1991 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

Transcription

1 1991 AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH Report of Progress 628 Agriculturl Experiment Sttion Knss Stte University, Mnhttn Wlter R. Woods, Director SOUTHEAST KANSAS BRANCH STATION

2 LYLE LOMAS, Sttion Hed, received B.S. nd M.S. degrees in Animl Husndry from the University of Missouri nd Ph.D. degree in Animl Husndry from Michign Stte University. He provides ledership for reserch nd is responsile for Sttion dministrtion. Lyle joined the stff in 1979 s Animl Scientist. His reserch interests re eef cttle nutrition, production, nd mngement. KEN COFFEY, Animl Scientist, received B.S. degree in Animl Science from the University of Tennessee, U.S. degree in Animl Science from the University of Kentucky, nd Ph.D. degree in Animl Science from the University of Missouri. He joined the stff in His reserch focuses on ruminnt nutrition nd improving forge utiliztion y grzing eef cttle. KEN KELLEY, Crops nd Soils Agronomist, received B.S. degree in Agriculturl Eduction nd M.S. degree in Agronomy from Knss Stte University. He hs een stff memer since His reserch includes evlution of hericides, crop rottion systems, nd intensive whet mngement. JIM LONG, Crop Vriety Development Agronomist, received B.S. degree from Missouri Southern Stte College nd M.S. nd Ph.D. degrees in Agronomy from the University of Arknss. He joined the stff in 1990 nd directs vriety performnce testing of grins, works with plnt reeders in development nd evlution of new whet nd soyen cultivrs, nd conducts soyen production reserch. JOE MOYER, Forge Agronomist, received B.S., M.S., nd Ph.D. degrees in Agronomy from Knss Stte University. He hs een stff memer since His reserch evlutes cultivrs nd mngement prctices with forge grsses nd legumes nd forge utiliztion y eef cttle. DAN SWEENEY, Soil nd Wter Mngement Agronomist, received B.S. degree in Chemistry from Kentucky Wesleyn College, M.S. degree in Agronomy from Purdue University, nd Ph.D. degree in Soil Science from the University of Florid. He joined the stff in His reserch focuses on soil fertility, tillge nd compction, nd irrigtion.

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS BEEF CATTLE RESEARCH Efficcy of Lidlomycin Propionte for Improving Weight Gin of Growing Cttle on Psture Performnce nd Forge Intke y Stocker Cttle Grzing Rye in Monoculture or No-Till Drilled into Bermudgrss Sod Effect of Implnt nd Copper Oxide Needles on Grzing nd Susequent Feedlot Performnce nd Blood Prmeters of Steers Grzing Acremonium Coenophilum-Infected Tll Fescue Pstures Effect of Ldino Clover Interseeding, Grin Supplementtion, nd Length of Grzing Seson on Grzing nd Susequent Feedlot Performnce of Steers Grzing Acremonium Coenophilum-Infected Tll Fescue Pstures Psture nd Susequent Feedlot Performnce y Steers Grzing Acremonium Coenophilum-Infected Tll Fescue nd Offered Different Levels of Ground Grin Sorghum Yield, Qulity, nd Animl Preference for Silges Mde From Whole-Plnt Soyens Grzing of Different Types of Fescue Psture nd Susequent Feedlot Performnce: An Economic Anlysis FORAGE CROPS RESEARCH Alflf Vriety Performnce in Southestern Knss Lespedez Interseeding, Lime Appliction, nd P-K Fertilizer on Ntive Grss Medow Forge Yields of Tll Fescue Vrieties in Southestern Knss Winter Annul Legumes nd Grsses for Ground Cover nd Forge in Southestern Knss Effect of Fluid Fertilizer Plcement nd Timing on Tll Fescue nd Bromegrss Yield SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH Effects of P nd K Rtes nd Fluid Fertilizer Appliction Method on Drylnd Alflf Yield Effects of Sulfur Rte, Method, nd Source on Tll Fescue Tillge nd Nitrogen Fertiliztion Effects on Yields in Grin Sorghum - Soyen Rottion Effect of Previous Residue Mngement nd N Rte on Yields in Continuous Smll Grin - Doulecrop Soyen Rottion Effect of Timing of Limited Irrigtion on Soyens Plnted t Two Dtes Phosphorus, Potssium, nd Chloride Effects on Yield nd Disese of Six Whet Cultivrs in Southestern Knss Erly-Mturing Soyens Compred with Full-Seson Soyens

4 Comprison of Erly-Mturing nd Full-Seson Soyens: An Economic Anlysis CROPS AND SOILS RESEARCH Effects of Plnting Dte nd Folir Fungicide on Winter Whet Comprison of Conventionl nd Intensive Whet Mngement Systems Whet nd Soyen Cropping Sequences Compred Economic Comprisons of Whet nd Soyen Cropping Sequences Effect of Cropping Sequence on Soyen Yields Comprisons of Tillge Methods for Doulecrop Soyens nd Susequent Effects on Full-Seson Soyens Comprison of Short-Seson Corn Hyrids Performnce of Erly Mturing Soyens Crop Vriety Performnce Tests Soyen Hericide Reserch WEATHER Annul Wether Summry for Prsons NOTE Trde nmes re used to identify products. No endorsements re intended, nor is ny criticism implied of similr products not mentioned. Contriution No S from the Knss Agriculturl Experiment Sttion.

5 EFFICACY OF LAIDLOMYCIN PROPIONATE FOR IMPROVING WEIGHT GAIN OF GROWING CATTLE ON PASTURE 1 Kenneth P. Coffey, Joseph L. Moyer, nd Lyle W. Loms Summry Eighty mixed-reed steers were locked y weight into two replictes, then llotted in rndom strtified mnner to receive control supplement of 1 l ground grin sorghum or 25, 50, or 75 mg/hd/d of lidlomycin propionte (LP) in 1 l ground grin sorghum crrier. The steers in ech replicte were rotted t 14-d intervls through four smooth romegrss pstures for 119 d eginning on April 24. Lidlomycin propionte tended (P>.10) to improve niml gin y 3.7, 9.0, nd 10.5 % for 25, 50 nd 75 mg/hd/d, respectively. Amount of shrink incurred following 16-h removl from feed nd wter ws not ffected y ionophore level. It ppers tht LP hs the potentil to improve gins from grzing cttle. However, the mgnitude of improvement is directly relted to LP level. Introduction Ionophores hve een used in recent yers to lter rumen fermenttion such tht feed efficiency is improved in feedlot cttle nd rte of gin is improved in grzing cttle. Lidlomycin propionte is one of group of second-genertion ionophores used to lter rumen fermenttion ut t much lower effective dose thn ws needed with first-genertion ionophores. The efficcy of lidlomycin propionte in improving feedlot performnce hs een proven. However, dt concerning the effective dosge of LP for improving grzing performnce re limited. Experimentl Procedure Eighty, mixed-reed steers were divided into light- nd hevy-weight replictes, then llotted in rndom strtified mnner into four lots of 10 hed ech. The steers received vccintions ginst IBR, PI 3, BVD, viriosis, leptospirosis (5 strins), lckleg (8-wy), pinkeye, nd BRSV nd were treted with levmisole to control internl prsites. Ech lot of steers ws llotted rndomly to receive control supplement of 1 l. of ground grin sorghum or one contining 25, 50, or 75 mg/hd/d of lidlomycin propionte lended in 1 l. ground grin sorghum crrier. The lots were then llotted rndomly to one of four smooth romegrss pstures locked y repliction. The lots of steers were rotted through the four pstures t 14-d intervls to minimize the effect of psture vrition. Weights mesured on the mornings of April 24 nd August 21 were used s eginning nd ending weights, respectively, to clculte steer gins during the experiment. These weights were mesured following 16-h removl from psture nd wter. The steers were lso weighed on the fternoon of August 20 so tht the effects of LP on 16-h shrinkge could e determined. Wter nd minerl supplement were provided d-liitum to ll nimls throughout the study. Results nd Discussion None of the performnce prmeters mesures were sttisticlly different etween different levels of lidlomycin propionte (Tle 1). However, there ws tendency 1Apprecition is expressed to Syntex Animl Helth, Inc., Plo Alto, CA for finncil ssistnce nd dontion of lidlomycin propionte. 1

6 for incresed weight gin with incresing levels. Weight gins were numericlly incresed y 3.7, 9.0, nd 10.5% with 25, 50 nd 75 mg/hd/d lidlomycin propionte, respectively. No pprent effect on live weight shrink ws oserved. Therefore, lthough no sttisticl improvements were oserved, there ppers to e tendency for improved weight gin y supplementing with lidlomycin propionte. Other studies hve vlidted this fct. Tle 1. Weight Gin nd Shrink y Steers Offered Different Levels of Lidlomycin Propionte while Grzing Smooth Bromegrss Pstures. Lidlomycin propionte, mg/hd/d Item Control Cttle weights, l Apr. 24 (shrunk) Aug. 20 (full) Aug. 21 (shrunk) Cttle gin, l Apr. 24-Aug. 21 Totl gin Dily gin h shrinkge, % Orthogonl contrsts for liner nd qudrtic effects nd control vs. 25, 50 nd 75 mg/hd/d were not significnt (P<.10) for ny vrile. 2

7 PERFORMANCE AND FORAGE INTAKE BY STOCKER CATTLE GRAZING RYE IN MONOCULTURE OR NO-TILL DRILLED INTO BERMUDAGRASS SOD Kenneth P. Coffey nd Joseph L. Moyer Summry Two experiments were conducted to evlute the potentil of no-till drilling of cerel rye into ermudgrss sod to extend the ermudgrss grzing seson in Southest Knss. In experiment 1, 2-yer study ws conducted to compre performnce y stocker heifers (1989) nd steers (1990) grzing cerel rye in monoculture (MR) followed y grzing ermudgrss in monoculture (MB) with tht of cttle grzing ermudgrss pstures no-till drilled with cerel rye (R/B). During the rye grzing phse in 1989, cttle grzing R/B gined more (P<.10) ut hd fewer niml grzing dys/cre thn those grzing MR, so tht gin/cre ws similr etween tretments. During the ermud grzing phse of 1989, cttle grzing MB gined more (P<.10) ut hd fewer niml grzing dys/cre thn those grzing R/B, so tht gin/cre ws gin similr etween tretments. In 1990, cttle grzing R/B tended (P<.20) to gin more per niml nd per cre during the rye grzing phse nd similrly during the ermud grzing phse compred to those grzing MR nd MB. In experiment 2, forge intke ws greter (P<.01) nd rumen orgnic mtter fill nd rumen retention time were lower (P<.05 nd.10, respectively) for rumen-fistulted heifers grzing MR thn for heifers grzing R/B. Therefore, no-till drilling of rye in ermudgrss sod offers the potentil to extend the grzing seson nd provide more totl cttle production from ermudgrss crege. Introduction Bermudgrss is productive forge species for southestern Knss when intensively mnged ut is dormnt for much of the yer. Annul species often invde the dormnt swrd, ut their productivity is spordic nd short-lived. Annul rye is crop tht hs een used in the southestern U.S. to lengthen the ermudgrss grzing seson. Concerns exist tht the ermudgrss swrd my e dmged y fll drilling opertions or y spring competition from rye. These experiments were designed to compre spring nd summer performnce nd spring forge intke of stocker cttle grzing rye tht ws no-till drilled in ermudgrss pstures versus stocker cttle grzing rye or ermudgrss in monoculture. Experiment 1 Experimentl Procedure Eight 5-cre pstures of 'Hrdie' ermudgrss nd two djcent 5-cre tilled pstures were used. Six ermudgrss nd two clen-tilled pstures were seeded with 100 l/cre of 'Bonel' rye in lte Septemer of ech yer (R/B nd MR, respectively); two ermudgrss pstures were left in monoculture (MB). Bermudgrss-contining pstures received nnul P nd K pplictions of 26 nd 66 l/cre, wheres MR pstures received nnul pplictions of 17 nd 33 l of P nd K, respectively. In 1988, 60 l N/cre s ure ws pplied to ll R/B nd MR t seeding, ut nother 40 l/cre of N ws needed y R/B pstures in Novemer to overcome pprent N immoiliztion. In 1989, 50 l N/cre ws fll-pplied to MR ner seeding time nd to R/B on Octoer 19. All ermudgrss-contining pstures received 150 l N/cre on out June 1 of ech yer. In 1989, stocker heifers (vg. wt.=492 l.) were weighed on April 4 nd 5 without prior removl from common tll fescue psture. The heifers were rndomly llotted y weight into eight groups of 12 hed ech, then rndomly llotted to one of 3

