Our Water Commons !"#$%&'$'()#'%)+,#$-)%'($%%$./) !"#$%&'(#)%+,- ,./0(1,22,.34,*5

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Aubrey Newman
5 years ago
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1 Our Water Commons!"#$%&'$'()#'*%)+,#$-)%'($%%$./)!"#$%&'(#)%*+,-,./0(1,22,.34,*5

3 Our Water Commons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

4 Table of Contents Introduction Toward an Understanding of The Commons A new narrative The Enclosure and Commodification of the Freshwater Commons: How It s Done Selling water as a commodity Privatizing water utilities Bottling water Funding expensive water recovery and purification technologies The Case Against the Commodification of Water and for Retaining it in The Commons There is no incentive to conserve water or stop water pollution Nature has no one to buy it for ecosystem survival Only the rich will have clean water, a flagrant violation of human rights The Global Movement to Reclaim the Freshwater Commons and Distribute it More Fairly Reclaiming and conserving water Protecting watersheds, groundwater and ecosystems Fighting for water justice Toward a New Freshwater Narrative Based on Commons Principles Declare water to be a Commons Adopt an Earth Democracy narrative Protect water through conservation and law Treat watersheds as a Commons Assert community control over local water sources Maintain water sovereignty for both communities and nations Adopt a model of water justice, not charity Restore public delivery and fair pricing Enshrine the right to water in nation-state constitutions and a UN covenant Use and expand the public trust doctrine to protect water Conclusion About the Author Sources and Further Reading

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10 The Enclosure and Commodification of the Fresh Water Commons: How It s Done!,)%)'2+'("':)P)%')G$871)'"*'$'Y%0($#$='8$%E)-')(92()Z'-,$('-,)'6"%7"%$-)' 6$%-)1'("#':)2(9'6%)$-)&'-"'"#('$(&'7%"V-'*%"8'#$-)%4'h%2/$-)'+)6-"%'2(-)%)+-' 2('-,)'#"%1&5+'&#2(&12(9'#$-)%'%)+"0%6)+',$+':))(':021&2(9'*"%'-#"'&)6$&)+3' $(&',$+'&%$8$.6$11='2(6%)$+)&'2('%)6)(-'=)$%+4'!%$(+($."($1'6"%7"%$."(+'/2)#' #$-)%'$+'$'+$1)$:1)'$(&'-%$&$:1)'6"88"&2-=3'("-'$'K"88"(+3'$(&'$%)'+)-'-"' 6%)$-)'$'6$%-)1'%)+)8:12(9'-,)'"()'-,$-'("#'6"(-%"1+')/)%='*$6)-'"*')()%9=3'*%"8' )G71"%$."('-"'7%"&06."('-"'&2+-%2:0."(4' h%2/$-)3'*"%q7%"v-'#$-)%'6"87$(2)+'("#'7%"/2&)'80(2627$1'#$-)%'+)%/26)+'2(' 8$(='7$%-+'"*'-,)'#"%1&i'70-'8$++2/)'$8"0(-+'"*'*%)+,'#$-)%'2(':"P1)+'*"%'+$1)i' 6"(-%"1'/$+-'U0$(..)+'"*'#$-)%'0+)&'2('2(&0+-%2$1'*$%82(93'82(2(93')()%9='7%"; &06."(3'6"870-)%+3'6$%+'$(&'"-,)%'#$-)%;2(-)(+2/)'2(&0+-%2)+i'"#('$(&'"7)%$-)' 8$(='"*'-,)'&$8+3'727)12()+3'($("-)6,("1"9=3'#$-)%'70%2V6$."('+=+-)8+'$(&' &)+$12($."('71$(-+'9"/)%(8)(-'$%)'1""E2(9'-"'*"%'-,)'-)6,("1"926$1'7$($6)$'-"' #$-)%'+,"%-$9)+i'7%"/2&)'2(*%$+-%06-0%)'-)6,("1"92)+'-"'%)71$6)'"1&'80(2627$1' #$-)%'+=+-)8+i'6"(-%"1'-,)'/2%-0$1'-%$&)'2('#$-)%i':0='07'9%"0(&#$-)%'%29,-+'$(&' #,"1)'#$-)%+,)&+'2('"%&)%'-"'"#('1$%9)'U0$(..)+'"*'#$-)%'+-"6Ei'$(&'-%$&)'2(' +,$%)+'2('$('2(&0+-%='+)-'-"'2(6%)$+)'2-+'7%"V-+'&%$8$.6$11='2(''-,)'6"82(9'=)$%+4' YR$-)%'2+',"-3Z'+$=+'W6,#$:'K$72-$1'O$%E)-+4'YR$-)%'2+'$'9%"#-,'&%2/)%'*"%'$+' 1"(9'$(&'*$%'$+'-,)')=)'6$('+))3Z'$&&+'d"1&8$('W$6,+4'Y!,)'#$-)%'2(&0+-%='2+'-,)' 1$%9)+-'$(&'7)%,$7+'8"+-'&=($826'2(&0+-%='2('-,)'#"%1&3Z'61$28+'W)2&1)%'K$72-$14'!,)'#$-)%':0+2()++'2+'-,)'*$+-)+-'9%"#2(9'"*'-,)'Y:29'-,%))Z'$++)-+'2(&0+-%2)+' Q'-,)'"-,)%+':)2(9')()%9='$(&')1)6-%262-=3'%)7"%-+'-,)'W0882-'R$-)%'eU02-='c0(&3' "()'"*'&"I)(+'"*')G6,$(9);-%$&)&'*0(&+'$(&'2(&)G)+'&)$12(9')G610+2/)1='#2-,'#$; -)%'-,$-',$/)'+7%0(9'07'2('-,)'1$+-'+)/)%$1'=)$%+4'YR$-)%'6"88"&2.)+'0+)&'-"':)' -,"09,-'"*'$+'&)*)(+2/)3':"%2(9'+-"6E+3Z'%)7"%-+'C-)(A!((="$YD"-'$(=8"%)4'!,)' [4W4'#$-)%'+)6-"%',$+'%)-0%()&'> m'"/)%'-,)'7$+-'v/)'=)$%+3'"0-7)%*"%82(9'-,)' Wnh'@??':='$:"0-'>g?m4Z'`-'-,)'1$0(6,'"*'`0+-%$12$5+'hkT??'R"%1&'R$-)%'!%0+-' 2('O$='>??F3'2-+'KeJ'&)61$%)&3'Y!,)'#$-)%'2(&0+-%='%)+)8:1)+'-,)'"21'2(&0+-%=' 2378$8&''()$/)'$ 7)0()8($7)0(6(80$7)$ 9/0(6$/8$/$;-::-'70A$ 78$/$'76(;0$;-)06/'7;< :"%'/"'/0,'%":"%'"-' 9/0(6$/8$/$,-::-)8@$ 9703$708$(:?3/878$-)$ ;"++,;:D,');;,77')%8' 83/6('$6(8?-) A" 6

11 7 &0%2(9'2-+'9"1&)(')%$4Z'!,2+'+0&&)('$(&'2(-)(+)'2(-)%)+-'2('#$-)%'$+'$';-::-'70A$ B'+"8)-,2(9'-"':)'0+)&'*"%'7%2/$-)'7%"V-'$(&'7)%+"($1'9$2('Q'2+'$'&2%)6-'6"(-%$; &26."('-"'-,)'("."('"*'#$-)%'$+'$'K"88"(+3'#2-,'2-+')87,$+2+'"('6"11)6./)' $66)++'$(&'+,$%)&'%)+7"(+2:212-=4'M-'2+'*$%'*%"8'61)$%'#,26,'&)V(2."('#211'7%)/$214' Selling water as a commodity!,)'("."('"*'#$-)%'$+'$'6"88"&2-='&2&'("-',$77)('2('$'/$60084'm-'#$+'&)12:; )%$-)1='287"+)&'"('-,)'91":$1'W"0-,':='91":$1'2(+.-0."(+'$(&'#$-)%'6"87$(2)+' L$(&'-,)2%'9"/)%(8)(-+N'2('$('"7)('$P)87-'-"'6$72-$12I)'"('-,)'&)+7)%$-)'#$-)%' 6%2+2+'2('7""%'6"0(-%2)+4'!,)%)'#$+'8"%)'-,$('$'12P1)',=7"6%2+='2('*"2+.(9'7%2/$-)' #$-)%'+)%/26)+'"('-,)'W"0-,':='6"0(-%2)+'-,$-',$&':))('#)11'+)%/)&':='70:126' +=+-)8+4'M('e0%"7)'$(&'D"%-,'`8)%26$3'70:126'&)12/)%='"*'#$-)%',)17)&'-"'6%)$-)' -,)'7"12.6$1'+-$:212-='$(&'V($(62$1')U02-='()6)++$%='*"%'-,)'9%)$-'$&/$(6)+'"*' -,)'2(&0+-%2$1'$9)4'`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d"$1+4'W)/)%$1'8$C"%':0+2()++'"%9$(2I$."(+'#)%)' *"%8)&'-"'7%"8"-)'7%2/$-)'#$-)%'&)12/)%='2('-,)'91":$1'W"0-,3'-,)'8"+-'("-$; :1)':)2(9'-,)'R"%1&'<0+2()++'K"0(621'*"%'W0+-$2($:1)'\)/)1"78)(-3'#,26,'#$+' 2(j0)(.$1'2('#$-)%2(9'&"#(')(/2%"(8)(-$1'6"882-8)(-+'2('-,)'"%292($1'e$%-,' W0882-'2('T^^>3'$(&'`U0$c)&3'-,)'%)6)(-1='*"%8)&'M(-)%($."($1'c)&)%$."(' "*'h%2/$-)'r$-)%'j7)%$-"%+4'`'8$c"%'71$=)%'2('-,)'7%"8"."('"*'$'7%2/$-)'#$-)%' +)%/26)+'8"&)1',$+':))('-,)'R"%1&'R$-)%'K"0(621'LRRKN3'*"%8)&'2('T^^F':=' -,)'R"%1&'<$(E3'-,)':29'#$-)%'-%$(+($."($1+3'-,)'[(2-)&'D$."(+'$(&'-,)'&)/)1; "78)(-'$9)(62)+'"*'$'(08:)%'"*'#)$1-,='6"0(-%2)+4'RRK'8)8:)%+',$/)':))(' &0::)&'Y-,)'k"%&+'"*'#$-)%Z'*"%'-,)2%'7"#)%*01'%"1)'2('7%"8".(9'$'7%2/$-)'#$-)%' 8"&)1'-"'9"/)%(8)(-+'-,$-'$P)(&'-,)'RRK5+',09)'R"%1&'R$-)%'c"%08+',)1&' )/)%='-,%))'=)$%+4' K"%7"%$."(+'$%)'2(/"1/)&'2('8$(='$+7)6-+'"*'#$-)%3'2(610&2(9'-,)'6"(+-%06."(' "*':29'&$8+3'727)12()+'$(&'80(2627$1'2(*%$+-%06-0%)3'#,26,'$%)'#"%-,'-%2112"(+'"*' &"11$%+4'K"%7"%$."(+'-$E)'#$-)%'*%"8'-,)'$-8"+7,)%)'#2-,',29,'-)6,("1"9='$(&' :0='$(&'+)11'#$-)%3'2(610&2(9'+)#$9)'#$-)%3'"('-,)'"7)('8$%E)-4'`9%2:0+2()++' 2(-)%)+-+'70%6,$+)'$(&'6"(-%"1'1"6$1'#$-)%'%29,-+'-"'&2/)%-'/2-$1'#$-)%'%)+"0%6)+' *%"8'80(2627$1'#$-)%'-$7+'-"'2%%29$-)'6$+,'6%"7+'$(&'*$6-"%='12/)+-"6E'7%"&06;."(4'!,)%)'$%)'-,%))'#$=+3',"#)/)%3'2('#,26,'6"%7"%$."(+'$%)'9$2(2(9'&2%)6-' 6"(-%"1'"/)%'$6-0$1'#$-)%'+07712)+'$(&3'$+'$'%)+01-3'$%)'8$E2(9'12*)'$(&'&)$-,' &)62+2"(+'$:"0-'#,"',$+'$66)++'-"'#$-)%'$(&'#,"'&")+'("-4'

