NSave Nature to Survive

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1 ISSN: NSave Nature to Survive : Special issue, Vol. VI: : 2014 AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON SOIL FERTILITY AND PRODUCTIVITY FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION IN RICE-MAIZE CROPPING SYSTEM UNDER BHADRA COMMAND AREA OF KARNATAKA Parashuram Chandravanshi et al., KEYWORDS INM Maize-Rice cropping system Paddy straw incorporation Soil health and fertility Proceedings of National Conference on Harmony with Nature in Context of Environmental Issues and Challenges of the 21 st Century (HORMONY ) November 28-30, 2014, Udaipur, organized by Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Earth Sciences M. L. Shukhadia University, Udaipur , (Rajasthan) in association with National Environmentalists Association, India 385

2 NSave Nature to Survive QUARTERLY PARASHURAM CHANDRAVANSHI*, H. CHANDRAPPA, A. Y. HUGAR, VIJAY S DANARADDI, NAVEENKUMAR, B. T. AND AKMAL PASHA Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, AICRP on IFS, Kathalagere, Channagiri Taluk, Davanagere parashuramcv@gmail.com ABSTRACT A long study was initiated in 1988 to study the long term effect of integrated nutrient management on properties of sandy clay loam under rice-maize sequence at Agricultural and Horticultural Research farm of Kathalagere, University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shimoga, Karnataka. The treatments comprised of different levels of NPK fertilizers, combination of NPK with organics viz., FYM, paddy straw and green manure and unfertilized control during Kharif for rice and only different NPK levels for maize crop. Soil organic carbon showed profound influence in enhancing soil properties viz., 0.61 to 0.75% and 0.59 to 0.75%, available nitrogen to kg/ha and to , available phosphorus to kg/ha and to and available potash to kg/ha to Similarly, total nutrient uptake of N, P and K were recorded significantly higher in T 6 and T 7 with N (186 kg/ha, kg/ha), P (43.4 kg/ha, 38.5 kg/ha) and K (122.5 kg/ha, kg/ha) respectively at the end of 22 nd and 23 rd crop cycle as compared to only inorganic chemical fertilizer treatments and farmer s practice. The grain and straw yield of Maize was significantly recorded highest viz., 5015 and 6162 kg/ha in 22 nd (rice) and 5157 and 6667 Kg/ha in 23 rd (Maize) crop cycle respectively with management of 50 per cent N P K coupled with 50 per cent N as paddy straw incorporation (T 8 ) to Kharif rice followed by 100 per cent of N P K to summer maize. The results of 23 years of experimentation revealed that treatments receiving both organic and inorganic fertilizers in Kharif season, followed by only inorganic fertilizers during summer season has improved the soil fertility level, rice-maize grain and straw yields. The uptake pattern also followed the yield of both the crops. *Corresponding author INTRODUCTION Rice is the staple food grain contributing 45 per cent of total cereal production (89.5 million tons) of India (Kumar et al., 2003). It is grown in varied eco-systems under diversified edaphic and biotic constraints with low productivity. It is grown in Lakhs ha in Kharif and 1.78 lakh ha as Rabi/summer crop contributing 52 per cent of the cropped area with productivity of 0.69 and 2.35 t/ha respectively in Karnataka. This system has number of constraints such as lesser availability of labour force; poor economy of small and marginal holdings in addition to the effect of continuous submergence of land on soil properties and non-availability of water to farmers at tail end during summer season resulting in crop loss and yield reduction which can be avoided by taking a light irrigated crop in the summer season (Anon, 2008). With introduction of light irrigated crop like maize is also equally important crop with total production of lakh tones in Karnataka. Both the crops respond well to fertilizer application. The current energy crisis prevailing higher prices and lack of proper supply system of fertilizer calls for more efficient use of organic manure, green manure and other crop residues with the inorganic fertilizers to sustain yield levels. These organic products besides supplying nutrients to the first crop, it also provides substantial residual effect of un-utilized nutrients on the succeeding crop. Base on the above facts the present study was initiated to find out the effect of integrated nutrient management on the long term basis in the most pre-dominant crops i.e. rice and maize, to