8 six experimentl R/B nd two experimentl MR pstures. All heifers were dewormed nd vccinted ccording to routine procedures. They grzed rye until June 2, then grzed ermudgrss from June 2 until Septemer 7. Put-nd-tke heifers were used s needed to control forge vilility. In 1990, stocker steers were weighed on 3 April following 16-h removl from feed nd wter, then llotted in rndom strtified mnner into eight groups of eight hed ech. Smller groups were chosen so tht fistulted heifers could e used s put-nd-tke nimls to determine forge intke in experiment 2. The groups were then rndomly llotted to one of six experimentl R/B nd two experimentl MR pstures. All steers were dewormed, implnted, nd vccinted ccording to routine procedures nd grzed rye until My 14. Bermudgrss grzing egn on June 21 nd ended on August 30. All cttle weights were shrunk weights. Put-nd-tke steers were used during oth the rye nd ermudgrss grzing periods to control forge vilility. Aville forge ws estimted during rye grzing in April using disk meter redings (9/psture) clirted for rye. Bermudgrss ground cover ws estimted visully (3 sites/psture) on June 22, Experiment 2 Ten rumen-fistulted heifers were rndomly llotted to either one R/B or one MR psture on Mrch 26, Fecl smples were collected for 5 dys following 21-dy dpttion to psture nd 10-dy period for fecl chromium concentrtions to equilirte fter receiving sustined-relese chromic oxide olus. On the 5th dy of fecl collections, heifers were llowed to grze following totl rumen evcution. Grzed forge smples were then removed from the rumen nd used to determine dietry forge qulity nd in vitro digestiility. Fecl chromium concentrtions long with in vitro digestiilities were used to estimte forge intke. Rumen fill ws mesured directly nd rumen turnover rte ws determined y dividing rte of indigestile ciddetergent fier (IADF) intke y rumen IADF fill. Results nd Discussion Performnce dt re shown y yer (Tle 1) ecuse of yer effects nd yer y tretment interctions for numer of vriles. In 1989, cttle grzing R/B gined fster (P<.10) during the rye phse nd slower (P<.10) during the ermudgrss phse, so tht totl gin ws similr (P>.10) to tht of cttle grzing MR nd MB. Animl grzing dys were greter (P<.01) for MR during the rye phse nd for R/B during the ermudgrss phse. Becuse grzing on MR nd MB occurred on seprte pstures nd grzing on R/B occurred on the sme pstures, verge grzing dys per cre nd verge gin per cre were 2 times higher from R/B thn the comintion of MR nd MB. In 1990, performnce ws similr etween tretments during oth phses. Animl grzing dys during the ermudgrss grzing phse were greter (P<.10) from MB thn R/B. Much of this my e ttriuted to higher degree of winterkill on R/B compred with MB pstures. However, unusully high rtes of winterkill were reported in Oklhom nd Arknss, s well s Knss. Averge grzing dys nd verge gin per cre gin were greter from R/B thn the comintion of MR nd MB. Aville April forge (Tle 2) verged 83% greter (P<.01) in MR thn R/B pstures cross yers. The rye stnd in ermudgrss ws visully more uneven nd vrile thn in monoculture. Totl cttle gins cross oth rye nd ermudgrss grzing phses were similr in oth yers, lthough cttle grzing R/B tended (P<.20) to gin more thn cttle grzing MR/MB during the 1990 grzing seson (Tle 3). When the numer of niml grzing dys nd gin per cre were expressed on sis of the lnd re utilized in the totl grzing seson, oth vriles were higher (P<.01) from R/B. Experiment 2 Forge intke (l/dy nd % of ody weight) ws greter (P<.01) nd rumen retention time ws lower (P<.05) for heifers grzing MR thn R/B. Forge consumed y heifers grzing MR ws more (P<.01) digestile nd hd higher (P<.05) fier content ut lower (P<.01) lignin content thn forge consumed y heifers grzing R/B. 4

9 Therefore, the forge consumed y heifers grzing MR ws of higher qulity. The filure of greement for intke nd performnce dt is perplexing ut my e relted to stocking density. During grzing of MR, wether ws key issue. Initition of grzing ws determined y ground moisture. Erly grzing on MR ws conducted t lower stocking rte to prevent excessive forge dmge y trmpling the forge into mud. Therefore, once the ground ecme dry enough to support more cttle, forge growth dictted dding greter numers of cttle to control the ville forge. This led to lrge differentils in stocking densities (nimls/cre) etween MR nd R/B. It is possile tht the greter density of nimls per unit of lnd re cused greter socil nd ehviorl interctions, which dversely ffected niml performnce. In summry, drilling rye into ermudgrss sod offers the potentil to increse the productivity of ermudgrss pstures. Grzing of cool-seson nnuls in Southest Knss is highly dependent upon wether conditions. The ermudgrss sod se for the cool-seson nnuls provides greter security tht the nnuls cn e grzed. However, potentil dmge to the ermudgrss stnd is concern tht needs to e ddressed in future studies. Tle 1. Performnce Trits of Stocker Cttle on Monocultured Rye nd Bermudgrss System (MR/MB) vs. Rye Interseeded into Bermudgrss Psture (R/B) in Experiment MR/MB R/B MR/MB R/B Rye Phse Initil wt., l Finl wt., l Gin, l Dily gin, l Grzing dys/cre c 177 d Gin/cre Bermud Phse Initil wt., l Finl wt., l Gin, l Dily gin, l Grzing dys/cre d 194 c Gin/cre , Mens within row nd yer differ (P<.10). c,d Mens within row nd yer differ (P<.01). Tle 2. Spring Forge Avilility in Monoculture Rye (MR) nd Rye Interseeded into Bermudgrss Psture (R/B) in Experiment 1. Dte MR R/B April 6, April 3, April 23, , Mens within row differ (P<.01). 5

10 Tle 3. Overll Performnce Trits of Stocker Cttle Pstured on Monocultured Rye nd Bermudgrss System (MR/MB) vs. Interseeded Rye-Bermudgrss (R/B) in Experiment Trit MR/MB R/B MR/MB R/B Totl gin, l Dily gin, l Avg. grzing dys/cre d 137 c 225 Avg. gin/cre , Mens within row nd yer differ (P<.01). c,d Mens within row nd yer differ (P<.05). Tle 4. Orgnic Mtter (OM) Intke, Gut Fill, nd Qulity of Forge Consumed y Heifers Grzing Monoculture Rye (MR) vs. Rye Interseeded into Bermudgrss Psture (R/B) in Experiment 2. Item MR R/B Orgnic mtter intke, l/dy Orgnic mtter intke, % of ody wt Fresh fill, l Rumen retention time, h d 13.1 c 20.5 Qulity In vitro orgnic mtter digestion, % In vitro orgnic mtter digestion, %/h Crude protein, % Neutrl detergent fier, % c Acid detergent fier, % Acid detergent lignin, % , Mens within row differ (P<.01). c,d Mens within row differ (P<.05). d 6

11 EFFECT OF IMPLANT AND COPPER OXIDE NEEDLES ON GRAZING AND SUBSEQUENT FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND BLOOD PARAMETERS OF STEERS GRAZING ACREMONIUM COENOPHIALUM-INFECTED TALL FESCUE PASTURES 1 Kenneth P. Coffey, Joseph L. Moyer, nd Lyle W. Loms Summry Forty mixed-reed steers grzing Acremonium coenophilum infected (70% of the plnts infected) tll fescue pstures were used in n experiment to evlute the effects of progesterone-estrdiol implnt nd copper oxide needles on grzing nd susequent feedlot performnce nd selected lood prmeters. The steers were llotted rndomly y weight, so tht 20 steers received no implnt (NI) nd 20 received progesterone-estrdiol implnt on My 17 (I). Within NI nd I groups, hlf of the cttle received no dditionl copper (NCu) nd hlf received 20 g of copper oxide needles (Cu) in olus. The steers grzed fescue pstures for 177 dys, then were plced in feedlot for 145 dys. Dily gin ws similr mong tretment comintions during oth the grzing nd feedlot phses. Feed conversion tended (P=.12) to e lower for NI. Crcss chrcteristics were not ffected y psture phse tretments. Steers receiving Cu hd higher serum copper nd ceruloplsmin ut lower zinc thn the NCu group. Therefore, psture tretments did not pper to ffect totl niml performnce. Copper oxide needles did prevent sesonl decline in serum copper levels, which might hve ffected niml performnce if dditionl stresses hd een imposed. Introduction Previous work in Southest Knss nd other sttes hs eluded to declining lood copper levels in cttle grzing tll fescue pstures. However, the effects of these declining levels on grzing nd susequent feedlot performnce, including feed efficiency re uncertin. Also, zernol hs een shown to hve drmtic effects on incresing grzing performnce nd serum prolctin levels of cttle grzing endophyteinfected tll fescue, ut the effects of progesterone-estrdiol implnt on these prmeters hve not een estlished. Therefore, the ojectives of this experiment were to evlute the direct effects of copper oxide needles nd progesterone-estrdiol implnt on grzing performnce nd selected lood prmeters nd their susequent effects on feedlot performnce. Experimentl Procedure Forty mixed-reed steers were weighed directly from psture on the mornings of My 16 nd 17, then rndomly llotted y weight so tht 20 received progesteroneestrdiol implnt (I) nd 20 received no implnt (NI). Within ech implnt tretment group, hlf of the steers received 20 g of copper oxide needles in polyethylene cpsules (Cu) nd the remining hlf received no copper oxide needles (NCu). The cttle received routine vccintion nd deworming tretments. All steers were llowed to grze s group etween My 17 nd Novemer 9 nd hd free-choice ccess to wter nd trce minerlized slt-diclcium phosphte minerl supplement tht contined.04 ppm of copper. Blood smples were collected vi jugulr puncture on My 17 nd Novemer 9 nd nlyzed for hemtocrit nd serum copper, zinc, ceruloplsmin, nd prolctin. Following the 145-d grzing phse, the steers were plced in the SEKES feedlot 1Apprecition is expressed to the following: Syntex Animl Helth, West Des Moines, IA for implnts; Coopers Animl Helth, Knss City, MO for providing copper oxide needles; Pittmn-Moore, Inc., Mundelein, IL for providing diclcium phosphte; Prince Agri Products, Quincy, IL for providing trce minerl pckge. 7