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12 8 D)$E&6-?($/)'$F-603$ /"';.,)/,'/0,'?"+$:;)+' /0,'&.,)/')8D)%;,7'"-' 03($7)'&8067/+$/>("$ Privatizing water utilities [(.1'%)6)(-1=3'C0+-'-#"'6"87$(2)+3'W0)I'$(&'f)"12$'"*'c%$(6)3'&"82($-)&'-,)' #$-)%'+)%/26)+'2(&0+-%=4'<"-,'$%)'6"0(-)&'$8"(9'-,)'c"%-0()'T??'12+-'"*'6"87$; (2)+'$(&',$/)'+7%)$&'-,)2%'"7)%$."(+'-,%"09,"0-'-,)'91":$1'W"0-,3'$(&'8"%)' %)6)(-1='2('e0%"7)3'D"%-,'`8)%26$'$(&'K,2($4'M('%)6)(-'=)$%+3',"#)/)%3'$'%$A'"*' ()#'7%2/$-)'"7)%$-"%+',$+'+7%0(9'07'-"'6,$11)(9)'-,)'Y:29'-#"4Z'M('T^^?3'"(1=' $'*%$6."('"*'-,)'#"%1&5+'7"701$."(':"09,-'#$-)%'*%"8'$'7%2/$-)'"7)%$-"%'$(&' #,)%)'-,)='&2&3'-,)'6"87$(2)+'#)%)'9)()%$11='1"6$14'!"&$=3':29'7%2/$-)'#$-)%' $66)++'-"'727)&'#$-)%4'!,)'0.12-='6"87$(2)+'7%)&26-'L$(&',"7)N'-,$-'#2-,2('T?' =)$%+3'-,)'(08:)%'"*'7)"71)':0=2(9'-,)2%'Y7%"&06-Z'#211'&"0:1)4' H"#)/)%3'-,)'7%2/$.I$."('"*'#$-)%'+)%/26)+',$+':))('$'-)%%2:1)'*$210%)'2('$18"+-' )/)%='6"880(2-='#,)%)'2-',$+':))('-%2)&3'$(&'2-'2+'*$%'*%"8'6)%-$2('-,$-'7%2/$.; I$."('"*'-,)'#$-)%'K"88"(+'#211'$66)1)%$-)'$-'-,)'+$8)'%$-)4'R$-)%'6"88"&2; V6$."(',$+'1)A'$'1)9$6='"*'6"%%07."(3'+E=;,29,'#$-)%'%$-)+3'60-;"S+'"*'#$-)%'-"' 82112"(+'"*'7)"71)3'%)&06)&'#$-)%'U0$12-=3'()7".+83'7"110."(3'#"%E)%'1$=;"S+' $(&':%"E)('7%"82+)+4'`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ottling water h)%,$7+'-,)%)'2+'("':)p)%')g$871)'"*'-,)')(61"+0%)'"*'-,)'#$-)%'k"88"(+' -,$(':"P1)&'#$-)%4'H08$(+'-$E)'*%))'j"#2(9'#$-)%'*%"8'2-+'($-0%$1'+-$-)3'70-' 2-'2('71$+.6':"P1)+'$(&'+)11'2-'-"'"()'$("-,)%'$-')G"%:2-$(-'7%26)+4'M('-,)')$%1=' T^F?+3'$:"0-'"()':2112"('12-)%+'"*':"P1)&'#$-)%'#)%)'+"1&'91":$11=4'M('>??F3'8"%)' 2(&0+-%='2+'9%"#2(9'$-'"/)%'T?'7)%6)(-'$'=)$%4'<)6$0+)':"P1)&'#$-)%'6"+-+'$(=; #,)%)'*%"8'>_?'-"'T?3???'.8)+'8"%)'-,$('-$7'#$-)%3'&)7)(&2(9'"('-,)':%$(&3' 7%"V-+'$%)'/)%=',29,'2('-,2+'+)6-"%4'!,)':"P1)&'#$-)%'2(&0+-%='2+'6"(+)%/$./)1=' )+.8$-)&'-"':%2(9'2('oT??':2112"('$((0$11=4'c"0%'6"87$(2)+'&"82($-)'-,)'2(&0+; -%=b'd)+-1)3'\$("()3'k"6$;k"1$'$(&'h)7+2k"4'y!,2+'2+'$('2(&0+-%='-,$-'-$e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

13 9 2)/,.';"##"8$K;)< ;6/N"O7'"-'=)/,.'/"' #$++$"%7'"-'?,"?+,>'.,< %,?":7#>'?"++6:"%>' 56-=()$?6-:78(8"$ 7"110.(9'"(')$%-,'$+'#)11'$+'"()'"*'-,)'1)$+-'%)901$-)&4'h1$+.6'#$-)%':"P1)+'$%)' 8$&)'07'"*'6,)826$1+'$(&'*"++21'*0)1+'-,$-'1)$6,'2(-"'9%"0(&#$-)%'$(&',08$(' :"&2)+4'D)$%1='"();U0$%-)%'"*'$11':"P1)&'#$-)%'6%"++)+'($."($1':"%&)%+'-"'%)$6,' 6"(+08)%+3'0+2(9')("%8"0+'$8"0(-+'"*')()%9='-"'-%$(+7"%-4'J()'82112"(':"P1)+' "*')G7"%-)&':"P1)&'#$-)%'6$0+)'-,)')82++2"('"*'TB4>'-"(+'"*'6$%:"('&2"G2&)4' c)#)%'-,$('v/)'7)%6)(-'"*':"p1)&'#$-)%'6"(-$2()%+'$%)'%)6=61)&4'r$-)%')g-%$6;."('*"%':"p1)&'#$-)%'2+'&%$2(2(9'6"880(2.)+'$11'"/)%'-,)'#"%1&3'*%"8'-,)'d%)$-' k$e)+'"*'d"%-,'`8)%26$'-"'-,)'%0%$1'/211$9)+'"*'m(&2$4'm('8"+-'71$6)+3':"p1)&'#$; -)%'6"%7"%$."(+'7$='12P1)'"%'("')G-%$6."('*))+3'"7)(1='7%"V.(9'*%"8'-,)'1"6$1' #$-)%'K"88"(+3'$(&'*$/"%)&':='9"/)%(8)(-+'"/)%'-,)'())&+'"*'1"6$1'6"880(2;.)+4' Funding expensive water recovery and purification technologies `'8"%)'%)6)(-'*"%8'"*'#$-)%'K"88"(+')(61"+0%)'2+'-,)'7%$6.6)'"*'%)1=2(9'"(',29,'-)6,("1"9='+"10."(+'-"'-,)'91":$1'#$-)%'6%2+2+'2(+-)$&'"*'7%"-)6.(9'-,)' +"0%6)'#$-)%+'"*'-,)'#$-)%'K"88"(+4'c$%'8"%)'$P)(."('2+':)2(9'7$2&'L$(&' :2112"(+'"*'&"11$%+'$((0$11='2(/)+-)&N'-"'61)$(2(9'07'&2%-='#$-)%'0+2(9')G7)(+2/)',29,'#$-)%;%)0+)'-)6,("1"9=3'-,$('2('+-"772(9'7"110."('$(&'-,)'&)+-%06."('"*' -,)'#$-)%'K"88"(+'2-+)1*4'!,)'#$-)%'2(&0+-%=5+'-)6,("1"9='+)6-"%'2+'9%"#2(9'$-' -#26)'-,)'%$-)'"*'2-+'0.12-='+)6-"%'$(&'$1%)$&='$66"0(-+'*"%'8"%)'-,$('"();U0$%; -)%'"*'$11'%)/)(0)+4'\)+$12($."('2+'"()'"*'-,)'E)='-)6,("1"92)+':)2(9'-"0-)&4' 6$72-$1'2(/)+-8)(-+'"*'$-'1)$+-'og?':2112"('2('-,)'()G-'&)6$&)4'!,)%)'$%)'p?'71$(-+' 71$(()&'*"%'-,)'6"$+-'"*'K$12*"%(2$'$1"()4'\0)'-"'-,)',29,;)()%9='%)U02%)8)(-+' "*'&)+$12($."(3'-,)%)'$%)'71$(+'-"':021&'(061)$%;7"#)%)&'&)+$12($."('71$(-+'2(' +)/)%$1'6"0(-%2)+4'k$%9)'2(/)+-8)(-+'$%)'$1+"'9"2(9'2(-"'#$-)%'($("-)6,("1"9=3' #,)%)'6"87$(='+62)(.+-+'1""E'-"'-,)'+0:;826%"+6"726'#"%1&'"*'8"1)601)+'-"' 61)$('&2%-='#$-)%4'`+'#)113'92$(-'-%$(+($."($1+'12E)'de3'W2)8)(+3'\"#'K,)826$1' $(&'M!!'K"%74',$/)'2(/)+-)&':2112"(+'2('Y-"21)-'-"'-$7Z'%)6=612(9'$(&'$%)'("#'-,)' #$-)%'2(&0+-%=5+',)$/=#)29,-+4'!,)%)'$%)'/)%='+)%2"0+'U0)+."(+'-"':)'$+E)&'$:"0-'-,2+'2(&0+-%=3'("-'-,)'1)$+-' "*'#,26,'2+'#,"'#211'"#('-,)'#$-)%'-,)+)'1$%9)'6"%7"%$."(+'61)$(4'D"'&"0:-' -,)'6"87$(2)+'-,2(E'-,)='"#('2-'$(&'#,"'2+'-"'+$='&2S)%)(-1=q'`11'"*'-,)'-)6,; ("1"92)+'-,)8+)1/)+'92/)'%2+)'-"'+)%2"0+'U0)+."(+4'\)+$12($."('-)6,("1"9='2+' )G7)(+2/)3'*"++21'*0)1'2(-)(+2/)'$(&'7"110.(94'M-'%)1)$+)+'$'6,)826$1r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`(&' 8$(='+-0&2)+'+,"#'-,$-')/)('-,)'8"+-'+"7,2+.6$-)&'V1-%$."('70%2V6$."('-)6,; ("1"92)+'$%)'("-'%)8"/2(9'$11'-%$6)+'"*'-"G26'+0:+-$(6)+3',"%8"()+3'$(.:2".6+3' 6,)8"-,)%$7='8)&26$."(3':2%-,'6"(-%"1'$(&')(&"6%2();&2+%07-)%+'*%"8'%)6=61)&' -%/(*4#

14 The Case Against the Commodification of Water and for Retaining it in the Commons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here is no incentive to conserve water or stop water pollution!,)'v%+-'7%":1)8'2+'-,$-'-,)%)'2+'("'7%"v-'2('6"(+)%/$."(4'm('*$6-3'2-'2+'-"'-,)'&2+;.(6-'$&/$(-$9)'"*'-,)'7%2/$-)'#$-)%'2(&0+-%='-,$-'-,)'#"%1&5+'*%)+,#$-)%'k"8; 8"(+'$%)':)2(9'7"110-)&'$(&'&)+-%"=)&4'e/)('2*'2(&2/2&0$1'6"%7"%$-)'1)$&)%+'&"' ("-'-$E)'71)$+0%)'2('-,)'91":$1'#$-)%'6%2+2+3'2-'2+')G$6-1='-,2+'6%2+2+'-,$-'2+'&%2/2(9' 7%"V-+'2('-,)2%'2(&0+-%=4'!,)'Y&)$&',$(&Z'"*'-,)'8$%E)-'#211'*$/"%'-,"+)'6"87$; (2)+'-,$-'8$G282I)'7%"V-'$(&3'2('-,)'#$-)%':0+2()++3'-,$-'8)$(+'-$E2(9'$&/$(; -$9)'"*'$'&#2(&12(9'+0771='-,$-'6$(("-'8))-'$'9%"#2(9'&)8$(&4'c0%-,)%3'#2-,' 9"/)%(8)(-+3'2(&0+-%2)+3'$(&'0(2/)%+2.)+'2(/)+.(9'+"',)$/21='2('-,)':0%9)"(2(9' 23($/)89(6$0-$03($ 9-6+'G8$9/0(6$;67878$ 6(808$-)$03($097)$ -"6%8):"%7'"-';"%< 7,.D):"%'"%'"%,'7$8,' )%8'=)/,.'967:;,'"%' 03($-03(6"$F-$>+-5/+$ ;".?".):"%'/0)/'#67/' 5,';"#?,::D,'/"'76.<.7.($;/)$-?(6/0($-)$ 03-8($09-$?67);7?+(8"$ 10