monitor the changes in soil fertility status, yield and uptake pattern of nutrients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The field experiment on Rice Maize cropping sequence was initiated during 1988 on the farm cropping system research project, Kathalagere, Davanagere, District, Karnataka to study the long term effect of manures and fertilizers on soil fertility and yield parameters after 22 nd and 23 rd crop cycles under this experiment. The soil of experimental site belongs to sandy clay, dark reddish brown in colour, moderately shallow in depth and family of Fine mixed Haplustalf. The study area represents southern transition zone semi-arid climate with an average rainfall of 650 mm. The soil ph was 5.56 with 0.68% of organic carbon, with medium available Phosphorus (12 kg/ha) and medium available Potassium (211kg/ha). The experiment was laid out in RCBD with 12 treatments with four replications. The test variety was rice (JGL) in Kharif and Maize in summer season. The recommended fertilizer dose was 100:50:50 for Paddy and 100:100:75 kg N P K/ha for Maize in summer seasons respectively. FYM, Paddy straw were the organic sources used as per the details of the treatment (Table 1). The standard packages of practices were adopted. The yield attributes such as plant height, effective tillers/plant, panicle length, grain and straw yield were recorded from the net plot size of 6.9 x 8.4 m 2. Surface soil samples were collected after crop harvest of summer crop (Maize), analysis was taken up for assessment of changes in chemical properties under 386

3 EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT cropping sequence using standard procedures. The chemical analysis of the plant sample was carried out by wet digesting with HNO 3 :HClO 4 (4:1) Di-acid mixture as per the procedure outlined by (Jackson 1973) and to determine concentrations of N, P and K at harvest using procedure described by (Jackson 1973). The grain and straw yield of Maize were recorded and soil samples (0 20 cm) were collected from each plot after harvest of Maize. These samples were analyzed for ph (1:2.5 soil: water suspension), electrical conductivity by conductivity meter (Jackson, 1973), organic carbon by rapid titration method (Walkley and Black, 1934). Available N was estimated by alkaline permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956), available P by Bray s method, available K by ammonium acetate extraction method (Jackson, 1967) the analysis of variance was carried out using the randomized complete block design (Gomez and Gomaz, 1984). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The data pertaining to physio-chemical properties of soil, nutrient uptake and crop yield, yield attributes are presented in the Table 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Physico-Chemical Properties and soil fertility The Soil fertility status (Table 2) indicated there is no specific trend with respect to soil ph over the years (23 rd crop cycles) due to application of inorganic fertilizers. The soil ph was maintained at the conjunctive use of organics and chemical fertilizer treatments over a period of 23 years which can be attributed to the buffering effect caused due to organic matter. Application of organic manures over the years showed improvement in soil ph towards near neutrality (T 6 and T 9 ) as compared to initial ph value over the years. The organic C and the available N content of the experimental soil was found to increase over the initial value when compared to the organic and inorganic source of nutrient treatments during 23 rd crop cycle. Maximum increase in the OC and available N were noted in T 9 (0.75% and kg/ ha) and was significantly superior over all inorganic nutrient source of T 2, T 3, T 4 and T 5 treatment (0.63% and kg/ha, 0.63% and kg/ ha, 0.61% and kg/ha and 0.65% & kg/ha respectively). This increase may be attributed to higher Table 1: Treatments Details Sl. No Nutrient Source Kharif (rice) Summer (maize) 1 Control Control 2 50% NPK 50% NPK 3 50% NPK 100% NPK 4 75% NPK 75% NPK 5 100% NPK 100% NPK 6 50% N + 50% N FYM 100% NPK 7 75% N + 25% N FYM 75% NPK 8 50% N + 50% N Paddy Straw 100% NPK 9 75% N + 25% N Paddy Straw 75% NPK 10 50% N + 50% N Glyricidia 100% NPK 11 75% N + 25% N Glyricidia 75% NPK 12 Farmers Practice Farmers Practice (85:50:30 kg NPK/ha (75:37.5:38.75 & FYM 5 t/ha) kg NPK/ha ) Table 2: Effect of integrated nutrient supply on Soil chemical properties in rice- maize sequence at during Sl. No. Nutrient Source Soil properties Kharif (rice) Summer (maize) ph (1:2.5) EC(1:2.5) OC (%) 22 nd crop 23 rd crop Pooled 22 nd crop 23 rd crop Pooled 22 nd crop 23 rd crop Pooled cycle cycle ( ) cycle cycle ( ) cycle cycle ( ) 1 Control Control % NPK 50% NPK % NPK 100% NPK % NPK 75% NPK % NPK 100% NPK % N + 50% N as FYM 100% NPK % N + 25% N as FYM 75% NPK % N + 50% N Paddy Straw 100% NPK % N + 25% N Paddy Straw 75% NPK % N + 50% N Glyricidia 100% NPK % N + 25% N Glyricidia 75% NPK Farmers Practice(85:50:30 kg Farmers Practice NPK/ha & FYM 5 t/ha) (75:37.5:38.75 kg NPK/ha ) Soil initial status SEm± %