12 fcility t Mound Vlley nd offered rtion contining 80% ground milo, 15% corn silge, nd 5% protein supplement on dry mtter sis. The steers were rndomly divided to provide two replictes per previous tretment comintion so tht the effects of previous tretment on feed consumption nd efficiency could e determined. All steers were implnted twice with progesterone-estrdiol nd received 25 g monensin per ton of diet dry mtter during the 145-dy feeding period. At the end of the feedlot phse of the study, ll steers were slughtered t the IBP slughter plnt in Empori, KS, nd crcss dt were collected following 24-hour chill. Results nd Discussion No differences were detected in niml performnce during the grzing phse of the experiment (Tle 1). However, ll gins were extremely low. A rule of thum is tht cttle must e gining t rte of 1 l/dy to show response to implnting. In this study, the gins were well elow tht level. Likewise, no differences were detected in niml gin during the feedlot phse. This is proly direct result of similr psture phse performnce, ecuse compenstory gin potentil ws similr cross tretments. However, NI steers showed tendency (P<.15) to more efficiently convert feed to gin, nd therey, hve reduced feed cost per pound of gin. Hot crcss weight, rieye re, ckft, nd USDA qulity grdes were similr mong tretments. An implnt y copper interction ws detected (P<.10) for USDA yield grdes. Within NI, Cu steers hd higher yield grdes (P<.10) thn NCu steers, wheres no differences etween Cu nd NCu were pprent within I steers. However, no differences were detected when yield grde ws ctully clculted from crcss mesurements. Therefore, this prmeter my not e of gret importnce. Pcked cell volume (Tle 3) ws initilly higher (P<.05) in I thn NI ut ws similr t the end of the study. Therefore, these differences were proly due simply to rndom llotment of the cttle. Initil serum ceruloplsmin, copper, nd zinc were similr cross tretments. However, t the end of the study, Cu steers hd higher (P<.01) serum ceruloplsmin nd copper ut lower (P<.05) serum zinc levels thn NCu steers. Serum ceruloplsmin levels declined 47% in NCu steers nd only 27% in Cu steers during the study. Serum copper levels ctully incresed (P<.01) in oth Cu nd NCu during the study. It is uncertin why serum copper levels incresed, ut ceruloplsmin is generlly ccepted s etter indictor of copper sttus of the niml thn serum copper levels. Therefore, these cttle were progressing towrd copper deficiency, s illustrted y declining ceruloplsmin levels, nd supplementl copper oxide needles helped reduce the rte of decline. In summry, cttle grzing A. coenophilum-infected tll fescue performed poorly during the psture phse nd during the feedlot phse s well, compred to previous studies. Implnting with progesterone-estrdiol implnt, or orlly dosing the steers with oluses of copper oxide needles did not offset the gin reduction ssocited with grzing infected fescue. Psture tretments lso did not hve n effect on susequent feedlot gin, ut implnting cttle during the growing phse tended to increse susequent feedlot feed to gin rtio. Mintining higher copper sttus could hve enefitted the grzing cttle y contriuting to more enhnced immune system, if they hd een chllenged with dditionl stresses. 8

13 Tle 1. Effect of Psture Phse Tretment with Implnts or Copper Oxide Needles on Grzing nd Susequent Feedlot Performnce y Steers Grzing A. coenophilum-infected fescue pstures. Implnt Supplementl copper Copper No Copper Item Implnt No Implnt Needles Needles Grzing Phse Initil wt, l Finl wt., l Grzing gin, l Dily gin, l Feedlot Phse Initil wt., l Finl wt., l Feedlot gin, l Dily gin, l Dry mtter intke, l/d Dry mtter/gin c Cost/cwt. gin., $ , Mens within row were different t the P=.12 level of proility. c Costs represent ctul feed cost mrked up 10% to cover miscellneous expenses. 9

14 Tle 2. Effect of Implnt nd/or Copper Oxide Needles on Susequent Crcss Chrcteristics. Implnt Supplementl copper Copper No Copper Chrcteristic Implnt No Implnt Needles Needles Dressing Percentge Hot crcss wt, l Bckft, in Rieye re, in USDA qulity grde USDA yield grde Clculted yield grde = Select ; 10 = Choice. Tle 3. Effect of Implnt nd/or Copper Oxide Needles on Blood Prmeters of Steers Grzing A. coenophilum-infected Tll Fescue Pstures. Implnt Supplementl copper Copper No Copper Blood prmeter Implnt No Implnt Needles Needles My 17 Hemtocrit,% Ceruloplsmin, mg/dl Serum copper, ppm Serum zinc, ppm Serum prolctin, ng/ml Novemer 9 Hemtocrit,% Ceruloplsmin, mg/dl c 12.4 d 8.8 Serum copper, ppm c Serum zinc, ppm Serum prolctin, ng/ml , Mens within row nd min effect differ (P<.05). c,d Mens within row nd min effect differ (P<.10). d 10

15 EFFECT OF LADINO CLOVER INTERSEEDING, GRAIN SUPPLEMENTATION, AND LENGTH OF GRAZING SEASON ON GRAZING AND SUBSEQUENT FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE OF STEERS GRAZING ACREMONIUM COENOPHIALUM-INFECTED TALL FESCUE PASTURES Kenneth P. Coffey, Joseph L. Moyer, Lyle W. Loms, nd Frnk K. Brzle 1 Summry One hundred mixed-reed steers grzed Acremonium coenophilum-infected fescue with (FL) nd without (F) ldino clover for 56 (EI) or 155 (FS) dys eginning on April 25. Hlf of the cttle ssigned to ech forge type were offered ground grin sorghum (GS) nd the other hlf were not (NoGS). All steers were plced in feedlot t the end of the grzing period nd finished on high concentrte rtion. Length of grzing seson hd the gretest impct on performnce prmeters mesured. Steers tht grzed FS tended (P<.20) to hve higher psture gins ut hd lower (P<.05) psture dily gins thn those tht grzed EI. Steers tht grzed FS hd hevier (P<.10) initil feedlot weights, tended (P<.20) to hve hevier finl feedlot weights, gined fster (P<.05) during the feedlot period, nd higher (P<.10) USDA qulity grdes thn steers tht grzed EI. Those steers lso hd lower feed cost per hed (P<.05) nd per pound of feedlot gin (P<.10). Therefore, cttle grzing tll fescue pstures my e ffected y the time of yer when they re plced in the feedlot. Introduction Cttle grzing tll fescue infected with the endophytic fungus A. coenophilum generlly perform poorly, prticulrly during the summer months. Tll fescue qulity nd yield pek during the lte spring. Stocking rtes my e incresed to etter utilize this urst of growth nd qulity, ut grzing seson must e reduced if stocking rte is incresed. Ergovline levels re suspected to pek in My, necessitting dilution of the spring forge with legumes or grin. This experiment ws conducted to evlute erly-intensive (EI) vs. full-seson (FS) stocking, ldino clover interseeding, nd supplementl grin sorghum on grzing nd susequent feedlot performnce y steers grzing tll fescue pstures. Experimentl Procedure Following routine vccintion nd deworming, 100 mixed-reed steers were rndomly llotted y weight into 16 groups of five hed ech. Two groups ech then were rndomly ssigned to one of eight 5-cre fescue (F) or fescue-ldino clover (FL) pstures on April 25. The cttle grzing two pstures of ech forge type were offered grin sorghum t level of.25% of ody weight (GS), nd the cttle grzing the remining pstures received no supplement (NoGS). The level of grin sorghum ws incresed to.5% of ody weight on July 18 nd mintined throughout the grzing phse. One group of five hed ws removed from ech psture on June 20 nd plced in the feedlot fcility t Mound Vlley. The remining groups of five hed on ech psture were llowed to grze until Septemer 27, then plced in the feedlot. Forge vilility ecme limiting on two of the four FL pstures, nd steers were removed on July 18 nd plced on mixed ermudgrss-fescue psture until Septemer 27. All cttle were offered diet of 80% ground grin sorghum, 15% corn silge, nd 5% protein supplement with monensin on dry mtter sis during the feedlot period. Attempts were mde to feed oth EI nd FS cttle to common ckft endpoint. Beginning nd ending psture nd feedlot weights were mesured following 16-hour removl from feed or psture nd wter. 1Extension Livestock Specilist, Southest Are Extension Office, Chnute, KS. 11

16 Results nd Discussion Neither interseeded ldino clover nor supplementl grin sorghum significntly (P<.20) ffected grzing or feedlot performnce, lthough steers grzing FL tended to gin 14% more thn those grzing F nd steers offered GS tended to gin 18% more thn those offered NoGS (Tle 1). Length of grzing seson hd the most sustntil effect on niml performnce. Steers grzing for 155 dys (FS) tended (P<.20) to gin more during the psture phse thn those grzing for 56 dys (EI). However, they gined only 21 l. more in 99 dys, or.21 l/dy. Steers tht grzed FS were 44 l. hevier (P<.10) t the strt of the feedlot period, tended (P=.16) to e 34 l. hevier t the end of the feeding period, nd gined t rte of.4 l/d fster thn EI steers. We should note tht differences in finl psture weight nd initil feedlot weight were due to the erly removl of some of the FL steers from psture. Their weight chnge during the period etween removl nd susequent plcement in the feedlot ws not considered in dt clcultions. Feed costs per hed nd per l. of gin were higher (.05 nd.10, respectively) for EI steers thn for FS steers. This ws due to sesonlity of grin sorghum prices. Hot crcss weights were hevier (P<.10) nd rieye re ws lrger (P<.10) from FL thn F steers (Tle 2). Other crcss chrcteristics were similr etween the two groups. Supplementl grin sorghum during the grzing phse hd no effect on susequent crcss chrcteristics. Bckft nd yield grdes were similr etween EI nd FS steers, ut qulity grde ws higher (P<.10) from FS thn EI, even though EI steers were fed for 22 dys longer thn FS (181 vs. 159 dys). In summry, grzing steers on tll fescue for longer period my enefit them from the stndpoint of reduced feed cost nd fster dily gin when they re plced in the feedlot. However, ending psture nd feedlot weights my not e significntly different ecuse of low rtes of summer gin. Tle 1. Effect of Forge Type, Grin Supplementtion, nd Grzing Mngement on Grzing nd Feedlot Performnce y Steers. Forge Grin Grzing seson Fescue + Erly Full Item Ldino Fescue Control Milo Intens. Seson Psture phse Initil wt, l Finl wt, l Gin, l Dily gin, l Feedlot phse Initil wt., l d 660 c 704 Finl wt., l Gin, l Dily gin, l DM intke, l./hed Feed efficiency Feed cost, $/hed Feed cost, $/l of gin , Mens within min effect differ (P<.05). c,d Mens within min effect differ (P<.10). 12

17 Tle 2. Effect of Previous Psture Tretment on Susequent Crcss Chrcteristics. Forge Grin Grzing seson Fescue + Erly Full Chrcteristic Ldino Fescue Control Milo Intens. Seson Hot crcss wt., l Dressing % Bckft, in Rieye re, in c USDA qulity grde USDA yield grde , Mens within min effect differ (P<.10). c + - 9=Select ; 10=Choice. 13

