Overview of the Dairy Industry and Dairy Research at UGA. John K. Bernard, Ph.D., Dipl. ACAS Animal and Dairy Science University of Georgia, Tifton

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1 Overview of the Dairy Industry and Dairy Research at UGA John K. Bernard, Ph.D., Dipl. ACAS Animal and Dairy Science University of Georgia, Tifton

2 Farm size Production Technology Approach Dairy Industry has changed significantly!

3 OUTLINE Historical perspective and general overview of dairy industry in Georgia Dairy research at UGA Dairy Research Center Tifton Campus

4 History First dairy cow arrived in early 1700 s with James Edward Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia colony. Dairy was a family enterprise with excess milk used to produce butter, cream, cottage cheese, or cheese which was sold or traded to neighbors Benjamin Hunt, banker, brought the first herd of Jersey cows to Putman County and started Panola Farms, an experimental dairy facility. Credited with starting dairy industry in that area.

5 History From 1867 to 1919, the number of dairy cows increased from 20,000 to 411,000 head. Median herd size ranged from 15 to 25 cows. Milk sold instate was not required to be pasteurize until 1943 although the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance passed in Department of Agriculture inspected dairies, but GA Dept of Health used a mobile dairy lab to evaluate milk samples in the field.

6 Background ~ 1977 More than 1,200 Grade A dairies in the state Average herd size was 125 cows Numerous fluid processing plants located throughout the state as well as: Cheese plant in Carrolton Condensed milk plant in Royston (Grade B milk) Mathis Dairy: last home delivery plant and only certified raw milk plant in Eastern US MW price used for determining value of milk Three year base-excess plan as part of FO

7 Background First UHT plant built in Savannah in Mastock Dairy came to Georgia in 1980 s Large scale operations Used a business approach to dairy production and management 1985 buyout resulted in a number of GA (and SE) dairies exiting the industry. Industry continues to consolidate with just over 200 permitted dairies remaining in GA.

8 USDA ERS Top Dairy States in US Rank State Million pounds % of total 1 California 40, Wisconsin 29, Idaho 14, New York 14, Pennsylvania 10, Texas 10, Michigan 10, Minnesota 9, New Mexico 7, Washington 6, Florida 2, Georgia 1,

9 Southeast Milk Production 3,000 2,500 Million pounds 2,000 1,500 1, AL FL GA KY LA MS NC SC TN VA

10 Relative change in milk production GA FL AL SC TN VA KY NC LA MS

11 Total GA Milk Production Total milk production was 1,797,000 lbs in 2015, 194% more than 1924! Million pounds

12 Change in Number of Dairies in GA

13 Dairy Cow Population - Georgia ,000 cows in 1934 Number, x1, ,000 cows in % less than 1934!

14 Average milk yield - Georgia lb/cow/yr 24,000 22,000 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 Milk yield has increased 585% to 21,651 lb/cow/yr in 2015! Top herd in the state is over 31,000 lb/cow/yr! ,000 6,000 4,000 2,000

15 Trends Improved management and technology Increased management and specialization Sensors/monitors to better manage cows Robotics

16 Trends New dairy products and improved marketing Greek yogurt Coffees Butter Pizza New products

17 Trends Exports of dairy products to other countries has increased!

18 Dairy Market are greatly influenced by world events China significantly reduced purchases of dairy products Russian import ban on dairy products from select countries EU eliminated quota system High prices stimulated increased milk production leading to a surplus of dairy products Oil prices dropped significantly Milk prices dropped

19 Milk Prices 3.5% FCM Skim Sept $ $/cwt Feb $21.71 Apr $ January, 2014 March, 2014 May, 2014 July, 2014 September, 2014 November, 2014 January, 2015 March, 2015 May, 2015 July, 2015 September, 2015 November, 2015 January, 2016 March, 2016 May, 2016 Jun $6.85 July, 2016

20 Dairy Markets Prices have started to increase slightly Milk production has declined in the primary dairy producing countries except the US EU recently announced a program to reduce milk production UDSA will purchase 11 million lbs. of cheese Questions: How much will prices rise??? How quickly will this happen???

21 Issues Facing Dairy Industry Labor Attracting and keeping dependable labor California passed bill that mandated overtime for agriculture workers Higher minimal wage Additional regulations Water quality (nutrient management) Air quality Housing and animal care Consumer/processor demands Housing and animal care Non-GMO feed Urbanization

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23 Dairy Research Dairy research began at Coastal Plain Experiment Station in 1933 with the purchase of 28 purebred Jersey cows and 9 crossbred dairy cows. In 1935, the RHA was 5,688 lb milk and 4.5% fat (260 lb fat) New 40 cow tie stall barn and processing facility was built in 1940.

