Dr. Gatot Ciptadi. Fac. Of Animal Husbandry, UB. gatotciptadi.lecture.ub.ac.id. Dr.Gatot Ciptadi,Fac.Of Anim.

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1 Dr. Gatot Ciptadi Fac. Of Animal Husbandry, UB gatotciptadi.lecture.ub.ac.id

2 Animal Breeding Practices Genetic Impact Breeding has an important impact on animal production, as breeding results are cumulative, permanent and disseminated across farm animal popolations and also different area or countries The Sustainability is set to balance the various objective connected with : economic, the environment, diseases, the preservation of our Genetic Resources and maintenance of animal welfare

3 International relationship and Networking Maintenance of indigenous breeds is not only one country s work. Transboundary collaboration is necessary. There are some breeds which can t be maintained by any country alone, their preservation needs effective international collaboration An international cooperation is very important in research and in practice.

4 GENENETIC IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION Impact of sire on the population Genetic impact per sire = Genetic superiority of sire X Number of progeny/sire Number of progeny per sire = Number of sperm produced/sire Number of sperm required/cow X Fertility of semen X Fraction of semen used for AI Genetic Aspect of Artificial Insemination (AI)?

5 The number of progeny (assume the following: (Foote,1981) Sperm cell harvested/year/sire : x 10 9 Number of sperm cell required/cow : 15 x 10 6 Fertility : 50 % Semen used : 100 % The number of progeny would average: per sire/year Assumed that Sire for IA : Selected/Proven Bull/Superior. But, If the AI-Bulls : not selected/inferior /genetic abnormality?)

6 Ideal Progeny Test Program : Standart Operation Procedure (SOP) in Developing countries? High pedigree merit Large number of bulls Rapid and accurate evaluation Large number of daughters/herds Intensive culling Objectives?: Document characteristics of national progeny test (PT) programs Age of bulls at decision Percent of bulls retained Standardized selection differentials (selection intensities) Compare PT strategies of different countries

7 Role of AI in Genetic Progress (Selection ) An Example: Cattle Population number = 8000 heads, sex rasio 1 : 1 Selected Bulls for Natural Mating = 3000 bulls Selected bulls (%) = 3000/4000 = 0,7 Selection Intensity (i =table) = 0.42 Breeding program with i.e 1000 bull selected Selected bulls (%) = 1000/4000 = 0.25 Intensitas seleksi (i =table) = With Artificial Insemination,.ie 4 bull selected ( sperm prod.) Selected bulls (%). = 4/4000 = Intensitas seleksi ( i =table) = 3.37 Response to Selection and Genetic Progress (R) = i.h 2.DS. (h 2, heritability, DS,differential Selection)

8 Progeny testing Bulls evaluated on the basis of daughters performance

9 Good Breeding Practices (GBP) is set for breeding, as a reference in conducting animal breeding (cattle etc.) to produce high quality offsprings as well as for service personnel who handle functions farms, as guidelines in conducting coaching, guidance and supervision in development of animal breeding. (Directorate General of Livestock Services, Indonesia 2006). The purpose GBP guidelines for the implementation of activities animal breeding (beef cattle) can be obtained offsprings that meets minimum technical requirements and requirements for animal health. Scope guidelines of good (beef cattle) breeding includes four aspects: 1) infrastructure, 2) offspring production process, 3) preservation of the environment, 4) monitoring, evaluation, and reporting ( (Directorate General of Livestock Services, Indonesia, 2006)

10 Practical Animal breeding: represents an effort to induce specific traits beneficial ž Anim. Breeding culling out undesirable characteristics and selected the desirable genes into future generations Livestock farmers have been practicing selective breeding over many centuries ž(phenotypic base). A number majority of breeds have been created by livestock breeders ž Uncontrolled breeding remains to be a major feature of indigenous breeding/local breed.

11 Animals Breeding Systems Two basic systems Straight breeding: Purebred breeding Inbreeding Outcrossing Grading up Crossbreeding: Two-breed crosses Three-breed crosses Rotation breeding System used depends on: Kind of livestock Size of the herd Amount of money available Goals of the farmer or breeder

12 Breeding programs have been too complicated to be practical?. Breed selection (pure) and cross-breeding programs? No analysis data done( availability, accuracy etc). No comprehensive approach to design simple, yet effective breeding strategies. For planning genetic improvement, an intelligent balance of genetic principles and consideration of practical aspects is needed

13 Allows farmer/ GROUP OF FARMER/ ABREEDER ASSOCIATION to fully participate in the: ž Identification of problems Choice of solutions Breeding objectives Implementation of a simple breeding program Possible to control superior genotypes Government/Researcher/University/RD Research driven by needs and wishes of end users. Involves in the design, implementation and evaluation of breeding strategies

14 Principles for preparation of Anim.breeding (Genetic Local Resc. and Conservation ) Breeding program must be such a regulation which can assure the maintenance of a breed with avoidance of close inbreeding and preservation of original features. In situ: maintenance among the original keeping and feeding conditions, production and selection methods Ex situ: if in situ conservation is not possible. It means preservation out of the original and traditional circumstances (also contains in vitro conservation).

15 Genetic Resc. Potential and Conservation

16 Animal Breeding in the Near Future: Modern Breeding

17 ž Modern breeding- breeders decide breeding objective and genetic progress depend on the breeders work: three tiers (Breeders, Multipliers, Base flocks) Open Nucleus Breeding Structure: has Nucleus which is open to base population - base decides breeding objective supplying adapted females to produce their males. Optimum Design of Open Nucleus Breeding. Structure: 10% elite animals are retained in the nucleus and 90% in the base; gene flow ; genetic progress; inbreeding rate; age structure; progeny testing; selection accuracies; genetic variance, etc will be considered.

18 Breeding goal Preservation of external and internal characteristics of traditional breeds. Maintenance of the original type Preservation of breeds adaptability to natural farming conditions. Achievement of good productivity (growth, reproduction). Preservation of breeds natural temperament and behaviour which are necessary for traditional keeping methods.

19 Content of Breeding program (1) Detailed description of the breed Identification and certification method of a breeding animal Principles of nucleus herds definition (minimal number of animals needed for maintenance of the breed; 1000 dams fit for breeding + needed sires) Semen and genetic samples should be kept in gene bank Order of classification method in herd-book Method of breeding animals qualification, foundation of genealogical lines (families), principles for mating plan Rules of sires selection

20 Content of Breeding program (2) Method of finding out breeds genetic resources and admission of founder animals into conservation program. Method and order of data admission into central database. Rules of breeding animal commerce, export-import. Described principles of in situ conservation; accepted conditions of ex situ conservation. Certification method of slaughtering animals which are true to variety.

21 An Examples : GBP and SOP? 1. Maintenance In beef cattle breeding, livestock raising can be done the pasture system, semi-intensive system, and intensive systems. Livestock raising is done by intensive systems. 2. Production Based on production goals, beef cattle breeding grouped into pure /crossbreeding. 3. Parent Selection 1. Cows must be able to produce on a regular basis; 2. Male and female children are not defective and has a weight ratio of weaning age 205 days (weaning weight ratio) above average.

22 Selection spawn done by examination of reproductive organs (PAR) with criteria for the condition of the body and the channel reproduction, as well as body weight 350 kg. Candidates Males a) Weaning weight corrected for age 205 days of age the parent and season birth, above the average; b) Body weight at the age of 365 days on average; c) Body weight gain between age. Not kept for breeding because use marriage with system Artificial Insemination (AI) years above the average;

23 Continue d) Body weight above the age of 2 years on average; e) Libido and sperm quality is good; f) Phenotypic appearance in accordance with the clump. Selection I: a) Weaning weight corrected for age 205 days of age the parent and season birth, above the average; b) Body weight at the age of 365 days on average; c) Phenotypic appearance in accordance with the clump.

24 Continue Selection is based on minimal weight 270 kg and body condition and channel reproduction. Reproduction (mating) can be done by natural mating and Artificial Insemination (AI). Performed by Artificial Insemination (AI). Livestock Substitute (Replacement Stock) Candidates selected 25% female best for replacement, 10% for development of the region's population, 60% sold outside the region and 5% is sold as cattle culled Candidates selected 10% of male best at weaning age and joint candidates. All males are sold or used as 25% female best to put on the performance test. Rejects (culling) female cow that does not meet the requirements (10%) issued as cattle culled (culling). Unproductive cows immediately issued. Criteria, namely the excess of culled cattle weight and quality of reproductive tract ugly.

25 Recording Recording (recording) include 1. Pedegree; 2. Method of Reproduction (date, sire, AI/ natural mating); 3. Birth (date, birth weight); 4. Weaning (date, weight); 5. Calving (date, parity); 6. Feed (types, consumption); 7. Health: Vaccination, treatment (date, treatment); 8. Etc.

26 Continue Existing recording is recording reproduction (date, bull, IA / natiral mating ), birth (date, birth weight), weaning (date, weight), calving (date, parity), feed (Types, consumption), vaccination, treatment (Date, treatment) and mutation. The composition of cow's blood crosses Crosses should be maintained blood composition cows no more than 50%. Crosses applied by parent and conditions apply each one lactation cycle. The principles of selection and culling together. Applied principles of selection and with the pure breed of sire. Certification elite parent for cows which has been selected and meet standard.

27 General Conclusion Planning of genetic improvement : balance of genetic principles and consideration of practical aspects Farmer /Group/Community involvement is crucial for success. It is essential to have farmers motivated, organized and trained. Farmers should finding ways to combine production and adaptation to their breeding stock. Open to opportunities to develop approaches for sustainable improvement. Solutions to practical problems may be found in farmers local knowledge Most breeding projects require initial technical help, then should be planned to become self-driven. The challenge for field geneticists is to organize programs fitted to each situation and sustainable in time. High impact a functional genetic structure is necessary. Role of Researchers: conducting a study, oriented in problem solving (action research).

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