15 #$-)%'61)$(;07'-)6,("1"9='2(&0+-%=3'-,)%)'2+'1)++'$(&'1)++'2(6)(./)'$-')/)%='1)/)1' -"')87,$+2I)'+"0%6)'7%"-)6."('$(&'6"(+)%/$."(4'J(6)'$'8$++2/)'$(&')G7)(; +2/)'61)$(;07'2(&0+-%='2+'2('71$6)3')6"("826'$(&'7"12.6$1'7%)++0%)'#211'6"8)'-"' :)$%'"('9"/)%(8)(-+'$(&'91":$1'2(+.-0."(+'-"'7%"-)6-'2-4'!)6,("1"9=3'6"(-%"11)&' :='6"%7"%$."(+3'#211'&%2/)'7"126=4' `1%)$&='91":$1'-%$&)'%01)+'-"'7%"8"-)'-,)'#$-)%'-)6,("1"9='2(&0+-%='$%)'2(' 71$6)4'!,)'R"%1&'!%$&)'J%9$(2I$."('LR!JN'7%"8"-)+'$(&'7%"-)6-+'-,)'-%$&)' 2('Y)(/2%"(8)(-$1'+)%/26)+3Z')(6"0%$92(9'6%"++;:"%&)%'-%$&)'$(&'2(/)+-8)(-'2(' 7%2/$-)'#$-)%'61)$(;07'6"87$(2)+4'`+'2('$11'-%$&$:1)'9""&+'$(&'+)%/26)+3'9"/)%(; 8)(-+'$%)')(6"0%$9)&'-"'%)12(U02+,'70:126'6"(-%"1'"*'#$-)%'-%)$-8)(-'-"'-,)' 7%2/$-)'+)6-"%'$(&',$/)'-"')(+0%)'-,$-'$(='%01)+'-,)=',$/)'2('71$6)'$%)'-,)'Y1)$+-' -%$&)'%)+-%26./)Z'7"++2:1)4'!,2+'8)$(+'-,$-'-,)'%01)+'$(&'%)901$."(+'8)$(-'-"' 7%"-)6-'-,)'70:126'$(&'-,)')(/2%"(8)(-'80+-'("-',$87)%'7%2/$-)':0+2()++3'$(&' -,)'7%)++0%)'2+'"('9"/)%(8)(-+'-"'Y60-'%)&'-$7)Z'$(&'1"#)%'-,)2%'+-$(&$%&+4' `+'#)113'0(&)%'-,)'YD$."($1'!%)$-8)(-Z'7%"/2+2"('"*'-,)'R!J3'9"/)%(8)(-+' 6$(("-'*$/"%'&"8)+.6'#$-)%'6"87$(2)+'$(&'#211',$/)'-"'"7)('07'-,)2%':2&&2(9' 7%"6)++'-"'-,)'#$-)%'-)6,("1"9='-%$(+($."($1+'-,$-'$%)'9)s(9'8"%)'7"#)%*01' $11'-,)'.8)4' Nature has no one to buy it for ecosystem survival!,)'+)6"(&'8$c"%'6"(6)%('$%"0(&'-,)'6"88"&2v6$."('"*'#$-)%'2+'-,$-'#2-,' ("'%)901$-"%='"/)%+29,-'"%'9"/)%(8)(-'6"(-%"13'-,)%)'#211':)'("'7%"-)6."(+'*"%' -,)'($-0%$1'#"%1&3'$(&'$'())&'-"'+$*)90$%&'2(-)9%$-)&')6"+=+-)8+'*%"8'#$-)%' 710(&)%2(94'`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q'' 30,';"##"8$K;):"%' ;"##"8$K;):"%'"-' %)/6.,<'C-'=)/,.'$%'/0,' ;(8875+($0-$03-8($93-$ `('$&&)&'+-%$2('2+'70-'"('%0%$1'$(&'#21&)%()++'#$-)%'K"88"(+':='-,)'#$-)%' ())&+'"*'0%:$('6)(-%)+3')+7)62$11='-,)':0%9)"(2(9'8)9$;62.)+'"*'-,)'91":$1' W"0-,'Q'())&+'2(6%)$+2(91=':)2(9'+07712)&':='&%$2(2(9'%0%$1'$(&'#21&)%()++' 1$E)+3'%2/)%+'$(&'$U02*)%+4'`9%2601-0%)3')+7)62$11='2%%29$-)&'2(&0+-%2$1'*$%82(9'$(&' 12/)+-"6E'7%"&06."(3'-=726$11='70-'-,)'+2(91)'1$%9)+-'&)8$(&'"('+0%*$6)'$(&' $U02*)%'%)+"0%6)+4'M('#$-)%;+6$%6)'%)92"(+3'2%%29$."('6$('6"(+08)'#)11'"/)%' -,%));U0$%-)%+'"*'-"-$1'#$-)%'#2-,&%$#$1+4'M*'9"/)%(8)(-+'8$2(-$2('6"(-%"1'"*' #$-)%'+=+-)8+3'-,)='6$('-%='-"'7%"-)6-'%0%$1')6"+=+-)8+3'$1-,"09,'2-'2+'-%0)'-,$-' 9"/)%(8)(-+'$%)'0(&)%'6"87).(9'7%)++0%)+4'<0-'2*3'$+'2+'2(6%)$+2(91='-,)'6$+)3' #$-)%'-%$(+*)%+'$%)'2('-,)',$(&+'"*'7%2/$-)':%"E)%+'#,"'$%)'6"87).(9'#2-,'"()' $("-,)%'*"%'&#2(&12(9'%)+"0%6)+'$(&'-,)'7%"6)++'2+'0(%)901$-)&':='9"/)%(8)(-+3' -,)%)'#211':)'*)#'7%"-)6."(+'2('71$6)'-"'+-"7'-,)'&)+-%06."('"*'#$-)%+,)&+'$(&' )6"+=+-)8+'$(&'-,)'+7)62)+'$(&'71$(-'12*)'-,)='+0+-$2(4' 11

16 Only the rich will have clean water, a flagrant violation of human rights!,)'-,2%&'7%":1)8'#2-,'-,)'6"88"&2v6$."('"*'#$-)%'2+'-,$-'#$-)%3'$(&'#$-)%' 2(*%$+-%06-0%)'Q'*%"8'&%2(E2(9'#$-)%'$(&'+$(2-$."('0.12.)+'+)%/26)+3'-"':"P1)&' #$-)%3'61)$(;07'-)6,("1"92)+'$(&'(061)$%;7"#)%)&'&)+$12($."('71$(-+'Q'#211' j"#'#,)%)'-,)'8"()='2+3'("-'#,)%)'2-'2+'())&)&4'd"'6"%7"%$."('2+'2(':0+2()++' -"'&)12/)%'#$-)%'-"'-,)'7""%4'!,$-3'+$='6"%7"%$-)'1)$&)%+3'2+'-,)'C":'"*'9"/)%(; 8)(-+4'h)"71)'#,"'6$(("-'7$='&"'("-'9)-'+)%/)&4'`1%)$&=3'#)$1-,='6"0(-%2)+'12E)' W$0&2'`%$:2$'$(&'M+%$)1'$%)'&)7)(&)(-'"(')G7)(+2/)'#$-)%'70%2V6$."('-)6,("1"; 92)+'*"%'-,)2%'&$=;-";&$='12/2(93'#,21)')U0$11='#$-)%;+-$%/)&'6"0(-%2)+'+06,'$+' D$82:2$'$(&'h$E2+-$('6$(("-'$S"%&'+06,'-)6,("1"9=3'$(&'+"'-,)2%'62.I)(+'+0S)%' *%"8'+)/)%)'#$-)%'+,"%-$9)+4'<"P1)&'#$-)%'2+'-,)')G610+2/)'7%)%"9$./)'"*'-,"+)' #,"'6$('7$='*"%'2-3'$+'2+'61)$('#$-)%'*%"8'-,)'-$7'2('8$(='7$%-+'"*'-,)'#"%1&4' R"%1&'R$-)%'$(&'c1"#'M(63'-#"'6"87$(2)+'"('-,)'/)%9)'"*'$':01E'#$-)%'-%$(+*)%' :0+2()++3'$%)'1""E2(9'-"'+)(&'-,)2%'V%+-'+,278)(-+3'("-'-"'-,)'7$%-+'"*'-,)'#"%1&' #,)%)'7)"71)'$%)'&=2(9'*"%'#$-)%3':0-'-"'k$+'f)9$+'$(&'k"+'`(9)1)+'2('-,)'6$+)' "*'R"%1&'R$-)%3'$(&'W$0&2'`%$:2$'$(&'-,)'[(2-)&'`%$:'e82%$-)+'2('-,)'6$+)'"*' c1"#4' c0%-,)%3'$+'2(')/)%='8$c"%'2(&0+-%='+)6-"%3'-,)'#$-)%'2(&0+-%='2+':)6"82(9'/)%=' 7"#)%*01'2('1"::=2(9'$(&'$&/2+2(9'9"/)%(8)(-+'$(&'91":$1'2(+.-0."(+'"('#$-)%' 7"126=4'!,)':29'+)%/26)'6"87$(2)+',$/)')("%8"0+'61"0-'#2-,'-,)'R"%1&'<$(E'$(&' -,)'[(2-)&'D$."(+'$+'#)11'$+'#2-,'-,)2%'"#('9"/)%(8)(-+4'<29'0.12-='6"%7"%$;."(+'+06,'$+'W0)I'$(&'f)"12$'$6-0$11='2(j0)(6)'R"%1&'<$(E'&)62+2"(+'$+'-"' #,)%)'*0(&2(9'*"%'#$-)%'+)%/26)+'+,"01&'9"4'W-0&2)+'+,"#'-,$-'-,)='("#'+)-'-,)' $9)(&$'2('-)%8+'"*'7%2"%2.I2(9'-,)'6"(-)(-+3'%)92"(+'$(&'62.)+'#,)%)'2(/)+-8)(-' 2('-,)'#$-)%'+)6-"%'#211'j"#4'<)6$0+)'"*'-,)'6"%7"%$-)'())&'-"'8$E)'$'7%"V-3' &"("%;*0(&)&'2(/)+-8)(-+',$/)'("-'6"(6)(-%$-)&'"('-,)'$%)$+'"*'9%)$-)+-'())&3' :)'2-':='6"0(-%='"%':='62-='#,)%)'-,)'9%)$-)+-'(08:)%'"*'7""%'12/)4']0%$1'6"8; 80(2.)+',$/)'+0S)%)&'$+'#)11'*%"8'1$6E'"*'$P)(."(':)6$0+)'"*'-,)2%'2($:212-=' -"'6%)$-)'$'7%"V-'*"%'-,)'#$-)%'6"87$(2)+4'`+'$'6"(+)U0)(6)3'+0:;W$,$%$'`*%26$' $(&'W"0-,'`+2$',$/)':))('-,)'*"60+'"*'"(1='"()'7)%6)(-'"*'-"-$1'7%"82+)&'7%2; /$-)'+)6-"%'#$-)%'2(/)+-8)(-4' `'K"88"(+'$77%"$6,'-"'#$-)%3'"('-,)'"-,)%',$(&3'#"01&'$6-'2('-,)'%)/)%+)'2(' )$6,'"*'-,)+)'$%)$+3'7%"-)6.(9'#$-)%3'#$-)%+,)&+'$(&'+7)62)+3'$(&'$11'7)"71)4 Q"';".?".):"%'$7'$%' 5&87)(88$0-$'(+7.(6$ 9/0(6$0-$03($?--6"$ 23/0@$8/A$;-6?-6/0($ +,)8,.7>'$7'/0,'9"5'"-' >-.(6):()08"$H(-?+($ 93-$;/))-0$?/A$'-$ )-0$>(0$8(6.('"$ 12