24 Dairy Research New parlor and freestall build in Herd consists of ~300 Holstein cows plus 280 replacement heifers and ±100 steers. RHA 24,386 lb milk and 909 lb fat.

25 Facilities 96 Calan gates for individually feeding cows and measuring intake Data Rangers are used for mixing and delivering experimental diets RFID used for identification of individual cows and infrared milk meters used to measure individual milk yield

26 Facilities 8 ft bagger for ensiling forages Inline bale wrapper for making baleage Equipment for harvesting, preserving, grinding, and mixing forages.

27 Nutrition Dairy Research Forage: type, processing, storage, cropping systems etc. Supplementation Protein Fat Additives Transition cow DCAD Ca Calf Additives Milk replacer composition

28 Chop Length and Kernel Processing Chop length ¾ in ¾ in ¾ in 1 in 1 in Kernel processing no KP 2-mm 8-mm 2-mm 8-mm DMI, lb/d Milk, lb/d Fat, % Protein, % ECM, lb/d Efficiency Cooke and Bernard JDS 88:

29 Chop Length and Kernel Processing 88 Starch Digestibility, % vs 8 mm P < /4 in, no KP 3/4 in, 2-mm 3/4 in, 8-mm 1 in, 2-mm 1 in, 8-mm Cooke and Bernard JDS 88:

30 Effect of increasing proportion of ryegrass silage versus corn silage Proportion of RG:CS 25:75 50:50 75:25 100:0 SE P DMI, lb/d Milk, lb/d Fat, % Protein, % ECM, lb/d Efficiency Bernard et al., J. Dairy Sci. 92:

31 Alfalfa or Tifton 85 Bermudagrass with or without enzyme treatment Forage Alfalfa Tifton 85 Enzyme SE DMI, lb/d Milk, lb/d Fat, % Protein, % ECM, lb/d Efficiency Alfalfa and Tifton 85 bermudagrass provided 12% of dietary DM. Bernard et al J. Dairy Sci. 93 :

32 Production response of lactating cows to diets based on corn (CS) or forage (FS) sorghum harvested in the summer (S) or fall (F) Year 2 CSS CSF FSS FSF SE P DMI, kg/d Milk, kg/d Fat, % 3.61 d 3.26 c 3.70 d 3.67 d Protein, % Lactose, % SNF, % ECM, kg/d Efficiency MUN, mg/dl 8.21 a 8.84 a b b 0.31 < ab Means with unlike superscripts in the same row differ (P < 0.01) cd Means with unlike superscripts in the same row differ (P < 0.01)

33 Selected Results Assisted in the development and evaluation of several commercial products including measurement of ruminal and intestinal digestibility and performance data.

34 Additives Selected Results Some are effective, but others are not. Balancing the diet is more economical in some cases. Always ask for a copy of the original research! Dietary binders used to sequester alfatoxin significanlty reduce alfatoxin transfer into milk but do not alter Vitamin A or riboflavin concentrations in milk.

35 Transition cow research

36 Transition Cow Research Dietary Anion-Cation Balance (DCAD) No differences (intake, metabolically or production) in feeding 42 vs 28 d prior to calving Interaction of prepartum DCAD and dietary Ca concentration on postpartum health and performance with DCAD (current) Calcium (buffer) source can affect efficiency of milk production

37 Dairy Research Heat stress abatement Type of fans used for cooling Low speed, high volume fans Variable speed fans Evaporative cooling system Low pressure mister

38 Dairy Research Cow comfort Recycled sand for bedding No difference in environmental pathogen concentrations as long as initial OM is < 2% Sand savers in freestalls Reduced sand usage from 48 to 29 lb/stall/d Freestall mattresses Sand is best! Preference changes over time Some materials compress with time and get hard (i.e. lower comfort, more leg problems)

39 The Red & Black Thursday, December 2, 1999

40 Collaborative Research Health Mastitis control in heifers Evaluation of when to administer vaccines Effect of supplemental immune booster on immune response

41 Water Quality and Waste Management Variable rate irrigation controls Training for EPD, Department of Ag, and certified operators Treatment of waste stream

42 Opportunities Skilled production/animal care workers Milk industry Transportation Marketing Processing Support industry Feed Pharmaceutical Equipment Technology Veterinarian Other

43 Questions