4 PARASHURAM CHANDRAVANSHI microbial activity in the combined use of organic and inorganic source of treatments which favoured the conversion of the organically bound nitrogen to inorganic form (Panwar, 2008). Similar increase in available N in soil due to addition of organics was observed (Singh et al., 2006). The lowest value of OC and N was recorded in inorganic source of nutrient treatments. Available Phosphorus levels under continuous cropping and different fertilizer treatments showed in all the treatments (Table 2). Level of Phosphorus could be maintained (22.06 in T 9 and in T 7 during 22 nd and in T 9 and in T 7 during 23 rd crop cycles) in treatment supplied with FYM and organic manure and organic residue (T 9 and T 7 ) along with recommended dose of NPK than only inorganic nutrients treatments. The appreciable build-up in available P may be due to the influence of organic matter in increasing the labile P in soil through complexing of carbon like Ca 2+ which are mainly responsible for fixation of P (Kharche et al., 2013). The initial available K status (1988) of kg/ha was substantially decreased over period of 23 years indicating depletion of soil available K. the lowest available K status (142.9 kg/ha) was recorded at control. Among different organics in conjunction in organic fertilizer treatments the available K content recorded highest due to the greater capacity of organic colloids to hold K ions on exchange sites (Sheeba and Chellamuthu, 1999). Potassium in treatments supplied with organic manure and organic residue incorporation along with recommended dose of NPK (T 7, T 9 and T 10 ) recorded higher level of available Potassium over the years when compared with only inorganic fertilizers treatments over the years due to release of reduction in K- fixation and release of more K due to interaction of organic matter with clay, besides the direct K addition in the available K pool to the soil (Tendon, 1988). Nutrient Uptake The nutrient uptake in rice- maize system was significant. The plant samples were collected after harvest of maize crop analyzed for the nutrient uptake during the crop growth. Highest nutrient uptake of N, P and K was recorded in T 6 (Table- 4 (a) & 4 (c)) with uptake of of N, 43.4 of P kg/ha and of K Kg/ha in 22 nd and of N kg/ha, of P kg/ha and of K Kg/ha in 23 rd. The increased uptake was possibly due to higher productivity of the system (Chandravanshi, 1998). T 7 and T 9 were second and third in order. T 1 recorded the lowest uptake of N 62.21, P and K kg/ha respectively. Among two cycles higher uptake was noticed in Kharif rice crop which may be due to attributed to favorable effect of incorporation of organic sources of nutrients along with inorganic fertilizers which was also earlier reported by Sharma et al. (2013). Decomposition of organic materials is accompanied by the release of appreciable quantities of Co 2 which is dissolved in water to form carbonic acid is capable of decomposition of certain primary minerals and release of nutrients and favors higher biomass production and nutrient uptake (Parashuram Chandravanshi, 1998). Yield Integrated nutrient management of the 50 per cent N P K coupled with 50 per cent of N as Paddy straw incorporation to Kharif rice (JGL) followed by 100 per cent N P K to summer Maize recorded significant and higher grain and straw yield in both the years. The same treatment also recorded significantly Table 3: Soil properties and available nutrients under integrated nutrient supply in rice- maize sequence at the end of the season, 2010 and Sl. No. Nutrient Source Soil properties Av. N(Kg/ha) Av.P 2 O 5 (Kg/ha) Av. K(Kg/ha) Kharif (rice) Summer 22 nd crop 23 rd crop Pooled 22 nd crop 23 rd crop Pooled 22 nd crop 23 rd crop Pooled (maize) cycle cycle ( ) cycle cycle ( ) cycle cycle ( ) 1 Control Control % NPK 50% NPK % NPK 100% NPK % NPK 75% NPK % NPK 100% NPK % N + 50% N as FYM 100% NPK % N + 25% N as FYM 75% NPK % N + 50% N Paddy Straw 100% NPK % N + 25% N Paddy Straw 75% NPK % N + 50% N Glyricidia 100% NPK % N + 25% N Glyricidia 75% NPK Farmers Practice(85:50:30 Farmers Practice kg NPK/ha & FYM 5 t/ha) (75:37.5:38.75 kg NPK/ha) Soil initial status SEm± %