17 The Global Movement to Reclaim the Freshwater Commons and Distribute it More Fairly `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c%"8'-,"0+$(&+' "*'1"6$1'+-%0991)+'*"%'-,)':$+26'%29,-'-"'#$-)%3'9$1/$(2I)&'-,%"09,'2(-)%($."($1'%); +2+-$(6)'-"'-,)'&)(2$1'"*'-,)+)'%29,-+3'$',29,1='"%9$(2I)&'$(&'8$-0%)'91":$1'#$-)%' C0+.6)'8"/)8)(-',$+':))('*"%9)&'$(&'2+'+,$72(9'-,)'*0-0%)'"*'-,)'#"%1&5+'#$-)%' K"88"(+4'!"'-,)'U0)+."(3'Y#,"'"#(+'#$-)%qZ'-,)='+$=3'Y("'"()'Q'2-':)1"(9+' -"'-,)')$%-,3'$11'+7)62)+'$(&'*0-0%)'9)()%$."(+4Z'!,)'&)8$(&+'"*'-,)'8"/)8)(-' $%)'+2871)':0-'7"#)%*01b'E))7'#$-)%'70:126i'E))7'2-'61)$(i'E))7'2-'$66)++2:1)'-"' $114'M('"-,)%'#"%&+3'E))7'2-'2('-,)'K"88"(+4!,2+'8"/)8)(-',$+'$1%)$&=',$&'$'7%"*"0(&')S)6-'"('91":$1'#$-)%'7"12.6+3'*"%6; 2(9'91":$1'2(+.-0."(+'+06,'$+'-,)'R"%1&'<$(E'$(&'-,)'[(2-)&'D$."(+'-"'$&&%)++' %$37>3+A$-6>/)7I('$/)'$ :/0&6($>+-5/+$9/0(6$ 967:;,'#"D,#,%/' 0)7'5,,%'-".&,8')%8' $7'70)?$%&'/0,'-6/6.,' "-'/0,'=".+8F7'=)/,.',-::-)8"$ 13

18 $&)?/6/++(+('$ ().76-):()0/+$;67878$ ;/)$-)+A$5($:(0$/)'$ 6(.(68('$036-&>3$03($ +$D,8')4.#):"%'/0)/' 9/0(6$78$/$,-::-)8$ 03/0$5(+-)>8$0-$ (.(6A-)($/)'$03(6(< 9/0(6$78$/$3/6:$0-$ /0,'=0"+,'B',)./0')%8' 3&:/)8$/+7=("$ -,)'2($&)U0$62)+'"*'-,)2%'7"1262)+3'$(&',$+',)17)&'*"%801$-)'#$-)%'7"126='2(+2&)' &"I)(+'"*'6"0(-%2)+4'!,)'8"/)8)(-',$+'*"%6)&'"7)('$'&):$-)'"/)%'-,)'6"(-%"1' "*'#$-)%'$(&'6,$11)(9)&'-,)'Yk"%&+'"*'R$-)%Z'$-'-,)'R"%1&'R$-)%'K"0(621'#,"',$/)'+)-'-,)8+)1/)+'07'$+'-,)'$%:2-)%+'"*'-,2+'&#2(&12(9'%)+"0%6)4'!,)'9%"#-,'"*' $'&)8"6%$.6'#$-)%'C0+.6)'8"/)8)(-'2+'$'6%2.6$1'$(&'7"+2./)'&)/)1"78)(-'-,$-' #211':%2(9'())&)&'$66"0(-$:212-=3'-%$(+7$%)(6='$(&'70:126'"/)%+29,-'-"'-,)'#$-)%' 6%2+2+'$+'6"(j26-+'"/)%'-,)'#$-)%'K"88"(+'1""8'"('-,)',"%2I"(4'!,)'%)61$8$."(' "*'-,)'#$-)%'K"88"(+'6"(/)%9)+'$%"0(&'-,%))'+-%0991)+4' Reclaiming and conserving water!"#$%&''#()$%'*+*+ `11'"/)%'-,)'#"%1&3'"0%'#$-)%'K"88"(+'2+'0+)&'$+'$'&087+2-)'*"%'"0%'#$+-)+4' D2()-='7)%6)(-'"*'-,)'#$+-)#$-)%'7%"&06)&'2('-,)'91":$1'W"0-,'2+'&2+6,$%9)&3' 0(-%)$-)&3'2(-"'1"6$1'%2/)%+3'+-%)$8+3'$(&'6"$+-$1'#$-)%+4'M('K,2($3'61"+)'-"'B?' 7)%6)(-'"*'-,)'8$C"%'%2/)%+'$%)'+"'&)9%$&)&3'-,)='("'1"(9)%'+077"%-'$U0$.6'12*)4' #$-)%3'+"'7"110-)&',$+'-,$-'6"0(-%=5+'+0%*$6)'#$-)%':)6"8)4'c)#)%'-,$('-,%))' 7)%6)(-'"*'M(&"()+2$5+'%)+2&)(-+'$%)'6"(()6-)&'-"'$'+)#)%3'1)$&2(9'-"'+)/)%)' 7"110."('"*'()$%:='1$E)+'$(&'%2/)%+4'W)/)(-=;V/)'7)%6)(-'"*'M(&2$5+'$(&']0++2$5+' +0%*$6)'#$-)%+'$%)'+"'7"110-)&'-,)='+,"01&'("-':)'0+)&'*"%'&%2(E2(9'"%':$-,2(94'!,)'[D',$+'%)/)$1)&'-,)'0(7%)6)&)(-)&'&)-)%2"%$."('"*'$11'"*'`*%26$5+'gFF'8$; C"%'1$E)+'$(&')/)%='"()'"*'2-+'8$C"%'%2/)%+4'k$E)'f26-"%2$3'-,)'+"0%6)'"*'-,)'D21)3'2+' :)2(9'0+)&'$+'$('"7)('+)#)%4'M('k$.('`8)%26$3'8"%)'-,$('Tp?'82112"('7)"71)'&"' ("-',$/)'$66)++'-"'61)$('&%2(E2(9'#$-)%':)6$0+)'"*'-,)'7"110."('"*'1$E)+'$(&'%2/; )%+4'O$C"%'62.)+'+06,'$+'W$"'h$01"'$(&'O)G26"'K2-='$%)'*$62(9'-,)'-#2('6%2+)+'"*' "/)%;6"(+087."('"*'#$-)%'$(&'8$++'7"110."(4'J(1='$:"0-'-#"'7)%6)(-'"*'k$.(' `8)%26$5+'#$+-)#$-)%'%)6)2/)+'$(='-%)$-8)(-'$-'$114'!,)'+2-0$."('2('-,)'91":$1' D"%-,'2+':)P)%3':0-'("-'9""&4'!#)(-='7)%6)(-'"*'$11'+0%*$6)'#$-)%'2('e0%"7)'2+' Y+)%2"0+1='-,%)$-)()&Z'$(&'_?'7)%6)(-'"*'[4W4'%2/)%+'$(&'+-%)$8+'$%)'-""'&$(9)%; "0+'*"%'+#2882(93'V+,2(9'"%'&%2(E2(93'$+'$%)'_g'7)%6)(-'"*'1$E)+'&0)'-"'8$++2/)' -"G26'%0(;"S'*%"8'2(&0+-%2$1'*$%8+4'!"#$%&''&()$*&+,-&(!,2+'0(7$%$11)1)&')(/2%"(8)(-$1'6%2+2+'6$('"(1=':)'8)-'$(&'%)/)%+)&'-,%"09,' -,)'12/)&'$X%8$."('-,$-'#$-)%'2+'$'K"88"(+'-,$-':)1"(9+'-"')/)%="()'$(&' -,)%)*"%)3'$(=',$%8'-"'#$-)%'2+'$',$%8'-"'-,)'#,"1)'Q')$%-,'$(&',08$(+'$12E)4' `11'"/)%'-,)'#"%1&3'9%"07+'$(&'6"880(2.)+'$%)'6"(*%"(.(9'-,)'-#2(')(92()+' "*'#$-)%'7"110."(b'2(&0+-%2$1'$9%2601-0%)'$(&'2(&0+-%2$1'7%"&06."('*"%'$'91":$1' )6"("8=4'!,)'8"/)'-"'1"6$13'+0+-$2($:1)'$9%2601-0%)'2+'9%"#2(9')/)%=#,)%)' $+'7)"71)'U0)+."('-,)'#2+&"8'"*'0+2(9'*"++21'*0)1+'-"'8"/)'*""&'9%"#('#2-,' 6,)826$1+'$(&'2%%$&2$-)&'-"'7%)/)(-'&)6$=3'"/)%'1"(9'&2+-$(6)+'-"'-,)2%'&2(()%' -$:1)+4'!,)'+$1)+'"*'"%9$(26'*""&'$%)'+"$%2(9'$-'$:"0-'>?'7)%6)(-'$'=)$%3'#)11' $,)$&'"*'-,)'%)901$%'*""&'2(&0+-%=3'$(&'-,)'W1"#'c""&'O"/)8)(-'("#'61$28+' T??3???'8)8:)%+'2('8"%)'-,$('T??'6"0(-%2)+4'`'+0%/)='&"()'*"%'-,)'[(2/)%+2-=' "*'W0%%)='2('d%)$-'<%2-$2('*"0(&'-,$-'"%9$(26'*""&'6"(+08)%+'+,$%)'-,)'6"88"(' LK"88"(+N'/$10)+'"*'7%"-)6."('"*'-,)2%'"#(',)$1-,'$(&'-,)',)$1-,'"*'"-,)%+3' $+'#)11'$+'"*'-,)')(/2%"(8)(-'$-'1$%9)4'K"880(2-='W077"%-)&'`9%2601-0%)'LKW`N3'

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25 Toward a New Freshwater Narrative Based on Commons Principles R,21)'-,)+)'$(&'6"0(-1)++'"-,)%'2(2.$./)+'$%)'-$E2(9'71$6)'#2-,2('$'*%$8)#"%E' "*'-,)'K"88"(+3'-,)='$%)'("-'=)-'+))(':=')2-,)%'$11'-,)'9%"07+'-,)8+)1/)+3' "%'+"62)-='$-'1$%9)3'2('$'K"88"(+'6"(-)G-4'R,21)'8"+-'$%)'0+2(9'1$(90$9)'-,$-' K"88"(+'72"())%+'62-)&'2('-,2+'7$7)%'#"01&'2&)(.*='$+'*011='6"87$.:1)'#2-,' -,)'("."('"*'-,)'K"88"(+3'-,)'6"(6)7-'2+'+.11'()#'*"%'8$(='2('"0%'#"%1&4'`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`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c0%-,)%8"%)3'2(-)%($."($1'-%$&)'%01)+'$%)'2(6%)8)(-$11=' 6%)$.(9'$'%01)+;:$+)&'2(-)%($."($1'6"(+.-0."($1'*%$8)#"%E'6"(V%82(9'#$-)%' $+'$'-%$&$:1)'6"88"&2-=4' M-'2+'.8)'*"%'$'()#'1$(90$9)'"*'-,)'K"88"(+3'"()'-,$-'61$28+'#$-)%'*"%'7)"71)' $(&'($-0%)'*"%'$11'.8)4'`'()#'#$-)%'($%%$./)'6"01&':)':$+)&'"('-,)'*"11"#2(9' T?'7%2(6271)+4 1) Declare water to be a Commons R,"'"#(+'#$-)%q'!,$-'2+'-,)'E)='U0)+."(4'`'()#'#$-)%'($%%$./)'80+-'$++)%-' -,$-'("'"()'"#(+'#$-)%i'%$-,)%'2-':)1"(9+'-"'-,)')$%-,'$(&'$11'+7)62)+'$12e)4'`+' C-'/0,'=".+8'$7'/"' 7)D,'$/7'-.,70=)/,.' 6(8-&6;(8@$70$78$;+(/6+A$ )(;(88/6A$0-$;6(/0($ /$;-&)0(6$)/66/< :D,'/"'/0,'8"#$%)%/' %)..):D,';6..,%/+@' >-.(6)7)>$9/0(6$:/)< />(:()0$037)=7)>$7)$?"=,.-6+';$.;+,7<' 21

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28 24 H(63/?8$03(6($78$)-$ >6(/0(6$67>30$03/)$03($.$&0/'"-')'8."?'"-'=)< 0(6$0-$;-:($5/;=$0-$ 03($9/0(683('8$/)'$ 9/0(6$8A80(:8$03/0$ %"6.$70')++'+$-,')%8' :/7)0/7)$03($7)0(>670A$ "-'/0,'=)/,.',-::-)8"$ *"%'-,)'91":$1'W"0-,'$(&'2(*%$+-%06-0%)'%)7$2%'"*'1)$E2(9'0%:$('#$-)%'+=+-)8+' )/)%=#,)%)'80+-':)'2871)8)(-)&4'!,)'%01)'"*'1$#'80+-':)':%"09,-'-"':)$%'"(' 7"110.(9'2(&0+-%2)+'$-',"8)'$(&'$:%"$&4'Lk)92+1$."('#"01&'2(610&)'7)($1.)+' *"%'&"8)+.6'6"%7"%$."(+'-,$-'7"110-)'"('*"%)29('+"214'W06,'7)($1.)+'6"01&'*"%8' 7$%-'"*'$'*0(&'-"'7$='*"%'2(*%$+-%06-0%)'%)7$2%4N']29"%"0+'1$#+'80+-':)'7$++)&'-"' 6"(-%"1'#$-)%'7"110."('*%"8'2(&0+-%2$1'$9%2601-0%)3'80(2627$1'&2+6,$%9)'$(&'2(; &0+-%2$1'6"(-$82($(-+4'c1""&'2%%29$."(3'#,26,'#$+-)+'8$++2/)'$8"0(-+'"*'#$-)%3' 80+-':)'%)71$6)&':='&%27'2%%29$."('$(&'8"%)'+0+-$2($:1)'#$-)%'0+)4'!,)'%0+,'-"' $&"7-'#$-)%;90II12(9'2(&0+-%2$1':2"*0)1+'$+'$('$1-)%($./)'-"'*"++21'*0)1+'80+-':)',$1-)&4'R$-)%'$:0+)'2('"21'$(&'8)-,$()'9$+'7%"&06."('80+-'+-"73'%)U02%2(9'6"(; +)%/$."('"*')()%9='+07712)+'$(&'-,)'$&"7."('"*'$1-)%($./)'%)()#$:1)')()%9=' +"0%6)+4'R$-)%'6"(+)%/$."('7%$6.6)+'80+-':)'$&"7-)&')/)%=#,)%)4'eG$871)+' 2('-,)'2(&0+-%2$12I)&'#"%1&'2(610&)'#$-)%;+$/2(9'#$+,2(9'8$6,2()+3'1"#;j"#' +,"#)%'*$06)-+3'$(&'1"#;j0+,'"%'6"87"+.(9'-"21)-+4' R$-)%'6"(+)%/$."('80+-')G-)(&'-"'9%"0(&#$-)%'$+'#)114'v02-)'+2871=3',08$(+' 6$(("-'6"(.(0)'-"'82()'9%"0(&#$-)%'+07712)+'*$+-)%'-,$('-,)='6$(':)'%)71)(; 2+,)&':='($-0%)4'eG-%$6."(+'6$(("-')G6))&'%)6,$%9)'C0+-'$+'$':$(E'$66"0(-' 6$(("-':)'&%$#('&"#('#2-,"0-'()#'&)7"+2-+4'd"/)%(8)(-+')/)%=#,)%)'80+-' 0(&)%-$E)'2(-)(+2/)'%)+)$%6,'2(-"'-,)2%'9%"0(&#$-)%'+07712)+'$(&'%)901$-)' 9%"0(&#$-)%'-$E2(9+':)*"%)'-,)2%'0(&)%9%"0(&'#$-)%'+07712)+'$%)'9"()4'J()' 287"%-$(-'#$='-"'7%"-)6-'9%"0(&#$-)%'K"88"(+'2+'-"'7%"-)6-'-,)'2(-)9%2-='"*' +0%*$6)'#$-)%'$(&'-,)'&%2(E2(9'#$-)%'$/$21$:1)'-"'-,)'70:1264'R,)('70:126'#$-)%' +"0%6)+'$%)'+$*)3'-,)':"P1)&'#$-)%'2(&0+-%='#211':)'70-'"0-'"*':0+2()++i'-,2+'2(' -0%('#211'%)12)/)'-,)'60%%)(-'2(+$.$:1)'&)8$(&'"('9%"0(&#$-)%'+07712)+4' 4) Treat watersheds as a Commons!,)'8$++'-%$(+*)%'"*'#$-)%'*%"8'#21&)%()++'$(&')6"+=+-)8+3'6"8:2()&'#2-,' -,)'1"++'"*'#$-)%;%)-)(./)'1$(&+6$7)3',$+'&2+71$6)&'806,',$:2-$-'*"%'-,)'#$-)%' K"88"(+4'h)%,$7+'-,)%)'2+'("'9%)$-)%'%29,-'-,$('-,)'%29,-'"*'$'&%"7'"*'#$-)%' -"'6"8)':$6E'-"'-,)'#$-)%+,)&+'$(&'#$-)%'+=+-)8+'-,$-'("0%2+,'$11'12*)'$(&' 8$2(-$2('-,)'2(-)9%2-='"*'-,)'#$-)%'K"88"(+4'R2-,"0-'-,2+',$:2-$-3'#$-)%'6$(; ("-'*01V11'2-+')6"+=+-)8'*0(6."('$(&'2+'1"+-'$+'$'($-0%)'K"88"(+4'[(1)++'#)' 7%"-)6-'#$-)%'$(&'2-+'%29,-'-"'j"#'*%))1='2('($-0%)3'#$-)%'#211'()/)%':)'+))('$+' $'K"88"(+3':0-'%$-,)%'$'6"88"&2-='-"':)'8"/)&'$%"0(&'-"'+)%/)'2(&0+-%2$1; 2I)&',08$(2-='$(&'"0%'8"&)%('Y())&+4Z'D$-0%)'70-'#$-)%'#,)%)'2-':)1"(9+4'!$87)%2(9'#2-,'($-0%)':='8"/2(9'1$%9);+6$1)'#$-)%'+07712)+'*%"8'$(')6"+=+-)8' :='727)12()'"%'-,%"09,'/2%-0$1'#$-)%')G7"%-+',$+'-,)'7"-)(.$1'-"'&)+-%"='#,"1)' #$-)%+,)&+'$(&'$11'-,$-'&)7)(&'"('#$-)%+,)&',)$1-,3'2(610&2(9'M(&29)("0+'h)"; 71)+4'<='7%$6.62(9':2"%)92"($12+8'Q'12/2(9'#2-,2('$(&'$&$7.(9'-"'-,)')6"1"926$1' 6"(+-%$2(-+'"*'$'#$-)%+,)&'Q'#)',"("%'-,)'($%%$./)'"*'#$-)%'$+'$'K"88"(+'("-' "(1='*"%',08$(+3':0-'$1+"'*"%'($-0%)'$(&'"-,)%'+7)62)+4'J()'7"#)%*01')G$871)'2+' -,)'61)$%;60s(9'"*'8"0(-$2(+'*"%'.8:)%'"%'-"':021&'+E2'%)+"%-+'$(&'$&01-'+7"%-+' 71$=9%"0(&+4'O"0(-$2(+'$%)'-,)'Y#$-)%'-"#)%+Z'"*'"0%'#"%1&4'!,)=',"1&'$(&' %)-$2('#$-)%3'+("#'$(&'26)'-,$-'"A)('7%"/2&)'-,)'"(1='#$-)%'+"0%6)+'2('$'%)92"(4' R,)('-,)2%'6$7$62-='-"'+-"%)'#$-)%'2+'%)&06)&':='-,)'+-%27;82(2(9'"*'-,)2%'-%))+' $(&'+,%0:+3'7)"71)'$(&'($-0%)'$12E)'+0S)%'+)/)%)'6"(+)U0)(6)+4'!"'7%"-)6-'#$-)%+,)&+'$(&'#$-)%'+0+-$2($:212-=3')/)%=',08$('$6./2-='#211',$/)'-"' :)'8)$+0%)&'$9$2(+-'2-+'287$6-'"('-,)'#$-)%'K"88"(+'$(&'#$-)%5+'($-0%$1',$:2;

29 -$-4'd"/)%(8)(-+'$(&'-,)2%'62.I)(+'#211',$/)'-"'+)-'7%2"%2.)+'*"%'#$-)%'0+)3')(; +0%2(9'-,$-'-,)'())&+'"*'7)"71)'$(&'($-0%)'6"8)':)*"%)'-,)'())&+'"*'2(&0+-%=4' k$%9)'-%$6-+'"*'#$-)%+,)&'1$(&+'#211',$/)'-"':)'+)-'$+2&)'$(&'7%"-)6-)&4'r$-)%' &)+-%06./)')6"("826'7"1262)+'+06,'$+'/2%-0$1'#$-)%'-%$&)'#211',$/)'-"':)'60%:)&4' `('2(-)%($."($1'()-#"%E',$+'6"8)'-"9)-,)%'-"'%)+-"%)'k$E)'D$2/$+,$'2('l)(=$5+' ]2A'f$11)=':=',$1.(9'-,)'/2%-0$1'#$-)%'-%$&)'"*'-,)'e0%"7)$('j"#)%'2(&0+-%=3' #,26,'2+'("#'&)+-%"=2(9'-,)'1$E)4'k$%9)'&$8+'-,$-'7%)/)(-'829,-='%2/)%+'*%"8' j"#2(9'-"'-,)'+)$'#211':)'$:$(&"()&4'w2(6)'t^^p3'-,)%)',$/)':))('>fp'&$8+' $1%)$&='&"()'-"'#$-)%+,)&+3',"#)/)%3'2-'2+'()6)++$%='-"'$6-0$11='+)-'07'$'7%"C)6-' -"'%)+-"%)'#$-)%+,)&',)$1-,4'R$-)%+,)&'7%"-)6."('8)$(+'9"/)%($(6)'"*'#$-)%' $1"(9'#$-)%+,)&'12()+3'%$-,)%'-,$('"('-,$('$1"(9'-,)'12()+'"*'-%$&2."($1'7"12.6$1' :"0(&$%2)+3'-,%"09,'#,26,'-,)'#$-)%'K"88"(+'j"#+4'!,)'7%"/2(6)'"*'J(-$%2"' 2+',"8)'-"'$'806,;%)+7)6-)&'#$-)%+,)&'7%"-)6."('7%"9%$8'-,$-'-%$(+6)(&+' 9)"7"12.6$1':"0(&$%2)+'-,%"09,'2-+'-,2%-=;+2G'K"(+)%/$."('`0-,"%2.)+'Q'$9)(62)+' 8$&)'07'"*'62.I)(+3'1$(&"#()%+3'$(&')1)6-)&'%)7%)+)(-$./)+'"*'-,)'#$-)%+,)&' #,"')(+0%)'-,)'+$*)E))72(9'$(&'%)+-"%$."(3'#,)('()6)++$%=3'"*'J(-$%2"5+'1$E)+3' %2/)%+'$(&'+-%)$8+3'$(&'7%"/2&)'"77"%-0(2.)+'*"%'-,)'70:126'-"')(C"=3'1)$%('*%"8' $(&'%)+7)6-'($-0%)'$(&'-,)'($-0%$1')(/2%"(8)(-4'' e/)%=#,)%)'2('-,)'#"%1&3'7)"71)'$(&'-,)2%'9"/)%(8)(-+'80+-'6%)$-)'-,)'6"(&2;."(+'-,$-'$11"#'%$2(#$-)%'-"'%)8$2('2('1"6$1'#$-)%+,)&+4'!,2+'8)$(+'%)+-"%2(9' -,)'($-0%$1'+7$6)+'$(&'#$-)%'%)-)(./)'1$(&+6$7)+'#,)%)'%$2(#$-)%'6$('*$11'$(&' #$-)%'6$('%)-0%(4'M-'$1+"'8)$(+',$%/)+.(9'-,)'($-0%$1'j"#'"*'-,)'#$-)%'6=61)' 2('$'8=%2$&'"*'#$=+3'2('62+-)%(+3'*"%'$9%2601-0%)3'"('%""*'9$%&)(+3'2('9%))(+7$6)+' +0%%"0(&2(9'"0%'62.)+3'$(&'2('%)/2-$12I)&'7$%E+3'#)-1$(&+'$(&'*"%)+-+4' 5) Assert community control over local water sources `("-,)%'&)V(2(9'*)$-0%)'"*'#$-)%'$+'$'K"88"(+'2+'-,$-'2-+'+0+-$2($:1)'$(&' )U02-$:1)'$11"6$."('&)7)(&+'"('6""7)%$."('$8"(9'6"880(2-='8)8:)%+4'`+' $'6"88"('9""&3'#$-)%'2+'8$($9)&'#2-,'-,)'6"880(2-=5+'+"12&$%2-='$(&'*011' &)8"6%$.6'7$%.627$."(4'!,2+'2+'/)%='&2S)%)(-'*%"8'$'6"%7"%$-)'8"&)1'"*'#$-)%' &2+-%2:0."(3'#,26,'2+':$+)&'"('2(&2/2&0$1'$:212-='-"'7$=3'("-'())&4'k"6$1'+-)#$%&; +,273'("-'7%2/$-)':0+2()++3')G7)(+2/)'-)6,("1"9='"%')/)('9"/)%(8)(-3'2+'-,)':)+-' 90$%&2$('"*'-,)'#$-)%'K"88"(+4'k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l$%)(' <$EE)%'+$=+'-,$-'-,)%)'$%)'-,%))'$%908)(-+'*"%'6"880(2-='6"(-%"1'"/)%'#$-)%4' c2%+-3'8$(='+-$-)+'$(&'8"+-'#$-)%'6"%7"%$."(+',$/)'*$21)&'-"'&)12/)%'#$-)%'+06; 6)++*011='-"'-,)2%'62.I)(+4'W)6"(&3'#$-)%',$+'+7)62$1'601-0%$1'$(&'+72%2-0$1'&28)(; +2"(+'-,$-'$%)'0+0$11='1"6$14'`(&'V($11=3'#$-)%'2+'$'1"6$1'j"#'%)+"0%6)3'$1#$=+' ())&)&':='1"6$1'6"880(2.)+4' C-'.,;+)#):"%'?6-K(;08$-6$9/0(6$ '(+7.(6A$8A80(:8$/6($ )-0$>&7'('$5A$03($ ;-::-)$8()8($/)'$ +$D,8',E?,.$,%;,'"-' 03(A$97++$)-0$5($ 8&80/7)('" 25

30 `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eG$871)+'$:"0(&'"*'6"880(2-='8$($9)8)(-'"*'-,)'#$-)%'K"88"(+4'M(' M(&2$3'W,2/$'%)82(&+'0+3'-,)'+=+-)8'2+'6$11)&'E0&28$%$8$-,3'"%'+)1*;%)7$2%4'h)$+; $(-+'7$='2('9%$2('2(-"'$'70:126'$66"0(-'-,$-'*0(&+'-,)'8$2(-)($(6)'"*'K"88"(+' #"%E+3'+06,'$+'#$-)%'+=+-)8+4'M('D)#'O)G26"3'#$-)%'2+')U02-$:1='$(&'+0+-$2($:1=' &2+-%2:0-)&'-,%"09,'$6)U02$+3'#,26,'$%)':"-,'2%%29$."('+=+-)8+'$(&'&)8"6%$.6' +"62$1'2(+.-0."(+3'&2+-%2:0.(9'1282-)&'#$-)%'+07712)+':$+)&'"(',08$('())&3' )6"+=+-)8',)$1-,'$(&'6"880(2-='/$10)+4' 6) Maintain water sovereignty for both communities and nation `&"7.(9'L"%'%);$&"7.(9N'-,)'("."('"*'$'#$-)%'K"88"(+'&")+'("-'8)$('$'*%)); *"%Q$113'"%'-,$-'$(="()'6$(',)17'-,)8+)1/)+'-"'-,)'#$-)%'2('"-,)%+5'-)%%2-"%2)+4'`' :$+26'7%2(6271)'"*'-,)'#$-)%'K"88"(+'L-,$-'2+'6"87$.:1)'#2-,':"-,'#$-)%+,)&' 7%"-)6."('$(&'1"6$1'6"(-%"1N'2+'-,$-'#$-)%'2+'$'+"/)%)29('9""&'$(&'6$(("-':)' -$E)('*%"8'$("-,)%'6"0(-%='"%'6"880(2-=':='*"%6)'"%':='0+2(9')6"("826'&"82; ($(6)4'O$(='6"0(-%2)+'$%)'%0((2(9'"0-'"*'#$-)%'$(&'-,)'%$6)'2+'"('-"'+)60%)'()#' #$-)%'+07712)+4'<)*"%)'-,)'()#'9"/)%(8)(-'"*'e/"'O"%$1)+'70-'$'+-"7'-"'2-3'-,)' *"%8)%'9"/)%(8)(-'"*'<"12/2$'#$+'71$((2(9'-"'+)11'#$-)%'-"'-,)'*"%)29(;:$+)&' 82(2(9'6"87$(2)+'2('K,21)3'$'8"/)'+-%"(91='"77"+)&':='-,)'8$C"%2-='"*'<"12/; 2$(+4'M+%$)12+3'#,"'$%)'+077"+)&'-"'+,$%)'#$-)%'%)+"0%6)+'#2-,'h$1)+.(2$(+3',$/)' $66)++'-"'V/)'.8)+'$+'806,'#$-)%4'k2:=$'0+)&'2-+'%)92"($1'+07)%;7"#)%'+-$-0+'-"' :021&'-,)':299)+-'727)12()'2('-,)'#"%1&'-"'&$-)'-"'%)8"/)'#$-)%'*%"8'$('$U02; *)%'0(&)%'-,)'W$,$%$'\)+)%-3'#$-)%'-,$-'+,"01&')U0$11=':)1"(9'-"'K,$&3'W0&$(' $(&'e9=7-4'`'71$('-"':021&'$'#$-)%'727)12()'*%"8'+"0-,)%('d)/$&$'2('-,)'[(2-)&' W-$-)+'-"'k$+'f)9$+',$+'7)"71)'2('D)/$&$'07'2('$%8+4' I'5)7$;'?.$%;$?+,'"-' 03($9/0(6$,-::-)8$ 78$03/0$9/0(6$78$/$ 8-.(6(7>)$>--'$/)'$ ;)%%"/'5,'/)A,%'-."#' /)-03(6$;-&)06A$-6$ -6$5A$&87)>$(;-)-:7;$ '-:7)/);("$ R$-)%',$+':)6"8)'$'E)='+-%$-)926'2++0)'"*'*"%)29('7"126='$(&'($."($1'+)60%2-='2(' -,)'8$C"%'6)(-)%+'"*'7"#)%'Q'-,)'[(2-)&'W-$-)+3'e0%"7)'$(&'K,2($'2('7$%.601$%4' c2(&2(9'$(&'+)60%2(9'()#'+"0%6)+'"*'#$-)%',$+':)6"8)'7$%$8"0(-4'k,2($'2+' 71$((2(9'-"'727)'TF':2112"('60:26'8)-)%+'"*'#$-)%'$'=)$%'*%"8'-,)'!2:)-$('H28$1$; =$+'2(-"'K,2($5+',)$%-1$(&3'#$-)%'-,$-'*))&+'$11'"*'-,)'9%)$-'%2/)%+'"*'`+2$4']0+; +2$(+'$%)'/)%='6"(6)%()&'$:"0-'K,2($5+'71$('-"':021&'$',09)'2%%29$."('6$($1'$(&' +27,"('"S',09)'$8"0(-+'"*'#$-)%'*%"8'-,)'+,$%)&'M%-=+,']2/)%4'M('-,)'[(2-)&' W-$-)+3'$'6"(+"%.08'"*'9%"07+',$+'*"%8)&'d1":$1'R$-)%'c0-0%)+'-"'$&/2+)'-,)' R,2-)'H"0+)'$(&'-,)'h)(-$9"(':"-,'"('-,)'2++0)'"*'#$-)%'$+'$'($."($1'+)60%2-=' 6"(6)%(3'$+'#)11'$+',"#'-"':021&'+07)%2"%'#$-)%'-)6,("1"92)+'+"'-,$-'[4W4'6"8; 7$(2)+'6$('&"82($-)'-,)'+)6-"%4'l)='8)8:)%'9%"07+'"*'d1":$1'R$-)%'c0-0%)+' 2(610&)'-,)'K)(-)%'*"%'W-%$-)926'$(&'M(-)%($."($1'W-0&2)+3'$'%29,-;#2(9'-,2(E'-$(E' 61"+)1='$++"62$-)&'#2-,'-,)'60%%)(-'$&82(2+-%$."(3'+)/)%$1'92$(-'#$-)%'-)6,("1; "9='6"87$(2)+3'K"6$;K"1$3'$(&'W$(&2$'D$."($1'k$:"%$-"%2)+3'$'%)+)$%6,'1$:' 26

31 61"+)1='6"(()6-)&'-"'-,)'h)(-$9"('60%%)(-1='%0(':='k"6E,))&'O$%.(3'-,)'#"%1&5+' 1$%9)+-'#)$7"(+'8$(0*$6-0%)%4'W)/)%$1'()$%:='6"0(-%2)+'#2-,'#$-)%'%)+"0%6)+3' 2(610&2(9'K$($&$3'<%$I21'$(&'h$%$90$=3'$%)'()%/"0+'$:"0-'-,2+'+0&&)('2(6%)$+)'2(' 2(-)%)+-'2('-,)2%'#$-)%':='-,)'[4'W4'9"/)%(8)(-4'R$-)%'2+'$'+"/)%)29('K"88"(+' -,$-'80+-':)')(-%0+-)&'-"'-,)'1"6$1'7)"71)'-"'+-)#$%&'2(-"'-,)'*0-0%)3'("-'-$E)(' 2('-,)'U0)+-'*"%'+07)%;7"#)%'+-$-0+4' 7) Adopt a model of water justice, not charity!,)'#$-)%'k"88"(+'($%%$./)'2+':$+)&'"('$':)12)*'2('c0+.6)3'("-'6,$%2-=4'r,21)'2-' 2+'$&82%$:1)'-,$-'8$(='7)"71)'$(&'9%"07+'*%"8'-,)'91":$1'D"%-,'$++2+-'-,)'7""%' "*'-,)'91":$1'W"0-,':=':021&2(9'#)11+'-"'12(E'-,)8'07'-"'9%"0(&#$-)%'+"0%6)+3' -,2+'2+'"(1='$'+-"7;9$7'8)$+0%)4'<2112"(+'"*'7)"71)'12/)'2('6"0(-%2)+'-,$-'6$(("-' 7%"/2&)'61)$('#$-)%'-"'-,)2%'62.I)(+'("-'"(1=':)6$0+)'-,)='$%)'#$-)%'7""%3':0-' :)6$0+)'-,)='$%)':0%&)()&':='-,)2%'&):-+'-"'-,)'D"%-,'-,%"09,'1"$(+'*%"8'-,)' R"%1&'<$(E'$(&'-,)'M(-)%($."($1'O"()-$%='c0(&4'`+'$'%)+01-3'7""%'6"0(-%2)+'$%)' *"%6)&'-"')G71"2-':"-,'-,)2%$7)"71)'$(&'-,)2%'#$-)%'%)+"0%6)+4'`-'1)$+-'g>'6"0(; -%2)+'60%%)(-1='())&'&))7'&):-'%)12)*$2*'-,)'&$21='&)$-,+'"*'-,"0+$(&+'"*'6,21&%)(' $%)'-"')(&4'c0%-,)%3'*"%)29('$2&'2('8$(='#)$1-,='6"0(-%2)+'2+'#)11':)1"#'-,)' %)6"88)(&)&'?4F'7)%6)(-'"*'d\h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c2%+-'R"%1&'6"0(-%2)+'())&'-"'%)6"9(2I)'$(&'6,$11)(9)'-,)',=7"6%2+=' "*'-,)2%'9"/)%(8)(-+3'8$(='"*'#,26,'#"01&'()/)%'7)%82-'*"%)29('6"%7"%$."(+' -"'%0('$(&'7%"V-'*%"8'-,)2%'#$-)%'+07712)+3':0-'-,$-'6"(.(0)'-"'+077"%-'-,)' 91":$1'V($(62$1'$(&'-%$&)'2(+.-0."(+'-,$-'6"88"&2*='#$-)%'2('-,)'!,2%&'R"%1&4' `'9""&')G$871)'2+'-,$-'D"%#$='L-,$(E+'-"'2-+'#"(&)%*01'62.I)(5+'8"/)8)(-N' %)6)(-1='-"1&'-,)'R"%1&'<$(E'-,$-'2-'#211'("'1"(9)%'*0(&'$(='#$-)%'&)/)1"78)(-' 7%"C)6-+'2('-,)'91":$1'W"0-,'-,$-'2(/"1/)'7%2/$.I$."(4'O$(='2('-,)'#$-)%'C0+.6)' 8"/)8)(-'#"%E'#2-,'*$2%'-%$&)'9%"07+'-"'6%)$-)'$'#,"1)'()#'+)-'"*'%01)+'*"%' 91":$1'-%$&)':$+)&'"('+0+-$2($:212-=3'6""7)%$."(3')(/2%"(8)(-$1'+-)#$%&+,27' $(&'*$2%'1$:"%'+-$(&$%&+4'!,)='$1+"'7%"8"-)'$'-$G'"('V($(62$1'+7)601$."(i')/)(' $'8"&)+-'-$G'6"01&'7$='*"%')/)%='70:126'#$-)%'0.12-='2('-,)'91":$1'W"0-,4' W7)62$1'8)(."('80+-':)'8$&)'"*'-#"'9%"07+'*))12(9'-,)':%0(-'"*'#$-)%'2()U; 02-=b'#"8)('$(&'M(&29)("0+'7)"71)4'R"8)('6$%%='"0-'B?'7)%6)(-'"*'#$-)%; %)1$-)&'#"%E'-,%"09,"0-'-,)'#"%1&'$(&'-,)%)*"%)'6$%%='-,)'9%)$-)+-':0%&)('"*' #$-)%'2()U02-=4'e(+0%2(9'#$-)%'*"%'$11'2+'$'6%2.6$1'6"87"()(-'"*'9)(&)%')U0$12-=' $(&'#"8)(5+')87"#)%8)(-3'$1"(9'#2-,')(/2%"(8)(-$1'+)60%2-='$(&'7"/)%-=' )%$&26$."(4'!,)'8"%)'7"126=;8$E2(9'$:"0-'#$-)%'2+'8"/)&'*%"8'1"6$1'6"8; 80(2.)+'-"'$'91":$1'1)/)1'L-,)'R"%1&'<$(E'*"%'2(+-$(6)N3'-,)'1)++'7"#)%'#"8)(',$/)'-"'&)-)%82()'#,"'9)-+'2-'$(&'0(&)%'#,$-'62%608+-$(6)+4'`+'-,)'7%28$%=' 6"11)6-"%+'"*'#$-)%'-,%"09,"0-'-,)'#"%1&3'#"8)('80+-':)'%)6"9(2I)&'$+'8$C"%' +-$E),"1&)%+'2('-,)'&)62+2"(;8$E2(9'7%"6)++4'M(&29)("0+'7)"71)'$%)'7$%.601$%1=' /01()%$:1)'-"'#$-)%'-,)A'$(&'$77%"7%2$."(3'$(&'-,)2%'7%"7%2)-$%='%29,-+'-"'-,)2%' %8$03($?67:/6A$;-++(;< /".7'"-'=)/,.'/0."6&0< -&0$03($9-6+'@$9-:()$ :&80$5($6(;->)7I('$/8$ :/K-6$80/=(3-+'(68$7)$ 03($'(;787-)<:/=7)>$?6-;(88"$ 27

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33 -,)('+0:+2&2I2(9'-,)'7""%i'<"9"-t'K"1"8:2$'+0:+2&2I)+'-,)'7""%'FB'7)%6)(-'"*' -,)2%'#$-)%'6"+-+'$(&'-,)'82&&1)'61$++'>_'7)%6)(-4'!,)'7%)*)%%)&'#$=',"#)/)%3' $+'-,)+)'+0:+2&2)+'#211'$1#$=+':)'+0:C)6-'-"'7"12.6$1'6,$11)(9)3'2+'-"'0+)'$':1"6E' %$-)'7%262(9'+=+-)8'#,)%)'$'1"#'1)/)1'"*'6"(+087."(''Q'-,$-'%)U02%)&'-"'+$.+*=' :$+26'())&+'Q'2+'/)%='6,)$73'#,21)'7%26)+'2(6%)$+)'#2-,',29,)%'1)/)1+'"*'6"(+087;."(i'-,)'8"%)'="0'0+)3'-,)'8"%)'="0'7$=4'!,2+'+=+-)8',$+'+)/)%$1'$&/$(-$9)+b'2-' $6-+'$+'$'6"(+)%/$."('8)$+0%)'*"%',29,)%'#$-)%'6"(+087."('#,21)'7%"-)6.(9' -,)'7""%'*%"8'7%26)'9"092(9':='7%2/$-)'/)(&"%+':='7%"/2&2(9'-,)8'#2-,'$'+)60%)' #$-)%'+0771=4' O$(='6"0(-%2)+'$(&'6"880(2.)+'Q'*%"8'J+$E$3'a$7$(3'-"'`-,)(+3'd)"%92$'Q'$%)' 8"/2(9'-"'$':1"6E'*))'-"')(6"0%$9)'#$-)%'6"(+)%/$."(4'!"')(+0%)'#$-)%'C0+.6)3',"#)/)%3'-,)%)'$%)'-,%))'6"(&2."(+'-"':)'8)-'2*'$'*))'*"%'#$-)%'2+'-"':)'1)/2)&4' c2%+-3'-,)'*))'80+-'("-':)'*"%'-,)'#$-)%'2-+)1*3':)6$0+)'#$-)%'2+'$'k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nshrine the right to water in nation-state constitutions and a UN Covenant `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`'[D'K"/)($(-'#"01&'+)-'-,)'*%$8)#"%E'*"%'#$-)%'$+' $'+"62$1'$(&'601-0%$1'$++)-3'("-'$(')6"("826'6"88"&2-=4'M-'#"01&')+-$:12+,'-,)' 2(&2+7)(+$:1)'1)9$1'9%"0(&#"%E'*"%'$'C0+-'+=+-)8'"*'&2+-%2:0."('"*'-,)'#$-)%' K"88"(+4'M-'#"01&'+)%/)'$+'$'6"88"(3'6",)%)(-':"&='"*'%01)+'*"%'$11'($."(+3' %26,'$(&'7""%3'$(&'61$%2*='-,$-'2-'2+'-,)'%"1)'"*'-,)'+-$-)'-"'7%"/2&)'61)$('$S"%&; $:1)'#$-)%'-"'$11'"*'2-+'62.I)(+4'W06,'$'K"/)($(-'#"01&'$1+"'+$*)90$%&'$1%)$&=' $66)7-)&',08$('%29,-+'$(&')(/2%"(8)(-$1'7%2(6271)+'2('"-,)%'[D'-%)$.)+'$(&' 6"(/)(."(+4'`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d)(; )%$1'K"88)(-'D08:)%'T@':='-,)'K"882P))'"('e6"("8263'W"62$1'$(&'K01-0%$1' ]29,-+4'<0-'-,)'K"88)(-'2+'$('Y2(-)%7%)-$."(Z':='$'6"882P))'"*'-,)'[D3'("-'$' *011':2(&2(9'[D'K"/)($(-4' C/'$7'K%)++@':#,'-".' 03($9-6+'$0-$/>6(($ 03/0$9/0(6$78$)-0$ M)(('@N$5&0$/$M67>30@N$ ;"8$K,8')/',D,.@'+,D,+' "-'&"D,.%#,%/>'-."#' +-;/+$:&)7;7?/+$5A< +)=7')%8'%):"%N7/)/,' ;"%7:/6:"%7>'/"')' 57)'7)>$L)70('$ Q):"%7'!"D,%)%/< 29

34 !,)%)'$%)'-,"+)'2('-,)'#$-)%'K"88"(+'6"880(2-='#,"'U0)+."('-,)'/$10)'"*' #"%E2(9'"('-,)'%29,-'-"'#$-)%3'7$%.601$%1='$-'-,)'1)/)1'"*'-,)'[D4'J()'6"(6)%('2+' -,$-'-,)'[D3'12E)'-,)'7"#)%*01'9"/)%(8)(-+'-,$-'6"(-%"1'2-3',$+'$&"7-)&'$'R)+-; )%(;+-=1)3'2(&2/2&0$12+-'$77%"$6,'-"'%29,-+'-,$-'2+'6"(-%$%='-"'-,)'("."('"*'6"11)6;./)'%29,-+')8:"&2)&'2('-,)'K"88"(+4'`'+)6"(&'2+'-,$-'2-'2+'-""',08$(;6)(-)%)&' $(&'("-'%""-)&'2('$(')6"+=+-)8'*%$8)#"%E4'R,21)':"-,'"*'-,)+)'6"(6)%(+'$%)' /$12&'L$(&'$77$%)(-'2('-,)'%)j)6."(+'"*'+"8)'6"0(-%2)+5'[D'&)1)9$."(+N3'$'%29,-' -"'#$-)%'K"/)($(-'&")+'("-',$/)'-"'%)j)6-'-,2+'#"%1&/2)#3':0-'6"01&':)'#%2P)(' -"'7%"8"-)'$'8"%)',"12+.6'"()4'R)11'6"(+-%06-)&3'2-'6"01&')(+,%2()'-,)'+"/)%; )29(-='"*'1"6$1'6"880(2.)+'"/)%'-,)2%'($-0%$1',)%2-$9)'$(&'-,)%)*"%)'-,)'8$(; $9)8)(-'"*'-,)2%'#$-)%'K"88"(+3'2(610&2(9'#$-)%+,)&+'$(&'$U02*)%+4'`+'c%2)(&+' "*'-,)'e$%-,'h$%$90$=')g71$2(+3'y!,)'/)%='8)(."('"*'-,)'+077"+)&'6"(j26-3' #$-)%'*"%',08$('0+)'/)%+0+'#$-)%'*"%'($-0%)3'%)j)6-+'$'1$6E'"*'6"(+62"0+()++' "*'-,)')++)(.$1'*$6-'-,$-'-,)'/)%=')G2+-)(6)'"*'#$-)%'&)7)(&+'"('-,)'+0+-$2(; $:1)'8$($9)8)(-'$(&'6"(+)%/$."('"*')6"+=+-)8+4Z'`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se and expand the public trust doctrine to protect water 30,'8,K%$:"%'"-'/0,' 67>30$0-$9/0(6$)(('$ )-0$5(+-)>$0-$03($ 8/:($?(-?+($93-$ ;6(/0('$(;-)-:7;$ &+"5)+$T):"%>'56/' ;-&+'$5($7)0(>6/+$0-$ /0,'7/.6&&+,'"-'+";)+'?(-?+($(.(6A93(6($ K&0:%&'-".'/0,$.' 9/0(6$,-::-)8"$ c2($11=3'-,)'("."('"*'$'#$-)%'k"88"(+'6"01&':)'7%"*"0(&1='$&/$(6)&'2*'#)',$&' $':"&='"*'1$#'-,$-'%)6"9(2I)&'-,)'2(,)%)(-'%29,-+'"*'-,)')(/2%"(8)(-3'"-,)%'+7); 62)+'$(&'#$-)%'2-+)1*'"0-+2&)'"*'-,)2%'0+)*01()++'-"',08$(+4'!,)'8"/)'-"'6%)$-)' Y#21&'1$#Z'6"8)+'-"'+"8)')G-)(-'"0-'"*'-,)'h0:126'!%0+-'\"6-%2()3'V%+-'6"&2V)&' -,)'1$#+'"*'($-0%)3'-,)+)'-,2(9+'$%)'6"88"('-"'$11'8$(E2(&b'-,)'$2%3'%0((2(9'#$; -)%3'-,)'+)$'$(&'6"(+)U0)(-1='-,)'+,"%)+'"*'-,)'+)$4Z'!,2+'Y6"88"('1$#Z'#$+'%); 7)$-)&'8$(='#$=+'$(&'2('8$(='C0%2+&26."(+3'2(610&2(9'-,)'O$9($'K$%-$3'$(&',$+' :))('$'7"#)%*01'1)92+1$./)'-""1'2('-,)'[(2-)&'W-$-)+'-"'7%"/2&)'*"%'70:126'$66)++' -"'+)$+,"%)+3'1$E)+,"%)+'$(&'V+,)%2)+4'M-'2+':)2(9'0+)&'60%%)(-1='2('$('$P)87-'-"' 7%"-)6-'-,)'K$12*"%(2$'\)1-$'*%"8'6"88)%62$1')G71"2-$."('$(&'"/)%0+)4'H"#)/)%3' -,)'h0:126'!%0+-'\"6-%2()'2+'1282-)&'-"'v9,.(9'*"%')u0$1'$66)++':='-,)'70:126'-"' 6)%-$2('K"88"(+3':0-'&")+'("-')G-)(&'-"'-,)'6"(6)7-'-,$-'-,)'K"88"(+'-,)8; +)1/)+',$/)'-,)'2(,)%)(-'%29,-'-"'7%"-)6."(4'M('-,)')=)+'"*'8"+-'R)+-)%('1$#' -"&$=3'8"+-'"*'-,)'6"880(2-='"*'12*)'"(')$%-,'%)8$2(+'8)%)'7%"7)%-=3'($-0%$1' Y%)+"0%6)+Z'-"':)')G71"2-)&4'R,)%)'-,)%)'2+'6,$11)(9)'-"'-,2+')G71"2-$."(3'2-'2+' 0+0$11='-"'7%"-)6-'$'($-0%$1'K"88"(+'+"'-,$-'2-'6$('+.11':)'"*'0+)'-"',08$(+4' W"0-,'`*%26$(')(/2%"(8)(-$1'1$#=)%'K"%8$6'K0112($('V%+-'6"2()&'-,)'-)%8'Y#21&' 1$#Z'$(&',$+'#%2P)('$':""E'"*'-,)'+$8)'.-1)4'`'#21&'1$#'2+'$'1$#'-"'%)901$-)',08$(':),$/2"0%'2('"%&)%'-"'7%"-)6-'-,)'2(-)9%2-='"*'-,)')$%-,'$(&'$11'+7)62)+' "('2-4'M-'%)U02%)+'$'6,$(9)'2('-,)',08$('%)1$."(+,27'#2-,'-,)'($-0%$1'#"%1&'*%"8' "()'"*')G71"2-$."('-"'$'&)8"6%$6='#2-,'"-,)%':)2(9+4'M*'#)'$%)'8)8:)%+'"*'-,)' )$%-,5+'6"880(2-=3'-,)('"0%'%29,-+'80+-':)':$1$(6)&'$9$2(+-'-,"+)'"*'71$(-+3' 30

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`+'`1&"'k)"7"1&'+$2&3'Y`'-,2(9'2+'%29,-'#,)('2-'-)(&+'-"'7%)+)%/)'-,)' 2(-)9%2-=3'+-$:212-=3'$(&':)$0-='"*'-,)':2".6'6"880(2-=4'M-'2+'#%"(9'#,)('2-'-)(&+' "-,)%#2+)4Z'R21&'1$#'#$+'-,)'2(+72%$."(':),2(&'$'>??g'"%&2($(6)'2('!$8$U0$' <"%"09,3'h)((+=1/$(2$'-,$-'%)6"9(2I)&'($-0%$1')6"+=+-)8+'$(&'($-0%$1'6"8; 80(2.)+'#2-,2('-,)':"%"09,'$+'Y1)9$1'7)%+"(+Z'*"%'-,)'70%7"+)+'"*'+-"772(9'-,)' &0872(9'"*'+)#$9)'+10&9)'"('#21&'1$(&4'LR21&'k$#'#"01&'("-')(-)%-$2('-,)'2&)$' "*'6"%7"%$."(+'$+'Y1)9$1'7)%+"(+4ZN W$=+'K0112($(3'Y!,)'&$='#211'6"8)'#,)('-,)'*$210%)'"*'"0%'1$#+'-"'%)6"9(2I)'-,)' %29,-'"*'$'%2/)%'-"'j"#3'-"'7%",2:2-'$6-+'-,$-'&)+-$:212I)'-,)'e$%-,5+'6128$-)3'"%'-"' 287"+)'$'&0-='-"'%)+7)6-'-,)'2(-%2(+26'/$10)'$(&'%29,-'-"')G2+-'"*'$11'12*)'#211':)'$+' %)7%),)(+2:1)'$+'$11"#2(9'7)"71)'-"':)':"09,-'$(&'+"1&4'R)'#211'"(1='j"0%2+,' :='6,$(92(9'-,)+)'+=+-)8+'$(&'61$282(9'"0%'2&)(.-=3'$+'#)11'$+'$++082(9'"0%' %)+7"(+2:212.)+3'$+'8)8:)%+'"*'-,)'e$%-,'6"880(2-=4Z' C-'=,').,'#,#5,.7'"-' 03($(/603G8$;-::&< :&80$5($5/+/);('$ /)'$(;-8A80(:8"$D)$ /$9-6+'$>-.(6)('$5A$ :D,>'06#)%N;,%/,.,8',E?+"$/):"%'"-'/0,' )/0&6/+$9-6+'$9-&+'$ 5,'6%+)=-6+< 31

36 Conclusion!,2+'7$7)%3'$(&'-,)'7%"6)++'"*'#,26,'2-'2+'$'7$%-3'2+'$('$P)87-'-"'7%"8"-)'-,)' K"88"(+'($%%$./)'2('"0%'6"11)6./)'#"%E'"('#$-)%4'`'K"88"(+'$77%"$6,'$(&' $($1=+2+'6"01&'287%"/)'-,)'U0$12-='"*'"0%'%)+)$%6,3'6"880(26$."(3'6$87$29(; 2(9'$(&'6"11$:"%$."('$+'#)11'$+'7%"8"-)'$112$(6)':021&2(9'#2-,'"-,)%'K"88"(+' 8"/)8)(-+4'`'K"88"(+'$77%"$6,'#"01&'+)%/)'$+'$('Y08:%)11$'&2+6"0%+)3Z' %)/)$12(9'-,)'+,$%)&'+-%$-)926'2(-)%)+-+'"*'&2/)%+)'9%"07+'-,$-'$%)'("#'"7)%$.(9' 2('($%%"#'2++0)'+21"+4'!"'$&"7-'$(&'0+)'-,)'1$(90$9)'"*'-,)'K"88"(+'#"01&'92/)' $6./2+-+'$(&'#%2-)%+'$'#$='"*'$++)%.(9'6"88"('6$0+)'#2-,'$112)+'2('$&C$6)(-' V)1&+'"*'$6."(4'a0+-'$+']$6,)1'K$%+"(5+'W21)(-'W7%2(9'1$0(6,)&'$(')(/2%"(8)(-$1' 8"/)8)(-'-,$-'6,$(9)&'-,)'#"%1&3'+"'-""'&")+'-,)'("."('"*'-,)'K"88"(+',$/)'-,)'6$7$62-='-"'8"/)'0+'*"%#$%&'2('-,)'()G-'7,$+)'"*'"0%',08$('C"0%()=4'!,)'#"%1&'2+'6%=2(9'"0-'*"%'()#'/2+2"('$(&',"7)4'!,2+'1)(+'"*'-,)'K"88"(+3'#2-,' 2-+'$(62)(-':)92((2(9+'$(&'2-+'2(V(2-)'7"++2:212.)+3'6"01&'7%"/2&)'-,$-'/2+2"('$(&',"7)3'$+'#)11'$+'$'#$='*"%#$%&'2('-,)+)'7%)6$%2"0+'.8)+4' 32

37 About the Author O$0&)'<$%1"#'2+'-,)'D$."($1'K,$2%7)%+"('"*'-,)'K"0(621'"*'K$($&2$(+3'K$($; &$5+'1$%9)+-'70:126'$&/"6$6='"%9$(2I$."(3'$(&'-,)'*"0(&)%'"*'-,)'<10)'h1$()-' h%"c)6-3'#"%e2(9'2(-)%($."($11='*"%'-,)'%29,-'-"'#$-)%4'w,)'+)%/)+'"('-,)':"$%&+' "*'-,)'W$('c%$(62+6";:$+)&'M(-)%($."($1'c"%08'"('d1":$12I$."('$(&'R$+,2(9; -"(;:$+)&'c""&'$(&'r$-)%'r$-6,3'$(&'2+'$'k"0(6211"%'#2-,'-,)'h$8:0%9;:$+)&' R"%1&'c0-0%)'K"0(6214'O$0&)'2+'-,)'%)6272)(-'"*'+)/)(',"("%$%='&"6-"%$-)+3'-,)' #"%E3'$(&'2+'-,)'K2-$."('"*'k2*).8)'`6,2)/)8)(-'#2(()%'"*'-,)'>??B'K$($; &2$('e(/2%"(8)(-'`#$%&+4'W,)'2+'$1+"'-,)':)+-'+)112(9'$0-,"%'"%'6";$0-,"%'"*' Tg':""E+3'2(610&2(9'*+&($4-+'3'30,'V$&0/'/"'S/"?'!".?".)/,'30,M'"-'/0,'2".+8F7'!/0(6#%.'#/0(#*(1(./+"#*(+(%3('#*+&(#,-.()/)01$23(#4+-5/+$!/0(6$,67878$/)'$23($!"#$%&'()*+,'-".'/0,'1$&0/'/"'2)/,.4$#### 33