18 PASTURE AND SUBSEQUENT FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE BY STEERS GRAZING ACREMONIUM COENOPHIALUM-INFECTED TALL FESCUE AND OFFERED DIFFERENT LEVELS OF GROUND GRAIN SORGHUM 1 Kenneth P. Coffey, A.S. Freemn, Joseph L. Moyer, nd Lyle W. Loms Summry Sixty-three yerling, crossred steers grzing Acremonium coenophilum-infected tll fescue were ssigned to control or were offered supplementl grin sorghum (GS) t levels of.25 or.50% of ody weight to evlute effects on grzing nd susequent feedlot performnce. Psture phse gins incresed s the level of GS incresed. Supplementtion during the psture phse did not ffect (P>.10) feedlot dry mtter intke or gin. Steers receiving GS t.25% of ody weight were more (P<.10) efficient during the feedlot phse thn control steers or those receiving GS t.5% of ody weight. Steers receiving GS t.5% of ody weight were less (P<.10) efficient thn those receiving no GS. Steers receiving GS during the psture phse hd higher (P<.10) ckft nd yield grdes thn those receiving no GS. Therefore, offering ground grin sorghum to steers grzing endophyte-infected fescue pstures improved psture gin without sustntilly ffecting susequent feedlot performnce. Introduction Vrious mngement prctices hve een pplied to reduce the toxic effects of endophyte-infected fescue. Grin sorghum hs een used to improve rte of gin of grzing cttle. In mny instnces, cttle offered supplementl grin while grzing exhiit reduced performnce nd efficiency during susequent feedlot period. It is well documented tht supplementl grin reduces forge intke. Offering grin supplements to cttle grzing endophyte-infected fescue should dilute the toxic effects of tll fescue which should hve drmtic effect on niml performnce, ut susequent effects on feedlot performnce remin unknown. This study ws conducted to evlute the effects of supplementtion with different levels of ground grin sorghum on psture nd susequent feedlot performnce y steers grzing endophyte-infected tll fescue pstures. Experimentl Procedure Ninety crossred yerling steers tht hd een vccinted previously ginst IBR, BVD, PI 3, five strins of leptospirosis, nd seven clostridil strins were co-mingled for 7 dys on mixed psture of endophyte-free fescue, romegrss, nd ntive grss. Initil full weights were mesured on My 8 nd 9, when they were rndomly llotted y weight into nine lots of seven hed ech. Steers were vccinted ginst pinkeye nd BRSV, dewormed with levmisole, nd received n insecticide er tg to control flies t tht time. The steers were then trnsported to one of nine 5-cre A. coenophiluminfected tll fescue pstures (70% of the plnts infected), where they grzed until July 3. Pstures were rndomly llotted such tht steers grzing ech of the nine pstures were ssigned to control or were offered ground grin sorghum (GS) t levels of.25 nd.5% of ody weight dily (three pstures ech). The remining 27 hed were used to control excess forge production on the experimentl pstures. Wter nd minerl locks contining monensin were provided free-choice. Grin levels were djusted ccording to interim weights mesured on My 29 nd June 20. All steers were weighed on the morning of July 3 nd moved to the previously grzed mixed-grss psture for 7-dy period to equlize gut fill. Finl psture weights were mesured on July 9 nd 10, nd the cttle were trnsported overnight to 1Southwest Reserch - Extension Center. 14

19 the Southwest Reserch - Extension Center, Grden City, KS for the feedlot phse of the tril. The steers were fed high concentrte rtion until Novemer 19. The cttle then were slughtered t the Finney Co. IBP plnt, nd crcss dt were collected following 24-h chill. Results nd Discussion Psture gin tended to increse with incresing grin level (Tle 1). Steers offered GS t.5% of ody weight gined more (P<.10) thn those offered no GS. Gins y steers offered GS t.25% of ody weight were intermedite etween the control nd GS t.5%. Efficiency of conversion of psture supplement incresed with level; conversion for steers offered GS t.25% of ody weight ws 6.2 l GS per pound of dditionl gin, wheres conversion for steers offered GS t.5% of ody weight ws 5.1 l GS per pound of dditionl gin. Furthermore, the dditionl GS etween tht offered t.25 nd.5% of ody weight ws converted t rte of 1 l. of gin for ech 4.4 l. of GS. Psture grin level did not ffect feedlot gin or dry mtter intke ut did ffect feed efficiency. Steers offered GS t.25% of ody weight hd the lowest (P<.10) feed conversion followed y those offered no GS. Steers offered GS t.5% of ody weight hd the highest (P<.10) feed conversion rtio. Steers offered oth mounts of GS during the psture phse hd higher ckft (P<.10) nd yield grdes (P<.05). Other crcss chrcteristics were not ffected y previous psture GS level. Therefore, supplementtion with ground grin sorghum, prticulrly t the level of.25% of ody weight, my hve positive effect on psture performnce without sustntilly ffecting feedlot performnce. 15

20 Tle 1. Effect of Grin Level during the Psture Phse on Grzing nd Susequent Feedlot Performnce y Steers Grzing A. coenophilum-infected Tll Fescue Pstures. Grin level, % of ody weight Item Control l Psture phse Initil wt Finl wt Psture gin Dily gin Grin consumption c Feedlot phse Initil wt Finl wt Gin Dily gin Dry mtter intke Feed efficiency 5.74 c Comined totl Totl gin Dily gin Concentrte intke Concentrte $/cwt gin ,,c Mens within row differ (P<.10). Tle 2. Effect of Grin Level During the Psture Phse on Susequent Crcss Chrcteristics y Steers Previously Grzing A. coenophilum-infected Tll Fescue Pstures. Grin level, % of ody weight Chrcteristic Control.25.5 Hot crcss wt. l Dressing % Rieye re, in Bckft, in USDA yield grde d 2.7 c 3.2 c 3.1 e USDA qulity grde , Mens within row differ (P<.10). c,d Mens within row differ (P<.05). e + - 9= Select ; 10 = Choice. 16

21 YIELD, QUALITY, AND ANIMAL PREFERENCE FOR SILAGES MADE FROM WHOLE-PLANT SOYBEANS 1 2 Kenneth P. Coffey, George V. Grnde, nd J.L. Moyer Summry Stfford (Group IV) nd By (Group V) soyens were hrvested t the R2, R4, nd R6 growth stges to determine the effects of vriety, growth stge, nd cteril inoculnt on yield, qulity, nd cceptility to ruminnts of silges mde from whole-plnt soyens. Silge dry mtter yields in 1988 nd 1989 from By soyens hrvested t the R2 nd R6 growth stges were greter (P<.10) thn those of the corresponding growth stges of Stfford soyens. Both vriety nd growth stge hd sustntil effects on silge qulity nd preference y sheep. Introduction Soyens hve een ensiled with different cerel grins to increse the protein content of the silge. In order to ensure uniform silge, soyens nd cerel grins must e plnted in some rrngement of lternte rows, which severely limits the flexiility of the cropping system. Another lterntive for improving the dietry protein content of cerel grin silges for cttle feed is to simply supplement the silge with protein. However, supplementl protein is generlly expensive. The ojectives of this experiment were to determine 1) if whole plnt soyens could e ensiled to produce n cceptle feedstuff for ruminnt livestock, 2) the optimum mturity group nd growth stge t which to hrvest soyens to produce the most cceptle silge, nd 3) if dding cteril inoculnt would ffect the qulity of silges mde from soyens hrvested t different growth stges nd mturity groups. Experimentl Procedure Soyen vrieties selected to represent Group IV (Stfford) nd V (By) mturity groups were plnted in 30-inch rows t rte of 139,000 seeds per cre in 1988 nd Whole plnts were hrvested with flil chopper t the R2 (full loom), R4 (empty pods 3/4 inches long t the 10th node), nd R6 (pods filled ut no lef senescence) growth stges nd pcked into 5-gllon plstic uckets lined with plstic trsh cn liners. Four replictes of ech mturity group - growth stge comintion were inoculted with lctocillus inoculnt prior to pcking into the uckets (I) nd four replictes were not treted with the inoculnt (NI). The silges were ensiled for minimum of 42 dys prior to opening. Silge cceptility nd preference y ruminnts ws determined in the following mnner. Three yerling wethers (1988) nd three ewe lms (1989) were housed in individul pens with wter nd minerl provided free-choice. The sheep were dpted to soyen silge y offering them By R4 silge for 10 dys. During the following 13-dy period, sheep were given choice of four different silges dily tht were selected from the 12 different soyen silge comintions (2 vrieties, 3 growth stges, nd 2 inoculnt tretments) nd corn silge. Which four of the 13 silges would e offered ny prticulr dy were determined y stipulting tht ech silge type must e offered long with ech other silge type one dy during the study. The 1Apprecition is expressed to Chr. Hnsen's Lortory, Inc., Milwukee, WI for providing silge inoculnt. 2 Former Crop Vriety Development Agronomist. 17

22 silges were fed t level such tht ny one of the four silges could comprise only 50% of the dily, estimted, dry mtter intke. Results nd Discussion The vriety y growth stge interction ws significnt (P<.05) for yield vriles in oth 1988 nd 1989 (Tle 1). In oth yers, fresh yield nd dry mtter yield per cre were greter (P<.05) from By soyens hrvested t the R2 nd R6 thn from Stfford soyens hrvested t those sme growth stges. Fresh nd dry mtter yields of R4 soyens were similr etween vrieties. Silge mde from Stfford soyens hd higher qulity thn tht mde from By soyens, ecuse crude protein ws higher nd lignin lower in 1988 nd crude protein ws higher nd fier nd lignin lower in Silge qulity generlly declined with plnt mturity, nd lctocillus inoculnt did not ffect silge qulity. Sheep preferred corn silge to the soyen silges in oth yers, s illustrted y their consumption of more thn 90% of the corn silge dry mtter offered. On the dys when corn silge ws offered, the sheep consumed pproximtely 50% of their totl dry mtter intke from the corn silge. Agin, 50% of the totl dry mtter intke of ny one silge ws estlished s mximum intke level to force consumption nd preference decisions on less desirle silges. Inocultion of silges did not lter sheep preference for the silges in either yer. In 1988, silge consumption s % of the dry mtter offered ws greter (P<.05) from Stfford R6 nd By R4 nd R6 silges thn the other silges. Sheep tended to consume lower proportion of By R2 nd Stfford R4 silge dry mtter. By nd Stfford R6 silge consumption comprised greter (P<.05) portion of the dily dry mtter intke thn consumption of the other silges. In 1989, sheep generlly consumed less (P<.05) of the R4 silges thn of the R2 nd R6 silges s percentge of offered dry mtter nd s percentge of totl diet dry mtter. In summry, whole plnt silges mde from soyens contined high levels of crude protein nd moderte levels of fier nd lignin, indicting tht they my e vile feed source for ruminnts. When presented with choice etween corn nd soyen silge, sheep chose corn silge. However, on dys when only soyen silge ws offered, the sheep consumed 3% of ody weight in dry mtter, indicting tht consumption would e cceptle. Tle 1. Effect of Vriety nd Growth Stge on Soyen Silge Dry Mtter nd Yield. By Stfford Item R2 R4 R6 R2 R4 R Ton/cre fresh % Dry Mtter Ton/cre dry mtter c d d c e c c d 1989 Ton/cre fresh % Dry Mtter Ton/cre dry mtter ,,c,d,e Mens within row differ (P<.05). d c e c c c d c e c 18

23 Tle 2. Effect of Soyen Vriety, Growth Stge, nd Bcteril Inoculnt on Silge Qulity of Whole-Plnt Soyens. Vriety Growth stge Inoculnt Item By Stf. R2 R4 R6 Yes No % Crude protein c NDF ADF Lignin Phosphorus Crude protein NDF ADF c Lignin c Phosphorus ,,c Mens within row nd min effect differ (P<.05). Tle 3. Animl Preference for Corn Silge nd Inoculted or Non-inoculted Soyen Silges Mde from Two Soyen Vrieties Hrvested t Three Growth Stges. By Stfford Yer Silge R2 R4 R6 R2 R4 R6 Dry mtter consumption s % of the silge dry mtter offered from ech silge Inoc d 44.4 cd cd 50.4 d No Inoc d 46.3 cd 56.4 c 66.9 cd 55.9 d Corn silge 99.6 Dry mtter consumption s % of totl dry mtter intke Inoc c 15.3 c c 15.8 c No Inoc c 13.5 c c 18.1 c Corn silge 51.9 Dry mtter consumption s % of the silge dry mtter offered from ech silge Inoc 58.2 de 35.9 c 58.2 c 60.2 de No Inoc 69.5 e 34.6 cd cde Corn silge 92.9 Dry mtter consumption s % of totl dry mtter intke Inoc cd 23.2 cd cd 23.1 d No Inoc 27.7 cd c 23.8 cd Corn silge 52.1,,c,d,e Mens within yer nd ctegory with unlike superscripts differ (P<.05). 19