5 Table 4 (a): Nutrient uptake by maize at harvest under INM supply in rice-maize sequence, summer -22 nd crop cycle. EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT Treatments N uptake (kg/ha) P uptake (kg/ha) K uptake (kg/ha) Grainyield Straw yield (kg/ha) (kg/ha) Grain Straw Total Grain Straw Total Grain Straw Total Control % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK Farmers Practice (75:37.5:38.75 kg NPK/ha ) SEm± % Table 4 (b): Nutrient uptake by maize at harvest under INM supply in rice-maize sequence, summer crop cycle23 rd Treatments N uptake (kg/ha) P uptake (kg/ha) K uptake (kg/ha) Yield (Kg/ha) Grain Straw Total Grain Straw Total Grain Straw Total Grainyield Straw yield (kg/ha) (kg/ha) Control % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK Farmers Practice (75:37.5:38.75 kg NPK/ha ) SEm± % Table 4(c): Nutrient uptake by maize at harvest under integrated nutrient supply in rice-maize sequence (Pooled ) Treatments N uptake (kg/ha) P uptake (kg/ha) K uptake (kg/ha) Grain Straw Total Grain Straw Total Grain Straw Total Control % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK % NPK Farmers Practice (75:37.5:38.75 kg NPK/ha )SEm± %

6 PARASHURAM CHANDRAVANSHI higher grain and straw yield of 5015 and 6162 kg/ha in 22 nd and 5157 and 6667 kg/ha in 23 rd crop cycles respectively. The per cent grain yield increased was about 25 per cent per cent higher than 100 per cent NPK. The recommended chemical fertilizers alone at T 5 during 22 nd and 23 rd crop cycles. Similar results were obtained by the Narain et al. (1990) and Yaduvanshi et al. (1985). The increased grain yield was also supplemented due to significant and higher yield attributes such as plant height. Effective tiller/hill, panicle length, straw yield irrespective of growing seasons. REFERENCES Anon Fully revised estimates of principal crops in Karnataka for the year No.DES/14/2008, Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bangalore. Jackson, M. L Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. Jackson, M. L Soil chemical analysis Prentice Hall of India Ltd. New Delhi. pp Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A. A Statistical procedure for agricultural research IInd edition. J. Wiley and sons, New York. Inc. p Kumar, M., Singh, R. P. and Rana, N. S Effect of organic and inorganic sources of nutrition on productivity of rice. Indian J. Agron. 48(3): Karche, V. K., Patile, S. R., Kulkarni, A. A. Patile, V.S. and Katkar, R. N Long term Integrated management for enhancing soil uality and crop productivity under intensive cropping system on vertisols. J. Indian. Soc. Soil Sci. (61): Narain, P., Soni, P. N. and Pandey, A. K Economics of long term fertilizers use and yield sustainability. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers Use. 4: Panwar, A. S Effect of integrated nutrient management in maize (Zea mays) - mustard (Brassica campestris var. toria) cropping system in mid hills altitude. Indian J. Agricultural Sciences. 78(1): Parashuram, C. and Sudhir, K Effect of integrated nutrients on soil physical, chemical and Biological properties and continues cropping schedule M.Sc. Thesis submitted to UAS, Bangalore. Sharma, G. D., Thakur, R., Som, R., Kauraw, D. L. and Kulhare, P. S Impact of intergated nutrient management on yield, nutrient uptake, protein conttent of wheat (Triticum astivum) and soil fertility in a typic Haplustert. The Bioscan. 8(4): Sheeba, S. and Chellamuttu, S Long term influence of organic and inorganic fertilizers on micronutrient status of inceptisols. J. Indian. Soc. Sci. (47): Singh, S., Singh, R. N., Prasad, J. and Singh, B. P Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and uptake of nutrients by rice and soil fertility in rainfed uplands. J. the Indian Society of Soil Science. 54(3): Subbiah, B. V. and Asiija, E. C A rapid procedure for estimation of available nitrogen in soil. Current Science. 25(8): Tendon, H. L. S Potassium Research and Agricultural production in India, FDCO, New Delhi. Walkley, A. and Black, I. A Estimation of soil organic carbon by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science. 47: Yadhuvamshi, H. S. and Tripati, B. S. K Effect of continues manuring on some soil properties of an Alfisol, J. Indian Soc. Soil. Sci. 33: