totlly 14 smples) were tken coincident with different phonologicl stges Wter Qulity Assessment Wter smples were tken from June to August 2016 with n pproximte intervl of two weeks ccording to phonologicl stge of rice crop. 14 wter qulity prmeters including ph, Totl Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electricl Conductivity (EC), clcium, mgnesium, sodium, potssium, chloride, sulphte, cronte, icronte, nitrte (NO 3 - ), phosphte (PO 4 - ) nd Totl Hrdness (TH) nd four trget hevy metls (P, Ni, Cd, nd Cr) were mesured. Totl wter properties were mesured sed on APHA [29]. Some irrigtion wter index such s Potentil soil Slinity: PS [30], Sodium Adsorption Rtio: SAR [31], Kelley s Rtio equl to Exchngele Sodium Rtio: ESR [32], sodium percentge 1: N%1 [32], sodium percentge 2: N%2 [31, 33], Mgnesium Rtio [32], C:Mg rtio [34], Clcium Rtio [34], Residul Sodium Cronte: RSC [31, 32], Residul Sodium Bicronte: RSBC [33] nd Permeility Index: PI [32] were clculted. Vlues otined from ech wter resource were treted s replictes. The concentrtion of hevy metls in smples ws estimted y using tomic sorption spectrophotometer (Model AA-10, Vrin Inc., Austrli) fitted with specific lmp of prticulr metl using pproprite drift lnk. For minimizing time chnges in wter qulity, smples were collected t 10:00. In order to ssess the wter resources for irrigtion, different irrigtion wter qulity stndrds including United Stte Slinity Lortory: USSL [31], FAO 29 [34], FAO 47 [6], Shinerg nd Oster [35], Indin irrigtion wter qulity [36], Oster nd Schroer -fter [37]- nd Indin Council of Agriculturl Reserch [38] nd different orgniztions nd countries guideline for reclimed wstewter reuse were considered. The hevy metl pollution index (HMPI) ws clculted y the following formul to show the level of contmintion in wter [39]. HMPI = C i /S i Where C i nd S i re hevy metl content in wter smple nd permitted stndrd of the sme metl (μg.lit -1 ), respectively. When the HMPI vlues exceed thn 1.0, wter is sid to e contminted y nthropogenic inputs nd requires continuous environmentl monitoring of the re [39] Plnt Smpling nd Studied Trits At the time of mturity, three plots (1*1 m 2 ) were rndomly selected in ech frm. Then, 10 smples were collected from ech plot. Identicl mounts of ech field were otined y verge of smples. Vlues otined from different frms were treted s replictes. Smples were oven-dried seprtely t 80ºC until constnt weight ws chieved [39]. Yield nd growing trits including plnt height, spike length, numer of seed per spike, thousnd seed weight, seed

4 Wstewter Qulity Assessment Yield under Frmer The Open Agriculture Journl, 2018, Volume yield, iologicl yield nd hrvest index (rtio of seed yield to iologicl yield) were mesured Sttisticl Anlysis Dt normlity ws evluted nd proved y one-smple Kolmogorov-Smirnov test t 5% proility level [40]. The dt of wter qulity nd crop trits were sujected to t- student test for ssessing the significnce of differences. Sttisticl test nd clculting of some descriptive sttistics were performed using SPSS softwre (SPSS Inc., version 21). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Assessment of Wter Qulity for Irrigtion The results of t-test t 5% proility level on wter qulity prmeters re presented in Fig. (2) nd Tle 1. Cronte ws not found in ny smple of FW nd WW, nd no significnt difference ws oserved etween FW nd WW sed on ph nd icronte concentrtion. Clcium, mgnesium, sodium, chlorine nd sulfte concentrtion in FW re significntly more thn WW which cn e resulted y the djcency of this region wells with Cspin se nd seepge of rckish sewter into groundwter resources. This mtter is discernle prticulrly from chlorine nd sodium concentrtions thn the other ions in FW. meq per lit (for nins nd ctions) microgr per lit (for hevy metls) mgr per lit (for Nitrte nd Phospte) Well Wter Wstewter C Mg N K Cl SO4 HCO3 Cd Cr P Ni PO4 NO3 Fig. (2). Men comprison of different wter ions nd metls in FW nd WW. Tle 1. Different wter qulity index of FW nd WW. Index ph EC (ds.m -1 ) TDS (ppm) PS (meq.lit -1 ) SAR ESR N% 1 N% 2 FW WW Index Mg Rtio C:Mg C Rtio RSC (meq.lit -1 ) RSCB (meq.lit -1 ) PI TH (ppm CCO 3 ) - FW WW In ech column, mens followed y t lest one sme letter were not significntly different y t-test. The stndrd of FAO [6, 34], Austrli [41], EPA, Jordn nd South Kore recommend the pproprite ph rnge for irrigtion to e , , , nd , respectively [2]. Outside of the norml rnge, wter might e suitle for irrigting, ut hs the potentil to cuse n imlnce of nutrients, corrosion or sedimenttion of irrigtion fcilities, moility of hevy metls in the soil nd poisonous ions [2, 34]. In this reserch, the ph vlues of FW nd WW re in the permitted rnge for irrigtion sed on different stndrds. Slinity is the most importnt fctor of irrigtion wter qulity tht cn crete hostile environment. The slinity of FW smples ws significntly greter thn WW ecuse of more concentrtion of ctions nd nions in freshwter. The llowed irrigtion wter EC for pddy crop ws reported to e 2.0 ds.m -1 [2]. In this regrd, wstewter nd freshwter slinity were less nd more thn the threshold slinity of pddy, respectively. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) nd potssium (K) re mjor nutrients for the crop. It ws reported tht reclimed

5 68 The Open Agriculture Journl, 2018, Volume 12 Koosi nd Esmilnezhd wter hs more essentil nutrients (N, P, K) nd some micronutrients for plnt growth thn freshwter [4, 42]. However, those Nutrients cn give negtive effects such s nutrient imlnces, groundwter contmintion, over-growing nd lodging, excessive vegettive growth, filure to ripen, incresed susceptiility to pests nd disese, reduced fruit set for crops, delys in mturtion nd decreses in food nutrient qulity especilly for pddy rice [2, 4, 6]. In considertion of the ove negtive effects of nitrogen on pddy rice growth, Tiwn, Jpn nd Jordn hve set stndrds for llowle N in reclimed wter for pddy rice [2, 4, 43]. The mount of potssium, nitrte, nd phosphte in the reclimed wstewter is significntly more thn freshwter tht cn led to soil fertility (Fig. 2). Mss lods of N, P nd K cn e clculted y multiplying irrigtion wter volume nd the corresponding concentrtion. Considering the irrigtion wter requirement of pddy crop in the studied re (13000 m 3.h -1 ), 193, 145.6, nd 22.8 Kg of potssium, nitrogen, nd phosphorus re dded to per hectre of rice during totl growth seson tht is 3.3, 15.3 nd 8.5 times more thn irrigtion y freshwter, respectively. Therefore, it seems tht the min prt of pddy nutrition needs to potssium nd nitrogen, nd some phosphorus requirement is supplied through reclimed wstewter. The significnt difference of FW with WW tretment in vrious irrigtion wter qulity indexes is relted to the difference of the dominnt ions concentrtion (Tle 1). The vlue of PS index is dependent on chlorine nd sulfte concentrtion. The less mount of this index mens the etter qulity for irrigtion wter; so tht wter with PS index greter thn 5 is hrmful for irrigtion [44]. According to this, lthough using wstewter for irrigtion doesn t hve the potentil risk of slinity, freshwter qulity hs this hzrd. It hs suggested tht the sodium prolem in irrigtion wter could e very conveniently worked out on the sis of the vlues of ESR or Kelley s rtio. Generlly, wter is considered s unfvorle for irrigtion if ESR e more thn one [32]. Therefore, FW nd WW re unfvorle nd fvorle wter for irrigtion, respectively. The mount of N% 1 nd N% 2 were very close to ech other ecuse of low concentrtion of potssium. As per the Bureu of Indin Stndrds the sodium percentge of 60 is the mximum recommended limit for irrigtion wter [32]. Thus, FW is t the order of unsuitle irrigtion wter. However, WW hs good qulity ecuse the wter with sodium percentge etween 20 to 40 percent is descried s good wter [44]. Excess of mgnesium (high Mgnesium Rtio) in wter ffects the qulity of soils, which cuses poor yield of crops [32]. In mgnesium dominted wter (C:Mg rtio less thn 1), the potentil effect of sodium my e slightly incresed. In other words, given SAR vlue will show slightly more dmge if the C:Mg is less thn 1 [34]. Also, if irrigtion wter hs clcium to totl ction rtio less thn 0.15, further evlution is needed. Such wter my pose potentil prolem relted to plnt nutrition [34]. The result showed tht oth wter resources hve good qulity in the spect of Mgnesium Rtio, C:Mg rtio nd C Rtio, lthough the WW is significntly etter thn FW. High concentrtion of CO 3 2 nd HCO 3 represents lkline nture of wter. Use of such wter promotes the precipittion of clcium nd mgnesium present in the soil solution which cuses n increse in exchngele sodium. For this reson, wters with high level of RSC or RSBC re unfvorle for irrigtion uses. When RSC nd RSBC re less thn 2.5 nd 5.0 meq.lit -1 respectively, irrigtion wter is sfe in the spect of lkline hzrd [31-33]. Regrding the reltive equity of icronte concentrtion in wstewter nd freshwter, the vlue of these two indictors in freshwter is less ffected y the more concentrtion of clcium nd mgnesium in the tue well wter nd this difference is sttisticlly significnt. Nonetheless, for oth wter resources, these two indexes re within sfe limits for irrigtion nd there is no limittion in using them. Irrigtion wter is divided into 3 clsses y mount PI [32]. In this study, oth FW nd WW elong to the first clss (PI >75%) considered s good for irrigtion. Totl hrdness (TH) of the FW is significntly more thn WW ecuse of more concentrtion of clcium nd mgnesium. When the concentrtion of chloride in irrigtion wter is more thn 4 meq.lit -1, toxicity prolems cn occur, especilly for sensitive crops [33]. In terms of chlorine concentrtion, FW nd WW re rckish nd fresh, respectively, indicting tht FW is not desirle for irrigtion due to the high concentrtion of chlorine. Clssifiction of Bndrgz FW nd WW sed on USSL [31] were C4S2 nd C3S1, tht represent FW hs very high slinity nd medium- sodium hzrd while WW hs high slinity nd low- sodium hzrd, respectively. Irrigtion wter ws clssified y Shinerg nd Oster [35] sed on EC nd SAR to good, moderte nd d. In this study, FW nd WW hve good qulity. Criteri of FAO 29 [34] nd FAO 47 [6] guides showed tht FW hs severe limittion in the spect of EC nd Chloride. Nevertheless, WW is suitle for crop irrigtion (Tle 2). Compring wter qulity with Mnul of Indin Council of Agriculturl Reserch [38] indicted tht FW cnnot e used for irrigtion of

6 Wstewter Qulity Assessment Yield under Frmer The Open Agriculture Journl, 2018, Volume sensitive crops. However, Bndrgz WW hs not ny limits for irrigtion of ll crops. Indin ssessment of irrigtion wter qulity y EC, SAR, RSC [36] showed tht FW nd WW hve mrginlly slinity (suitle for corse textured soils) nd good qulity (suitle for ll soils nd crops), respectively. Oster nd Schroer [37] considered EC nd SAR for determintion of potentil of infiltrtion prolem due to sodium in irrigtion wter. Both FW nd WW hve no negtive effect on infiltrtion. Tle 2. Wter ssessment sed on FAO 29 nd FAO 47 Guides. Criteri FW WW 1- Slinity (ffects crop wter vilility) 1-1- EC w Severe Low to moderte 1-2- TDS Low to moderte Low to moderte 2- Infiltrtion (Evluted y EC nd SAR) None None 3- Specific ion 3-1- Sodium surfce irrigtion Low to moderte None sprinkler irrigtion Low to moderte Low to moderte 3-2- Chloride surfce irrigtion Severe None sprinkler irrigtion Severe Low to moderte 4- Miscellneous Effects 4-1- Nitrte None Low to moderte 4-2- Bicronte Low to moderte Low to moderte Tle 3 lists the levels of studied hevy metls detected in FW nd WW nd compre them with different ntionl nd world stndrds. The results showed tht the verge of hevy metl concentrtions in oth FW nd WW smples were in the order of Cr Cd P Ni. This finding ws very close to order of Cd Cr P Ni tht reported y Chopr nd Pthk [45] for wstewter nd tuewell wter. However, the study of Huong et l. [46] on surfce wter nd Rhee nd et l. [25] on FW nd WW showed this order s Cd Ni P Cr. Also, the pired two-smple t test showed tht there ws significnt level of Cd, Cr, P nd Ni (P<0.01) concentrtions in WW s compred to FW. Tle 3. Levels of detected nd llowed hevy metls in irrigtion wter (μg.lit -1 ). Metl FW WW FAO 47 [6], EPA [19], WHO [16]*; Cyprus [2], Jordn [21] Kore [25, 47] Greece [2] Greece [2] Irn [20] Itly [48] Cd 3.37± ± Cr P 14.25± ± Ni 23.90± ± * * fter Son et l. (2013). The concentrtion of the Cr, P nd Ni were found to e within sfe limit in oth FW nd WW used for irrigtion so tht the mximum HMPI index for these metls in freshwter ws 0.01, 0.14, nd 0.12, respectively nd in wstewter ws 0.05, 0.28, nd 0.16, respectively. However, in oth wter resources prticulrly in wstewter, Cd concentrtion ws ner to the mximum permission limits of different stndrds nd even it ws more thn the mximum permission level sed on Itlin stndrd (Tle 3) so tht the mximum vlue of HMPI index for this metl ws 0.67 nd 1.01 in freshwter nd wstewter, respectively. Comprison of the permitted concentrtion of these four metls in different stndrds shows tht FAO 47, EPA nd WHO stndrds re exctly equl, nd within surveyed ntionl stndrds, Irnin nd Itlin stndrds re the esiest nd the most rigorous ntionl stndrds. For this reson, the concentrtion of studied hevy metls stisfied the Irnin wstewter qulity stndrds for griculture [20] nd those were within the recommended mximum concentrtions. The vlues of the hevy metl concentrtion of FW nd WW of this reserch were fr less thn the vlues oserved y Chopr nd Pthk [45] Field Mngement nd Rice Growth nd Yield When wstewter is used, frmers mke chnges to frm mngement due to the wreness of wstewter enefits, especilly the presence of nutrition elements tht re required y crop. The effect of irrigtion wter resource on frm

7 70 The Open Agriculture Journl, 2018, Volume 12 Koosi nd Esmilnezhd mngement nd crop growth nd yield is shown in Tle 4. There wsn t ny significnt difference etween freshwter nd wstewter irrigted frms in terms of frms re nd mount of seeding per hectre. On verge, dte of plnting ws two dys erlier in wstewter irrigted frms thn freshwter ones while dte of hrvest ws two dys lter. Consequently, the difference etween two frms type, ecuse of incresing out 4 dys (equl to 3.8%) growth seson length ffected y wstewter, ws significnt t 10% proility level. Tle 4. The effects of reclimed wstewter on rice pddy filed mngement nd crop growth. Property Unit FW WW t P vlue Difference Frm re h Used seed for plnting Kg.h Plnting dte (from My) dy Hrvesting dte (from August) dy Seson length* dy N fertilizer** Kg.h P fertilizer** Kg.h K fertilizer Kg.h Plnt height cm Spike length cm Seed per spike** numer seed weight gr Seed yield* gr per plnt Biologicl yield gr per plnt Hrvested index percent Significnt vlue for t test sed on freedom degree of 38 nd sttisticl levels of 1, 5 nd 10 percent re 2.709, nd 1.687, respectively. * nd ** re significntly ffected y wter tretment sed on t test t 10 nd 5%, respectively. Frmers in the Bndrgz region hve found tht wstewter leds to fertile soil due to the presence of nutrients. Therefore, they reduced ppliction of chemicl fertilizers in pddy frms s this reduction of nitrogen nd phosphorus fertilizers ws significnt t 5% proility level (Tle 4). Appliction of nitrogen, phosphorus nd potssium fertilizers in WW irrigted frms ws 23, 22 nd 20 percent less thn FW irrigted frms, respectively which is kind of economic nd environmentl mngement. However, if the mount of nitrogen, phosphorus nd potssium in wstewter dded to the mount of direct consumed fertilizers, it is found out tht totl imported nutrition mterils to the WW irrigted frms re more thn the ones under FW irrigtion. This point ws lso emphsized y Jung et l. [26]. For exmple, considering the rtio of 46% for net nitrogen to nitrogen fertilizer, N dded to fields y oth fertilizing nd irrigting wys ws 52.1 nd Kg.h -1 in FW nd WW frms, respectively. One of the effects of high nitrogen consumption in pddy field is significnt prolonged growth period y 6% [50] which is consistent with the results of this reserch. The pproprite nitrogen fertilizer demnd depends on chrcteristics of soil, frming pttern nd cultivted vriety. So, the totl mount of nitrogen required during the growth nd mturity period needs to e reviewed [43]. In generl, pddy rice requires 90 Kg.h -1 of net nitrogen in complete cycle [43]. With respect to irrigtion wter requirement of m 3.h -1 in Bndrgz region, the verge required nitrogen concentrtion is out 7 mgn.lit -1. Menwhile, the verge nitrogen concentrtion in the reclimed wstewter ws 11.2 mg.lit -1. So, originl nitrogen fertilizer cn e replced y nitrogen in the reclimed wstewter. The nitrogen excess phenomenon in reclimed wstewter is concerned nd dilution strtegy could e dopted when reclimed wter from trditionl secondry tretment is used [43]. No significnt difference ws oserved in two type frms sed on plnt height, spike length, nd 1000-seed weight, ut this fctor ws effective significntly t 5% proility level on seed per spike such tht it ws in frms with WW irrigtion out 12.4% higher thn FW irrigted frms. Insignificnt effect of reclimed wstewter on pddy crop height [51] nd 1000-seed weight [26] ws reported. According to the dependency of seed yield to yield component including 1000-seed weight nd seed per spike [26], the effect of wter type on seed yield ws significnt t 10% proility level so tht this trit ws 10% more in WW irrigted frms thn ones with FW irrigtion. This conclusion is closely in line with findings of other reserches which reported incresing seed yield of pddy y 15-19% under reclimed wstewter irrigtion [7, 26, 28]. It seems tht this

8 Wstewter Qulity Assessment Yield under Frmer The Open Agriculture Journl, 2018, Volume difference ws resulted from lower wter slinity, chlorine nd sodium concentrtion, nd more nutritionl mterils in wstewter thn freshwter. N fertilizer hd significnt effect on pddy yield [50, 52]. Hereof, it ws reported tht significnt correltion etween nutrient input in irrigtion wter (N nd P) nd pddy seed yield which led to n incresing productivity in reclimed wstewter irrigted fields [7, 26]. However, insignificnt decrese of seed per spike nd seed yield nd significnt decrese of 1000-seed weight were reported ecuse of the dverse effect of excessive slts nd high concentrtion of trce metls in wstewter [51]. There wsn t ny significnt difference etween irrigted frms with WW nd FW in respect of iologicl yield nd hrvest index; lthough, hrvest index ws 14% more in frms with wstewter irrigtion. CONCLUSION There ws significnt difference etween freshwter nd wstewter in lmost ll prmeters nd indices which cn e resulted y the djcency of this region wells with Cspin se nd seepge of rckish se wter into groundwter resources nd wstes in WW. According to different guidelines, the potentil hzrd ssocited with Bndrgz reclimed wstewter reuse for irrigtion ws low. The results showed tht the verge of hevy metl concentrtions in oth FW nd WW smples were in the order of Cr Cd P Ni nd there ws significnt level of Cd, Cr, P nd Ni concentrtions in WW s compred to FW. However, the concentrtions of the Cr, P nd Ni in oth FW nd WW used for irrigtion were found to e within sfe limit sed on different ntionl nd world stndrds. There ws no oserved dverse effects on the use of reclimed wstewter for pddy rice cultivtion ut lso there ws sttisticlly significnt indiction tht rice growth nd yield from reclimed wstewter reuse ws even greter thn tht from control plots irrigted with groundwter. These results imply tht reclimed wstewter reuse cn e prcticl lterntive to conventionl irrigtion. However, long-term monitoring of soil chemicl chrcteristics nd relted helth concerns re recommended. ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE Not pplicle. HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS No nimls/humns were used for studies tht re the sis of this reserch. CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION Not pplicle. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The uthors declre no conflict of interest, finncil or otherwise. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Authors would like to thnks from contriution of Islmic Azd University- Gorgn rnch. REFERENCES [1] FAO, (2017) FAOSTAT. Aville from: [Accessed on April 24,2017] [2] Jeong H, Kim H, Jng T. Irrigtion wter qulity stndrds for indirect wstewter reuse in griculture: contriution towrd sustinle wstewter reuse in South Kore. Wter 2016; 8(169): [3] Angelkis AN, Snyder SA. Wstewter tretment nd reuse: pst, present, nd future. Wter 2015; 7: [ [4] Chen W, Lu S, Jio W, Wng M, Chng AC. Reclimed wter: sfe irrigtion wter source. Environ Dev 2013; 8: [ [5] Singh PK, Deshhrtr PB, Rmteke DS. Effects of sewge wstewter irrigtion on soil properties, crop yield nd environment. Agric Wter Mnge 2012; 103: [ [6] Pescod MB. Wstewter tretment nd use in griculture (FAO 47). Rome, 1992; pp [7] Jng T, Jung M, Lee E, Prk S, Lee J, Jeong H. Assessing environmentl impcts of reclimed wstewter irrigtion in pddy fields using ioindictor. Irrig Sci 2013; 31: [

9 72 The Open Agriculture Journl, 2018, Volume 12 Koosi nd Esmilnezhd [8] Chen W, Lu S, Peng C, Jio W, Wng M. Accumultion of Cd in griculturl soil under long-term reclimed wter irrigtion. Environ Pollut 2013; 178: [ [PMID: ] [9] Wter for people, wter for life. Brcelon: UNESCO [10] Guidelines for wter reuse. Wshington, DC 1992; p [11] Allwneh A, Chng TK, Chou CS. Impcts on soil qulity from long-term irrigtion with treted greywter. Pddy Wter Environ 2016; 14: [ [12] Chen W, Lu S, Pn N, Jio W. Impcts of long-term reclimed wter irrigtion on soil slinity ccumultion in urn green lnd in Beijing. Wter Resour Res 2013; 49: [ [13] Chen W, Lu S, Pn N, Wng Y, Wu L. Impct of reclimed wter irrigtion on soil helth in urn green res. Chemosphere 2015; 119: [ [PMID: ] [14] Lyu S, Chen W. Soil qulity ssessment of urn green spce under long-term reclimed wter irrigtion. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23(5): [ [PMID: ] [15] WHO. Guidelines for the sfe use of wste wter nd excret in griculture nd quculture: mesures for pulic helth protection. Genev: World Helth Orgniztion Press 1989; p [16] WHO. Guidelines for the sfe use of wstewter, excret nd greywter. Genev: World Helth Orgniztion Press 2006; p [17] EPA. Protocol development: criteri nd stndrds for potle reuse nd fesile lterntives. Wshington, DC [18] EPA. Guidelines for wter reuse. Wshington, DC 2004; p [19] EPA. Guidelines for wter reuse. Wshington, DC 2012; p [20] DOE. Irnin stndrd for wstewter dischrge nd reuse. Deprtment of Environment Press 2000; p. 55. [21] WHO. A compendium of stndrds for wstewter reuse in the Estern Mediterrnen region World Helth Orgniztion Press. Regionl Office for the Estern Mediterrnen 2006; p [22] Brissud F. Criteri for wter recycling nd reuse in the Mediterrnen countries. Deslintion 2008; 218: [ [23] Agrfioti E, Dimdopoulos E. A strtegic pln for reuse of treted municipl wstewter for crop irrigtion on the Islnd of Crete. Agric Wter Mnge 2012; 105: [ [24] Crlos FS, Sntos BL, Andrezz R, Tedesco MJ, Morris L, Cmrgo FAO. Irrigtion of pddy soil with industril lndfill lechte: impcts in rice productivity, plnt nutrition, nd chemicl chrcteristics of soil. Pddy Wter Environ 2017; 15: [ [25] Rhee HP, Yoon CG, Son YK, Jng JH. Quntittive risk ssessment for reclimed wstewter irrigtion on pddy rice field in Kore. Pddy Wter Environ 2011; 9: [ [26] Jung K, Jng T, Jeong H, Prk S. Assessment of growth nd yield components of rice irrigted with reclimed wstewter. Agric Wter Mnge 2014; 138: [ [27] Koosi K. The ssessment of treted wstewter qulity nd the effects of mid-term irrigtion on soil physicl nd chemicl properties (cse study: Bndrgz treted wstewter). Appl Wter Sci 2017; 7(5): [ [28] Jng T, Lee SB, Sung CH, Lee HP, Prk SW. Sfe ppliction of reclimed wter reuse for griculture in Kore. Pddy Wter Environ 2010; 8: [ [29] APHA. Stndrd methods for exmintion of wter nd wstewter. Wshington, DC: Americn Pulic Helth Assocition 2017; p [30] Rmkrishn A, Ngrju D, Blsurmnin A, Siddlingmurthy S. Assessment of groundwter qulity for irrigtion in the Tttekere wtershed, Periyptn nd Hunsur Tluks in Mysore district, Krntk, Indi. Int J Curr Eng Tech 2015; 5(2): [31] Wilcox LV. Clssifiction nd use of irrigtion wters. Wshington, DC: US Deprtment of Agriculture Press 1955; p. 28. [32] Krunnidhi D, Vennil G, Suresh M, Surmnin SK. Evlution of the groundwter qulity fesiility zones for irrigtionl purposes through GIS in Omlur Tluk, Slem District, South Indi. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2013; 20(10): [ [PMID: ] [33] Zouhri A, Dkk H, Douik A, El Khdir M, Moussdek R. Evlution of groundwter suitility for irrigtion in the Skhirt region,

10 Wstewter Qulity Assessment Yield under Frmer The Open Agriculture Journl, 2018, Volume Northwest of Morocco. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187(1): [ [PMID: ] [34] Ayers S, Westcot DW. Wter qulity for griculture (FAO 29). Rome, 1985; p [35] Shinerg I, Oster JD. Qulity of irrigtion wter. New York: Interntionl Irrigtion Informtion Center 1978; p. 65. [36] Jngir RP, Ydv BS. Mngement of sline irrigtion wter for enhncing crop productivity. J Sci Indus Res 2011; 70: [37] Phocides A. Hndook on Pressurized Irrigtion Techniques. 2nd ed. Rome: Food nd Agriculture Orgniztion of the United Ntions 2007; p [38] Minhs PS, Gupt RK. Qulity of irrigtion wter: ssessment nd mngement. New Delhi: Indin Council of Agriculturl Reserch 1992; p [39] Singh A, Agrwl M. Effects of Wste wter irrigtion on physicl nd iochemicl chrcteristics of soil nd metl prtitioning in Bet vulgris L. Agric Res 2012; 1(4): [ [40] Smirnov N. Tle for estimting the goodness of fit of empiricl distriutions. Ann Mth Stt 1948; 19(2): [ [41] Myers BJ, Bond WJ, Benyon RG, et l. Sustinle effluent- irrigted plnttions: n Austrlin guideline. An Austrlin Guideline CSIRO Forestry nd Forest Products, Melourne, 1999; p [42] Pirshe M, Shrfi K, Dogohr K. Comprison of Mshhd Aolng wstewter tretment plnt effluent with wells wter qulity for irrigtion. J Wter Wstewter 2013; 4: [43] Chiou RJ. Risk ssessment nd loding cpcity of reclimed wstewter to e reused for griculturl irrigtion. Environ Monit Assess 2008; 142(1-3): [ [PMID: ] [44] Tripthy DP, Bhushn Dhr B. Environmentl Pollution Reserch. APH Pulishing New Delhi [45] Chopr AK, Pthk C. Accumultion of hevy metls in the vegetles grown in wstewter irrigted res of Dehrdun, Indi with reference to humn helth risk. Environ Monit Assess 2015; 187(7): 445. [ [PMID: ] [46] Huong NTL, Ohtsuo M, Li L, Higshi T, Knym M. Assessment of the wter qulity of two rivers in Hnoi City nd its suitility for irrigtion wter. Pddy Wter Environ 2008; 6: [ [47] Choi J, Yoon CG, Rhee HP, Son Y, Cho M, Ryu J. Ntionl risk ssessment of irrigtion on frmlnd ner wstewter tretment plnts in Kore. Pddy Wter Environ 2016; 14: [ [48] Angelkis AN, Durhm B, Mrecos Do Monte MHF, Slgot M, Witgens T, Thoeye C, et l. Wstewter recycling nd reuse in EUREAU countries: trends nd chllenges. Deslintion 2008; 218: [ [49] Son YK, Yoon CG, Rhee HP, Lee SJ. A review on microil nd toxic risk nlysis procedure for reclimed wstewter irrigtion on pddy rice field proposed for South Kore. Pddy Wter Environ 2013; 11: [ [50] Rmzni A, Jlli AH. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer nd trnsplnting dte on yield, yield components nd stem lodging of rice in Isfhn region. J Crop Prod Process 2013; 3(9): [51] Alghor MA, Suresh S. Effect of wstewter irrigtion on growth nd yield of rice crop nd uptke nd ccumultion of nutrient nd hevy metls in soil. Appl Ecol Environ Sci 2016; 4(3): [52] Asdi R, Alizdeh A, Ansri H, Kvoosi M, Amiri E. Effect of the mount of wter nd nitrogen on wter productivity, yield, nd yield components in two different rice cultivtion methods. J Wter Res Agr 2016; 30(2): Koosi nd Esmilnezhd. This is n open ccess rticle distriuted under the terms of the Cretive Commons Attriution 4.0 Interntionl Pulic License (CC-BY 4.0), copy of which is ville t: ( This license permits unrestricted use, distriution, nd reproduction in ny medium, provided the originl uthor nd source re credited.