24 GRAZING OF DIFERENT TYPES OF FESCUE PASTURE AND SUBSEQUENT FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 1 1 Roert O. Burton, Jr., Ptrick T. Berends, Kenneth P. Coffey, Lyle W. Loms, nd Joseph L. Moyer Summry Steers weighing pproximtely 500 l were grzed in 3-yer experiment on endophyte-infected Kentucky 31 fescue, endophyte-infected Kentucky 31 fescue interseeded with ldino clover, nd endophyte-free Missouri 96 fescue. The cttle were then finished in feedlot. Budgeting of returns ove vrile costs ws used to mesure the reltive profitility of the systems. Results indicte tht for the grzing phse, Missouri 96 ws most profitle in 2 out of 3 yers. But ecuse of plentiful rinfll in 1987, Kentucky 31 with ldino clover ws most profitle on the verge. The feedlot phse showed the importnce of compenstory gin for the cttle tht hd grzed the endophyte-infected fescue. For the feedlot phse, cttle tht hd grzed Kentucky 31 were most profitle on the verge nd for 2 out of 3 yers. For the overll progrm, including oth the grzing nd feedlot phse, Kentucky 31 with ldino clover ws most profitle in ll 3 yers. Introduction Lrge res of fescue psture in Southestern Knss re infected with n endophytic fungus tht cn cuse poor psture performnce. However, the possiility exists for compenstory gins in the feedlot. In 3-yer experiment t the Southest Brnch Experiment Sttion, three lterntive grzing systems were considered. These were endophyte-infected Kentucky 31 fescue, endophyte-infected Kentucky 31 fescue interseeded with ldino clover, nd endophyte-free Missouri 96 fescue. Steers grzing in these three systems were finished to evlute susequent feedlot performnce. The purpose of this study is to provide informtion out the reltive profitility of the lterntive grzing systems nd susequent feedlot performnce. Experimentl Procedure Income ove vrile costs ws used to mesure the profitility of the lterntive systems (Tles 1 nd 2). Thus, fixed cost for inputs such s lnd, uildings, mchinery, nd equipment were ssumed to e the sme for ll three systems. Budgets were prepred sed on recent or current prices nd on gronomic nd niml performnce dt for 1986, 1987, 1988 nd the 3-yer verge. For the endophyte-infected Kentucky 31 fescue, one set of udgets ws prepred with price discount for the cttle t the end of the grzing seson nd one set without price discount. The possiility exists tht cttle grzing on endophyte-infected fescue might ring price premium, ut this ws not 1Deprtment of Agriculturl Economics, KSU. 20

25 udgeted. Mjor differences etween the costs of the three systems re s follows. 1) Estlishment costs were included for Missouri 96. This is sed on the ssumption tht producer needs to decide whether to replce endophyte-infected fescue with endophyte-free fescue. 2) For the grzing of Kentucky 31 with ldino clover, the costs of interseeding clover every 2 yers were included. 3) Kentucky 31 with ldino clover ws ssumed to use smller mounts of nitrogen fertilizer. Results nd Discussion In the grzing phse of the study, Missouri 96 ws most profitle in 2 out of 3 yers (Tle 3). However, ecuse of plentiful rinfll in 1987, Kentucky 31 with Ldino clover ws most profitle on the verge. Endophyteinfected Kentucky 31 hd the lowest returns for ll 3 yers. This indictes tht producers who hve endophyte-infected fescue nd who do not retin ownership eyond the grzing phse should consider grzing lterntives. Results from the finishing phse indicte lrge impcts of compenstory gin. For 2 out of 3 yers nd on the verge, steers tht hd grzed the endophyte-infected fescue were most profitle in the feedlot phse. In 1988, steers tht hd grzed Kentucky 31 with ldino clover were most profitle. For the overll progrm, including oth the grzing nd the feedlot phse, steers tht hd grzed Kentucky 31 with ldino clover were most profitle in ll 3 yers. In the udgets, we ssumed tht cttle coming off the psture received the sme price per hundredweight for ll systems. However, in mny cses, cttle tht hve grzed endophyte-infected fescue might pper unhelthy nd receive price discount. Therefore, udget nlysis ws performed with the price of the cttle coming off endophyte-infected fescue reduced y $4.65 per hundredweight. As expected, discounting the price of steers tht hd grzed endophyte-infected fescue decresed returns in the grzing phse nd incresed returns in the finishing phse. 21

26 Tle 1. Per Acre Returns ove Vrile Costs for Steers Grzed on Endophyte-infected KY 31 Fescue, Endophyte-infected KY 31 Fescue plus Ldino Clover, nd Endophyte-free Missouri 96 Fescue. KY31 No Discount KY31/Ldino MO96 Item Unit Price Quntity Vlue Quntity Vlue Quntity Vlue Purchsed Stock Cwt Psture Mintennce Fll Nitrogen Ls Phosphorus Ls Potssium Ls Spring Nitrogen Ls Seed Ls Lor Hrs Mchinery Dol Estlishment Costs Dol Animl Costs Vitmins nd Minerls Ls Lor Hrs Medicl Expenses Hed Repirs Dol Utilities, Fuel, nd Oil Dol Miscellneous Dol. vries Interest on Cttle 1/2 Vrile Costs Dol. vries TOTAL VARIABLE COSTS Returns - Livestock Sold Cwt. vries RETURNS ABOVE VARIABLE COSTS Budgets re sed on the verge of three yers ( ) of gronomic nd niml performnce dt from the Southest Knss Brnch Experiment Sttion nd on recent or current prices. Prices for chemicls, feed, lor, nd cttle re from Tierney nd Mintert, Prices for Forwrd Plnning, KSU Frm Mngement Guide MF-525, revised August Costs for mchinery (fuel, lue, nd repirs) re sed on Fuller, Lzrs, nd Nordquist, Minnesot Frm Mchinery Economic Cost Estimtes For 1990, Minnesot Extension Service AG-FO-2308, revised Costs for medicl expenses, repirs (uilding nd equipment), nd utilities, fuel, nd oil re sed on Lngemeier nd Brny, Grzing Yerling Beef, KSU Frm Mngement Guide, MF-591, revised Octoer Miscellneous costs re 10% of vrile costs, less purchsed cttle nd interest. An interest rte of 12% ws used. Returns for livestock include deth loss djustment of 2%. Lor hour estimtes re sed on Lngemeier, Lor Stndrds for Forwrd Plnning, KSU Frm Mngement Guide MF-670, revised Septemer Mrketing costs re not included in the clcultion of returns. An opertor selling grzed cttle to feedlot my need to include mrketing costs. Estlishment costs of $ per cre minus $ worth of hy sold in the yer of estlishment were llocted to the nnul udget using the cpitliztion eqution nd n interest rte of 12%. Estlishment costs were sed on custom rtes for seed preprtion nd hrvesting. Rtes re from Knss Custom Rtes 1990, Knss Agriculturl Sttistics, Knss Bord of Agriculture, 1990.

27 Tle 2. Per Hed Returns for Steers, Finished in Feedlot in Southest Knss, fter Grzing Endophyte-infected Kentucky 31 Fescue, Endophyte-infected Kentucky 31 Fescue Interseeded with Ldino Clover, or Endophyte-free Missouri 96 Fescue. KY31 No Discount KY31/Ldino MO96 Item Unit Price Quntity Vlue Quntity Vlue Quntity Vlue Purchsed Stock Cwt. vries Corn Silge Ton Grin Sorghum Ton Protein Supplement with Vitmins nd Minerls Ton Lor Hrs Medicl Expenses Dol Utilities, Fuel, nd Oil Dol Repirs Dol Miscellneous Dol. vries Interest on Cttle nd 1/2 Vrile Costs Dol. vries TOTAL VARIABLE COSTS Returns Livestock Sold Cwt. vries RETURNS ABOVE VARIABLE COSTS TOTAL RETURNS ABOVE VARIABLE COSTS (Grzing + Feedlot) Budgets re sed on the verge of three yers ( ) of gronomic nd niml performnce dt from the Southest Knss Brnch Experiment Sttion nd on current prices, except the costs of protein supplement with vitmins nd minerls re the three-yer verge pid y the reserchers. Prices for lor, cttle, corn silge, nd grin sorghum re from Tierney nd Mintert, Prices for Forwrd Plnning, KSU Frm Mngement Guide MF-525, revised August Medicl expenses, repirs (includes uilding nd equipment), nd utilities, fuel, nd oil re sed on Lngemeier nd Brny, Finishing Beef, KSU Frm Mngement Guide MF-592, revised Octoer Miscellneous costs re 10% of vrile costs less purchsed cttle nd interest. An interest rte of 12% is used. The selling price for finished cttle includes price differentil for select nd choice crcss grdes nd 1% deth loss djustment. Lor hours estimtes re sed on Lngemeier, Lor Stndrds for Forwrd Plnning, KSU Frm Mngement Guide MF-670, revised Septemer Mrketing costs re not included in the clcultion of returns.

28 Tle 3. Summry of Returns ove Vrile Costs for Three Grzing Alterntives nd Susequent Feedlot Performnce. KY/31 Sitution Discount No Discount KY31/Ldino MO $/hed Grzing 1986 (127) (98) (40) (33) 1987 (50) (18) 115 (11) 1988 (38) (2) (3) 40 3 Yr. Ave. (75) (42) 21 (4) Finishing Yr. Ave Grzing + Finishing Yr. Ave The three grzing lterntives re endophyte-infected Kentucky 31 fescue, endophyte-infected Kentucky 31 fescue interseeded with Ldino clover, nd endophyte-free Missouri 96 fescue. Mrketing costs re not included in the clcultion of returns. An opertor selling grzed cttle to feedlot my need to include mrketing costs. Cttle tht hve grzed endophyte-infected fescue my pper unhelthy nd therefore, receive price discount. The $4.65 per hundredweight discount is the discount on stle cttle from Mintert, Brzle, Schroeder, nd Grunewld, Fctors Affecting Auction Prices of Feeder Cttle, Coopertive Extension Service C-697, Septemer

29 ALFALFA VARIETY PERFORMANCE IN SOUTHEASTERN KANSAS Joseph L. Moyer Summry Alflf yields for 1990 reflect only three cuttings ecuse of stnd depletion. Yield of the cultivr 'Arrow' ws highest in 1990, nd it lso hd one of the est remining stnds. 'WL-320', 'Endure', nd 636 were lso in the high-yielding group. In 5-yer verge production, 630, WL-320, KS196, 'Endure', nd 'Southern Specil' were significntly greter thn the four lowest-yielding cultivrs. Introduction The importnce of lflf s feed crop nd/or csh crop hs incresed in recent yers. The worth of prticulr vriety is determined y mny fctors, including its pest resistnce, dptility, longevity under specific conditions, nd productivity. The fifth growing seson of this test ws the lst for yield determintion. Experimentl Procedure The 15-line test ws seeded (12 l/cre) in April, 1986 t the Mound Vlley Unit. Plots were fertilized with l/cre of N-P2 O-K 5 2O on 22 Mrch, Three hrvests were otined in 1990, nd stnds were visully estimted. Results nd Discussion Forge yields for ech of the three cuttings nd totl 1990 production re shown in Tle 1. Yields declined in 1990, prtly ecuse the wet My conditions (175% of verge) resulted in stnd depletion. Three of the four highest-yielding cultivrs lso rnked mong the top four in stnd rtings, wheres the seven lowest-yielding cultivrs lso hd the poorest stnds (Tle 1). The four highest-yielding cultivrs produced significntly more forge thn five low-yielding cultivrs in The first group consisted of Arrow, WL-320, Endure, nd 636, wheres the ltter included 'Riley', 655, 'Cimrron', K82-21, nd 'Knz'. Arrow produced the highest yields of the test in oth cuts 1 nd 2; Endure nd 630 hd high yields in cut 1, wheres 636 md WL-320 hd highest yields in cut 2. Averge 5-yer forge production (Tle 2) of the top-yielding cultivr, 630, ws significntly greter thn production of six other cultivrs. Three high-yielding cultivrs produced more forge thn the four tht yielded lest. WL-320 hs performed well except in 1988; 'Endure' ws generlly consistent performer, long with KS196; K82-21 nd 655 yielded dequtely in the first 2 yers of the test, ut fell ehind other cultivrs therefter. 25

30 Tle Forge Yields nd Stnd Rtings of the 1986 Alflf Vriety Test, Mound Vlley Unit, SEK Sttion. Forge Yield Stnd Hrvest Dtes Rtings, Source Vriety 5/2 6/22 7/26 Totl 6/ % moisture % - 1 USDA-KSU KS196 EXP cde cd 35cde Wtermn-Loomis WL c PAG Seeds Endure cd cde Grst Grst cde c 40cd Wtermn-Loomis South. Spec cdef cde 28de Crgill EXP c c 40cd USDA-KSU Riley g e 15e Agripro Arrow Agripro Drt c 58 Asgrow/O's Gold Egle defg cde 32cde Gret Plins Res. Cimrron efg de 20de USDA-KSU K82-21 EXP defg de 28de Grst fg e 20de USDA-KSU Knz efg cde 30de Averge LSD(.05) NS Mens within column followed y the sme letter do not differ (P=.05) ccording to Duncn's test. 26

31 Tle 2. 5-Yer Averge Forge Yields of Alflf Vrieties, Mound Vlley Unit, SEK Sttion. Yer 5-Yr. Source Vriety Avg % moisture Grst c 7.88c c 6.48 Wtermn-Loomis WL c cd USDA-KSU KS196 EXP c cd 8.33c 3.18cd 6.33 PAG Seeds Endure c 8.39c Wtermn-Loomis South Spec c 7.99c 8.37c 3.06cde 6.24 Grst c 7.88c 7.78cd Agripro Arrow 3.58c 7.74c c Crgill EXP c 7.83c 7.69cd 8.38c 3.39c 6.17c Agripro Drt 3.72c 7.65c 7.92cd c 6.17c Gret Plins Res Cimrron 3.90c 7.58c 7.79cd 8.04cd 2.75de 6.01cd Asgrow/O's Gold Egle 3.76c 7.67c 7.58cd 8.18c 3.06cde 6.05cd Grst c 7.73cd 7.35e 2.60e 5.82d USDA-KSU Knz 3.54c 7.40c 7.72cd 7.79cde 2.97cde 5.88cd USDA-KSU K82-21 EXP c 7.22d 7.42e 2.85de 5.84d USDA-KSU Riley 3.72c 7.70c 7.29cd 7.53de 2.59e 5.77d Averge LSD(.05) Mens within column followed y the sme letter do not differ (P=.05) ccording to Duncn's test.

32 LESPEDEZA INTERSEEDING, LIME APPLICATION, AND P-K FERTILIZER ON NATIVE GRASS MEADOW Joseph L. Moyer Summry Forge production in ws incresed n verge of 8% y fertiliztion with in 1980, ut not y lime. The low mount of lespedez produced in seeded plots of either cultivr did not ffect forge yield or qulity in ny of the 3 yers, even with lime nd fertiliztion. Introduction Hy production from ntive medow hs een incresed y smll mounts of nitrogen (N). However, returns from fertiliztion do not lwys cover the cost, nd fertiliztion cn encourge undesirle species. Becuse ntive hy is usully low in nutrients such s protein nd minerls, legumes in the stnd could dd N for grss growth nd improve overll forge qulity. This study ws estlished to determine whether lime nd/or P-K fertiliztion would promote legume estlishment, production, nd ntive forge yield nd qulity. Experimentl Procedure Lime ws pplied to designted plots on 19 Mrch, 1980 t 2400 l ECC/cre. Fertilizer sufficient to provide 40 l/cre ech of P2 O 5 nd K2O ws pplied in April, Legumes were rodcst-seeded in 1981, ut dry spring wether prevented stnd estlishment. In 1987, 1988, nd 1989, the plot re ws urned on 9, 7, nd 13 April, respectively. Seeding ws performed with no-till plot seeder using rte of 20 l/cre on 21 April in 1987 nd 1989 nd on 20 April in Common Koren lespedez seed ws otined loclly, nd Ark S-100 (since relesed s 'Mrion') seed ws otined from Dr. 2 Beuselinck t the University of Missouri. In 1987 nd 1989, one m ws clipped from the center of ech plot for determintion of otnicl composition nd dry mtter production (1987 only). In 1988 nd 1989, flil mower ws used to hrvest 3'x 20' strip from ech plot. Susmples were collected ech yer for moisture nd crude protein determintions. Smpling dtes were 13 July, 29 June, nd 28 June in 1987, 1988, nd 1989, respectively. Results nd Discussion Fertiliztion with P nd K in 1980 incresed yield of ntive grss forge in ech of the 3 yers nd the 3-yer verge (Tle 1). Liming hd no effect on forge yield nor did interseeding common Koren or Mrion lespedez. The percentge of lespedez in 1987 nd 1989 forge ws incresed y the seeding tretment eqully in oth cultivrs, ut never mounted to more thn 4.3% (124-1 l DM cre ). Other fors (weeds) ccounted for more thn twice the dry mtter of lespedez in the forge in The low mount of lespedez produced during the 3 yers ws not 28

33 sufficient to ffect forge qulity, s indicted y forge crude protein (Tle 1). Becuse no direct or cumultive effects of lespedez interseeding were mesured, there ws no pprecile mount of fixed N residul in the soil. Thus, neither lespedez improved ntive medow forge production, even with the ddition of lime nd/or P-K fertilizer. Tle 1. Three-yer Averge Forge Yield (12% Moisture) nd Crude Protein Content from Ntive Medow with or without P-K Fertiliztion, s Affected y Lime nd Lespedez Interseeding. Crude Tretment Yield Protein tons/a - % - Legume Interseeding None Koren Mrion LSD(0.05) NS NS Lime None # E.C.C LSD(0.05) NS NS Fertilizer None LSD(O.05) 0.09 NS 29

34 FORAGE YIELDS OF TALL FESCUE VARIETIES IN SOUTHEASTERN KANSAS Joseph L. Moyer Summry In the fourth hrvest yer of the test, 'Phyter' nd 'Mo-96' yielded more first-cut forge thn 'Triumph', 'Cjun', nd 'Stef'. For the yer, Phyter produced more forge thn Stef nd Triumph under hy mngement. Under 7- clip system, however, Triumph produced more thn Stef nd Phyter. Over the 4 yers of the test, Phyter nd 'Festorin' yielded more thn Stef nd 'Johnstone'. Introduction Tll fescue is the most widely grown forge grss in southestern Knss. New nd old cultivrs were compred for gronomic dpttion nd forge qulity, ecuse effects of vriety chosen for new seeding will e pprent for s long s the stnd exists. Experimentl Procedure Plots were seeded on 4 Septemer, 1986 t 20 l/cre t the Mound Vlley Unit, ostensily with seed free of Acremonium coenophilum endophyte. Plots were 30 x 7.5 ft ech, in four rndomized complete locks. Appliction of l/cre of N-P2 O-K 5 2O ws mde on 22 Mrch, 1990, followed y fertiliztion with 60 N on 7 Septemer, Plots 15'x 3' were cut on 29 My nd 19 Novemer, A susmple from ech plot ws collected for moisture, fier, crude protein, nd in vitro digestiility determintions. A 10'x 7.5' suplot of ech plot ws mesured with disk meter for yield estimtion efore those hrvests, plus n dditionl five clippings. Results nd Discussion 'Forger', 'Fwn', Triumph, nd 'Mozrk' heded significntly erlier thn six other cultivrs in 1990 (Tle 1). Stef, Mo-96, nd Johnstone heded significntly lter thn eight other cultivrs. Wet April wether delyed the first forge hrvest in Phyter nd Mo-96 yielded significntly more thn Stef, nd Phyter lso outyielded Triumph (Tle 1). Dry summer nd erly fll conditions did not enle second cutting until Novemer, nd it verged two-thirds of the yield of cut 1. In the second cutting, Mozrk, Festorin, nd eight other cultivrs yielded significntly more thn Stef. For the yer, Phyter produced more thn Stef. Three-yer verge production ws significntly higher from Phyter thn from Stef, Johnstone, nd Triumph. Intensive clipping ltered the reltive productivity of the cultivrs. Triumph nd nine other cultivrs produced more under intensive clipping thn Stef, nd Triumph lso out-produced Phyter (Tle 1). 30

35 Forge qulity prmeters re listed in Tle 2. Crude protein content in the first cutting did not differ significntly mong cultivrs, ut rnged from 9.9 for Fwn to 11.7% for Stef. Fll (second-cut) forge ws significntly higher in Stef nd Mo-96 thn in Cjun, nd Stef ws lso higher in protein thn Fwn. Fier contents (ADF nd NDF) in cut 1 were lowest in Cjun nd highest in Ky-31 nd Kenhy (Tle 2). Phyter ws lso lower in fier contents thn Ky- 31. ADF contents of Triumph, Fwn, nd Forger were lower thn those of Ky-31 nd Kenhy. Digestiilities (IVDMD) of oth cuttings re shown in Tle 2. In cut 1, digestility of Stef nd Johnstone were higher thn those of Forger, Mrtin, nd Ky-31. Also, Phyter ws higher thn Forger nd Mrtin. In cut 2 forge, Johnstone ws more digestile thn Mozrk. 31

36 Tle 1. Heding Dte nd Forge Yield moisture) of Tll Fescue Vrieties for 1990, Mound Vlley Unit, Southest Knss Brnch Experiment Sttion. Forge Yield Vriety Heding Cut 1 Cut 2 3-Yer 1 Dte (5/29) (11/19) Totl 2 Clip Averge tons/cre Kenhy 121.0cde c c c Mo c c Forger 116.2h 4.15c c c Cjun 118.0fgh 3.93c c c Phyter 119.5defg c 7.30 Mrtin 118.2efgh 4.12c c 4.32c 7.01 Festorin 120.0def 4.24c c Triumph 116.8gh 3.68c c c Fwn 116.8gh 4.06c c c Ky cd 4.38c c c Johnstone 123.0c 4.21c c cd Mozrk 117.0gh 4.37c c Stef c c 3.39c 5.83d Averge LSD(.05) Julin dy when heds first ppered. (Dy 120=30 April). 2 Sum of disk meter yield estimtes tken prior to ech of seven clippings. 3 Mens within column followed y the sme letter re not significntly (P#.05) different, ccording to Duncn's test.

37 33

38 WINTER ANNUAL LEGUMES AND GRASSES FOR GROUND COVER AND FORAGE IN SOUTHEASTERN KANSAS 1 Jmes H. Long nd Joseph L. Moyer Summry Six legumes plnted for use s winter nnuls nd two winter grss crops were compred for their performnce s cover crops nd for forge production in the fll of 1989 nd the erly spring of 1990 t the Mound Vlley field. Lte fll smpling indicted tht severl legumes gve 90+ % ground cover y Novemer. Winter survivl plyed key role in oth ground cover nd forge production of the legumes in the following spring; field pes nd crimson clover hving less forge nd percent ground cover thn when smpled efore the winter. Of the legumes, hiry vetch produced the gretest forge y the first week of My nd ws the only legume to provide consistent erly spring growth. Introduction The use of crops, especilly legumes, for ground cover nd for their nitrogen contriution hs een revived during the lst 5 yers. Although they re used similrly to the old "cover crops" nd "green mnures" of the erly 20th century their use hs tken on new mening with government progrms nd environmentl concerns. The ojective of this study ws to compre selected ville legumes for their potentil use s winter/spring cover crops, forge, nd green mnure in Southestern Knss. Experimentl Procedure Six legumes, including hiry vetch, lck medic, crimson clover, winter pes, sweet clover ( iennil), nd rrowlef clover, nd two smll grins, winter whet nd rye, were plnted on August 27, 1989 t Mound Vlley. Plots were smpled on Novemer 22, 1989; Mrch 27, 1990; April 8, 1990; April 24, 1990; nd My 8, 1990 for forge production, plnt height, nd plnt cnopy density. Grvimetric soil moisture mesurements from 0-6 inches were collected t the April nd My smple dtes while percent ground cover mesurements were collected on Novemer 22, 1989 nd My 8, 1990 smplings. Winter survivl ws recorded t the Mrch 27, 1990 smpling. 1 Deprtment of Agronomy, KSU. 34

39 Results nd Discussion The whet nd rye gve dequte ground cover nd erly spring growth for use s cover crops (Tle 1). Both crops were killed with postemerge hericide on April 4, 1990 ecuse they were in the 'oot' stge nd hd reched the mximum growth llowle for cover crop. The only legume to give dequte erly growth ws hiry vetch, nd it ws somewht slower thn the smll grins (Tle 1). The winter pes nd crimson clover suffered winter dmge fter good fll growth which ffected their erly spring growth (Tle 1). The other legumes grew very slowly during the spring nd showed significnt growth y the April 24 nd My 8, 1990 smplings. This lte growth pttern my mke such species uncceptle s cover crops in Southest Knss. Tle 1. Growth nd selected ground cover chrcteristics of winter nnul legumes nd grsses. Crop Winter Ground Height Dry Cnopy Soil Survivl Cover Mtter Density Moisture -percent- -percent- --in-- -l/- -l//in- -percent Novemer 22, Winter pes Sweet clover Hiry vetch Blck medic Crimson clover Arrowlef clover Winter whet Rye L.S.D.(0.05) Mrch 27, Winter pes Sweet clover Hiry vetch Blck Medic Crimson clover Arrowlef clover Winter whet Rye L.S.D. (0.05)

40 Tle 1 Continued. Crop Winter Ground Height Dry Cnopy Soil Survivl Cover Mtter Density Moisture -percent- -percent- --in-- -l/- -l//in--percent April 8, Winter pes Sweet clover Hiry vetch Blck Medic Crimson clover Arrowlef clover Winter whet c Rye d L.S.D. (0.05) NS April 24, Winter pes Sweet clover Hiry vetch Blck medic Crimson clover Arrowlef clover Winter Whet Rye L.S.D. (0.05) NS My 8, Winter pes Sweet clover Hiry vetch Blck medic Crimson clover Arrowlef clover Winter whet Rye L.S.D. (0.05) NS Soil moistures tken during the April nd My smplings. Cover redings tken in Novemer, 1989 nd My, 1990 only. c Whet killed April 4, 1990 nd no further redings tken. d Rye killed April 4, 1990 nd only soil moisture tken in April nd My. 36

41 EFFECT OF FLUID FERTILIZER PLACEMENT AND TIMING ON TALL FESCUE AND BROMEGRASS YIELD Dniel W. Sweeney nd Joseph L. Moyer Summry Split fll-spring pplictions of N tended to result in higher tll fescue nd smooth romegrss yields thn one N ppliction in the fll. Knifing resulted in higher fescue yield thn rodcst pplictions; however, plcement method hd no effect on romegrss yields. Introduction Severl million cres of seeded cool-seson grsses exist in estern Knss, mostly tll fescue nd smooth romegrss pstures. Much of the cool-seson grss in southestern Knss hs een in long-term production nd continully fertilized y top-dressing. This study ws initited in 1986 to determine how yield of tll fescue nd smooth romegrss is ffected y 1) timing of N ppliction; 2) method of fluid N ppliction s either rodcst, drile, or knife t 4"; nd 3) N rtes of 75 nd 150 l/. Experimentl Procedure Nitrogen fertiliztion timing schemes were 1) 100% of the N pplied in the fll, 2) 100% of the N pplied in the spring, or split N pplictions consisting of 3) 67% of the N in fll nd 33% of the N in spring nd 4) 33% of the N in fll nd 67% of the N in spring. Trget ppliction dtes were lte Oct. or erly Nov. for the fll UAN (ure-mmonium nitrte solution - 28% N) fertiliztion, nd spring N pplictions were mde in mid-mrch. Drile nd knife spcings were 15 inches. Uniform rodcst pplictions of 39 l P O/ 2 5 nd 77 l K O/ were mde ech fll immeditely preceding N ppliction. A 3 2 ft x 20 ft re ws hrvested in mid-my. Results nd Discussion Tll fescue nd romegrss yields were ffected y timing of N ppliction in 1990 (Tle 1). The highest romegrss yield ws otined with two-thirds of the N pplied in the fll nd one-third in the spring, nd lowest yield resulted when ll N ws pplied in the fll, lthough differences were less thn 0.5 ton/. For fescue, oth split N pplictions resulted in n verge yield of 2.00 ton/, ut fescue yield ws pproximtely 18% less with single fll or spring pplictions. Knife N pplictions resulted in 1more thn 20% increse in fescue yield compred to rodcst or drile. Plcement did not significntly ffect romegrss yields in Incresing the N rte from 75 to 150 l/ incresed fescue nd romegrss yields y pproximtely 44%. However, yield ws incresed y more thn 1 ton/, compred to the check, when 75 l N/ ws pplied. 37

42 Tle 1. Effect of Fluid N Rte nd Plcement nd Time of Appliction on Tll Fescue nd Smooth Bromegrss Yields in % moisture Tretment Fescue Bromegrss ton/ Timing 100% of N in fll % of N in fll - 33% of N in spring % of N in fll - 67% of N in spring % of N in spring Method LSD (0.05) Brodcst Drile Knife LSD (0.05) 0.15 NS N Rte (l/) LSD (0.05) Interction(s) NS NS 1 Check Not included in the 4x3x2 fctoril nlyses. 38

43 EFFECTS OF P AND K RATES AND FLUID FERTILIZER APPLICATION METHOD ON DRYLAND ALFALFA YIELD 1 Dniel W. Sweeney, Joseph L. Moyer, nd John L. Hvlin 2 Summry Totl lflf yield ws incresed y fluid P dditions up to 120 l PO/; 2 5 however, the mjor response ppered to e due to the first 40 l of PO/. 2 5 First-cutting lflf yield ws incresed y 80 l K2O/, ut no further increse occurred with higher K rte. Fluid fertilizer plcement did not ffect lflf yield in Introduction Alflf production in Knss totls pproximtely 1 million cres. Efficient fertilizer use cn result in lrge economic returns for lflf producers. Limited work hs een done in Knss concerning fertilizer options for lflf. Therefore, study ws initited to determine how lflf yields re ffected y P nd K rtes nd method of fluid fertilizer ppliction. Experimentl Procedure An on-sttion site ws plnted in fll Bckground soil P nd K levels in the surfce 6" were 11 nd 120 l/, respectively. The tretments were rndomized in complete lock with four replictions. Two seprte nlyses (experiments) were mde. The first nlysis compred liquid fertilizer P rtes of 0, 40, 80, nd 120 l P O/ nd K rtes of 0, 80, nd l K O/ when drile pplied. The second nlysis compred rodcst, 2 drile, nd knife (4-inch depth) ppliction methods t P rtes of 40 nd 80 l P O/ nd K rtes of 0 nd 80 l K O/. Fertilizer pplictions were mde preplnt in fll Fertilizer solutions were lso pplied in fll 1988 nd Cuttings were tken from 3 x 20' re of ech plot. Experiment 1 Results nd Discussion At the first cutting in 1990, significnt yield increses were otined with P nd K rtes up to 120 l P2 O/ 5 nd 80 l K2O/ (Tle 1). First cutting yields incresed pproximtely 60% with 120 l P2 O/ 5 s compred to no-p tretments. Second nd third cutting yields were smll, prtly ecuse of pprent stnd reductions cused y wet spring wether, nd thus, P dditions hd miniml effect. Phosphorus dditions incresed totl yield y 0.50 to 0.81 ton/ ove the check. The ddition of 80 l K2O/ resulted in 1 Reserch ws prtilly supported y grnt funding from the Fluid Fertilizer Foundtion. 2 Deprtment of Agronomy, KSU. 39

44 significnt increses in yield for only the first cutting nd the totl; however, further increse to 160 l K2O/ did not result in dditionl increses in yield. Experiment 2 Yield of individul cuttings nd totl yield were not significntly ffected y fluid fertilizer plcement in 1990 (dt not shown). One interction of method with K pplictions for the second cutting suggested tht knifing of K my result in higher yield response thn rodcsting or driling K fertilizer (dt not shown). Tle 1. Alflf Yield in 1990 s Affected y P nd K Rtes of Drile Applied Fluid Fertilizer. Moisture Cutting Tretment Totl ton/ PO (l/) KO (l/) 2 LSD (0.05) 0.14 NS 0.15 NS LSD (0.05) 0.12 NS NS NS 0.26 Interction NS NS NS NS NS 40

45 EFFECTS OF SULFUR RATE, METHOD, AND SOURCE ON TALL FESCUE 1 Dniel W. Sweeney nd Joseph L. Moyer Summry Although differences were smll, yield ws incresed y mmonium thiosulfte fertiliztion s compred to mmonium sulfte, ut ws decresed when the S fertiliztion rte ws incresed from 15 to 30 l/. Yield ws incresed y more thn 30% t oth sites y knife fertilizer pplictions s compred to rodcst. Introduction Becuse sulfur is necessry element for oth plnts nd nimls, sulfur fertiliztion not only my enefit forge growth ut my improve niml performnce. Tll fescue is one of the mjor forges in southestern Knss, s well s in other prts of the country. Thus, this reserch ws initited to evlute the effect of fluid S rte, method of ppliction, nd source on yield nd qulity of tll fescue. Experimentl Procedure Site 1 ws estlished in spring 1988 t n off-sttion loction (Terry Green frm), nd Site 2 ws estlished in spring 1989 t second off-sttion loction (Cllnder frm). Fctors included no S check compred with 15 nd 30 l S/ s mmonium sulfte (AS) nd mmonium thiosulfte (ATS) s fluid sources. Methods of ppliction were rodcst, drile, nd knife. Spcing for drile nd knife pplictions ws 15 inches. Nitrogen ws lnced to 150 l N/ with UAN. Uniform rodcst pplictions of 77 l P O/ nd 84 l 2 5 KO/ were mde to ll plots in ech yer. In mid-my, finl forge 2 production ws hrvested ner full loom t oth sites. Results nd Discussion At oth sites in 1990, ATS resulted in pproximtely 10% higher spring fescue forge yield thn otined with AS (Tle 1). However, yield ws reduced 0.3 to 0.5 ton/ y incresing the S ppliction rte from 15 to 30 l S/. At oth sites, yield ws ffected y fertilizer plcement in the order: knife > drile > rodcst. Yield ws ffected y n S source y S rte interction t oth sites (dt not shown), ecuse of shrper reduction in yield t 30 l S/ with AS thn with ATS. At Site 2, dditionl interctions suggested tht plcement my e importnt in the response of tll fescue to S source nd rte (dt not shown). Yield response of tll fescue ws lower to AS thn to ATS when rodcst nd driled, ut oth S sources resulted in similr yield when knifed. At 15 l S/, yield ws higher with knifing nd drile pplictions thn with rodcsting. However, the pprent decrese in yield t 30 l S/ resulted in smller yield differences with plcement. 1 Reserch ws prtilly supported y grnt funding from the Fluid Fertilizer Foundtion; Kerley Ag, Inc.; The Sulphur Institute; nd Allied- Signl, Inc. 41

46 In ddition to yield dt shown in Tle 1, severl mesures of qulity were mde in Severl prmeters such s N nd S content, N:S rtios, nd in vitro dry mtter digestiilities were found to e ffected y S source, rte, nd plcement (dt not shown). Tle 1. Effect of S Source, S Rte, nd Method of Appliction on Spring Tll Fescue Yield t Two Sites in Yield Tretment Mens Site 1 Site ton/ ---- S Source (S) AS ATS LSD (0.05) S Rte (R) l/ LSD (0.05) Method (M) Brodcst Drile Knife LSD (0.05) Interction(s): SxR SxR SxM RxM 42

47 TILLAGE AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION EFFECTS ON YIELDS IN A GRAIN SORGHUM - SOYBEAN ROTATION Dniel W. Sweeney Summry In 1990, the eighth cropping yer of grin sorghum-soyen rottion, tillge systems or residul N fertiliztion did not ffect soyen yields. Introduction Mny kinds of rottionl systems re employed in southestern Knss. This experiment ws designed to determine the effect of selected tillge nd nitrogen fertiliztion options on the yields of grin sorghum nd soyens in rottion. Experimentl Procedure A split-plot design with four replictions ws initited in 1983, with tillge systems s whole plots nd N tretments s suplots. The three tillge systems were conventionl, reduced, nd no tillge. The conventionl system consisted of chiseling, discing, nd field cultivtion. The reducedtillge system consisted of discing nd field cultivtion. Glyphoste ws pplied ech yer t 1.5 qt/ to the no-till res. The four nitrogen tretments for the 1983, 1985, 1987, nd 1989 grin sorghum were ) no N check, ) nhydrous mmoni knifed to depth of 6 inches, c) rodcst ure-mmonium nitrte (UAN - 28% N) solution, nd d) rodcst solid ure. N rtes were 125 l/. Hrvests were collected from ech suplot for oth grin sorghum (odd yers) nd soyen (even yers) crops, even though N fertiliztion ws pplied only to grin sorghum. Results nd Discussion No significnt differences relted to tillge or residul N fertiliztion were found for soyen yield in 1990 (dt not shown). The test verge yield ws 11.3 u/. 43

48 EFFECT OF PREVIOUS RESIDUE MANAGEMENT AND N RATE ON YIELDS IN A CONTINUOUS SMALL GRAIN - DOUBLECROP SOYBEAN ROTATION Dniel W. Sweeney Summry In generl, doulecrop soyen yields were low from 1983 to 1990, with no well-defined trend in response to whet strw residue mngement. However, whet (or ot) yields often were lower where the previous doulecrop soyens were plnted no-till s compred to urn nd disc or discing only. Incresed N rtes for whet hd miniml effect on whet or soyen yields. Introduction Doulecropping of soyens fter whet or other smll grins, such s ots, is prcticed y mny producers in southestern Knss. Severl options exist for deling with strw residue from the previous smll grin crop. The method of mnging the residue my ffect not only the doulecrop soyens ut lso the following smll grin crop. Whet (or ot) residue tht is not removed y urning or is not incorported efore plnting soyens my result in immoiliztion of N pplied for the following smll grin crop (usully whet). Therefore, n dditionl ojective of this study ws to oserve whether n increse in N rte, especilly where doulecrop soyens were grown with no-tillge, could increse smll grin yields. Experimentl Procedure Three whet residue mngement systems for doulecrop soyens with three replictions were estlished in spring 1983: no-tillge, disc only, nd urn then disc. After the 1983 soyen hrvest, the entire re ws disced, field cultivted, nd plnted to whet. Before field cultivtion, ws rodcst in ll res. In spring, ure ws rodcst s topdressing to ll plots, so tht the totl N rte ws 83 l N/. Whet yield ws determined in res where the three residue mngement systems hd een imposed previously. In spring 1985, residue mngement plots were split, nd two topdress N rtes were pplied for whet. These two rtes were dded to give totl yerly N pplictions of 83 nd 129 l N/. These residue mngement nd totl N rte tretments were continued through 1990, except in 1986 nd 1987, when ots were plnted in the spring ecuse of wet conditions in the fll. Results nd Discussion In generl, yields of doulecrop soyens were low during the 8 yers of this study (Tle 1), rrely exceeding 15 u/. The disc only tretment tended to give higher yields in yers where residue mngement resulted in significnt differences. No tillge tended to result in lower or no yields, prtly ecuse of weed pressure. In 1987 nd 1989, the residul N tht ws pplied to the previous whet crop resulted in higher soyen yield in the urn then disc tretment nd in the disc only tretment. However, yield ws 44

49 not incresed y residul N in the no-tillge plots (interction dt not shown). In generl, the previous residue mngement used for doulecrop soyens ffected the susequent whet or ot crops (Tle 2). Smll grin yields were up to 20 u/ less where soyens were doulecropped no-till in the previous yer. Often, yield differences were smll etween the urn then disc tretment nd the disc only tretment. Averged cross residue mngement systems, incresing the N rte resulted in n increse in smll grin yield only in However, ot yields in 1987 were ffected y n interction etween residue mngement system nd N rte. Incresing N rte lowered ot yields in res where doulecrop soyens hd een plnted no-till, wheres incresing N rte incresed ot yields where the residue mngement hd een either urn then disc or disc only. Tle 1. Soyen Yield s Influenced y Smll Grin Residue Mngement nd Residul N Appliction Rtes. Soyen Yield Tretment Mens u/ Smll grin residue mgmt. Burn then disc Disc only No-tillge LSD 0.05 NS - 2 NS N Rte (l/) LSD NS NS 1 NS 2 NS Interction - - NS NS * NS ** NS 45

50 Tle 2. Whet Yield in 1984, 1985, 1988, 1989, nd 1990 nd Ot Yield in 1986 nd 1987 s Influenced y Previous Smll Grin Residue Mngement nd N Appliction Rtes. Smll Grin Yield Tretment Mens u/ Previous residue mgmt. Burn, then disc Disc only No-tillge LSD NS 5 NS 6 N Rte (l/) LSD NS NS NS 5 NS 3 Interction - NS NS * NS NS NS 46

51 EFFECT OF TIMING OF LIMITED IRRIGATION ON SOYBEANS PLANTED AT TWO DATES Dniel W. Sweeney nd George V. Grnde 1 Summry In 1987 nd 1989, yield ppered to e incresed with limited irrigtion for lte June-plnted soyens, ut not for erly June plntings. In 1988 nd 1990, verge soyen yield ws incresed y 15 to 60% y the ddition of limited irrigtion. Introduction Irrigtion of soyens is not extensive in southestern Knss. This is due prtly to the lck of lrge irrigtion sources. Limited irrigtion, supplied y the sustntil numer of ponds in the re, could e used to help increse soyen yields. The ojectives of this experiment were to determine the optimum reproductive growth stge for irrigtion with limited wter supply nd to determine if plnting dte ffects soyen responses to irrigtion. Experimentl Procedure An experiment ws estlished in 1987 to determine the effect of irrigtion schemes on yield of three soyen cultivrs plnted t two dtes. The four schemes were no-irrigtion check, 1" pplied t the R1-R2 growth stge (first to full loom), 1" pplied t the R4 growth stge (pod 0.75" long t one of four uppermost nodes), nd 1" pplied t R6 growth stge (full-sized green ens t one of the four uppermost nodes). The two plnting dtes were erly nd lte June. The three soyen cultivrs were Crwford, Dougls, nd Sprks. All cultivrs were seeded t pproximtely 146,000 seed/. All res were fertilized with 112 l/ of prior to plnting. Results nd Discussion In 1987, soyen yield ws not significntly ffected y irrigtion scheme, plnting dte, or cultivr selection (Tle 1) nd verged 38.7 u/. An interction (p<0.10) etween irrigtion scheme nd plnting dte in 1987 suggested tht yields of the three cultivrs plnted t the erly dte were not ffected y irrigtion. However, when the three cultivrs were plnted in lte June, they ppered to respond to the irrigtion systems. Yields were incresed y 3 to 6 u/ when the soyens received 1" of irrigtion t the R1-R2 nd R6 reproductive growth stges, s compred to either no irrigtion or irrigtion t the R4 stge (dt not shown). Even though rinfll occurred spordiclly in 1987, the yields suggested tht moisture stress periods were miniml. In contrst, yields were lower in 1988 nd were likely influenced y dry conditions. Thus, soyen yields were 2.5 to 4.1 u/ higher with 1 Former Crop Vriety Development Agronomist. 47

52 irrigtion thn without in In 1989, n interction similr to tht in 1987 etween irrigtion scheme nd plnting dte ws oserved. Yield tended to e unffected y irrigtion t the erly plnting dte; however, yields from the lte plnting dte were incresed y pproximtely 7 to 11 u/ (dt not shown). In 1990, moisture stress reduced yields; however, irrigtion t the R6 growth stge incresed yields y more thn 6 u/. Four-yer verge yields suggested tht 1" of irrigtion t the R6 growth stge results in pproximtely 4.5 u/ higher soyen yield thn no supplementl irrigtion. An interction etween plnting dte nd cultivr in 1987 (Tle 1) showed tht Sprks ws little ffected y plnting dte, wheres oth Crwford nd Dougls yielded pproximtely 2 to 3 u/ less when plnted in lte June rther thn in erly June. In 1988, the plnting dte y cultivr interction ws due to the lrger reduction in yield for Dougls thn for the other two cultivrs plnted t the lter dte nd to erly June plnting of Sprks soyens resulting in higher yield thn lte plnting of Crwford nd Dougls cultivrs. In 1989, the interction ws due to lower yields t the erly dte for Sprks thn for Crwford or Dougls, wheres ll cultivrs yielded pproximtely the sme when plnted t the lter dte. In 1989, the differences etween plnting dtes were not significnt, lthough Sprks tended to yield pproximtely 5 u/ less thn Crwford nd Dougls. In 1990, t the erly dte, Sprks yielded 3-5 u/ more thn Crwford or Dougls, wheres t the lter dte, Dougls yielded 3-4 u/ less thn Crwford or Sprks. 48

53 Tle 1. Effect of Timing of Limited Irrigtion on Yield of Soyen Plnted t Two Dtes in Yield Tretment Mens Yr. Avg. Irrigtion y growth stge u/ None R R R Plnting Dte Cultivr LSD (0.05) NS 2.3 NS 2.6 Erly June Lte June LSD (0.05) NS 1.6 NS 1.9 Crwford Dougls Sprks LSD (0.05) NS Interction(s) PxC PxC PxC PxC IxP IxP 49

54 PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM, AND CHLORIDE EFFECTS ON YIELD AND DISEASE OF SIX WHEAT CULTIVARS IN SOUTHEASTERN KANSAS D.W. Sweeney, G.V. Grnde, M.G. Eversmeyer, 4 3 D.A. Whitney, nd Willim G. Willis Summry Even though overll yields were low, P dditions incresed whet yields, proly ecuse of incresed heds per re. K fertiliztion slightly reduced lef rust, ut did not increse yields in Cultivrs ppered to respond differently to P fertiliztion. Although ll cultivrs tended to respond to fungicide tretment, susceptile cultivrs ppered to enefit more thn cultivrs tht re less susceptile to diseses. Chloride dditions hd miniml effect on the whet grown in the crop yer. Introduction In Knss, whet diseses often reduce yield nd qulity of hrvested grin. In ddition to oosting yields, reducing lodging, nd improving test weight, reserch in the northwestern United Sttes hs suggested tht certin fertilizer nutrients my reduce disese incidence. Thus, the ojectives of this study were to 1) exmine the effects of P, K, Cl, or the P-K interction on whet disese of selected cultivrs nd 2) determine the effect of fertility on whet yield nd yield components. Experimentl Procedure The study site ( Prson silt lom soil) ws in soyens from 1985 to 1987 nd plnted to whet in the fll of 1987 nd Eleven fertility levels were estlished with the soyen study nd continued for the whet study. Three P rtes (0, 30, nd 60 l P O/) in comintion with three K 2 5 rtes (0, 40, nd 80 l K O/) were compred. Two rtes (0 nd 64 l/) of Cl 2 were lso included. Whet cultivrs plnted were Agripro Thunderird, Bounty BH 205, Cldwell, Krl, Newton, nd TAM 107. At the oot growth stge, plots were split, with one side receiving the fungicide Tilt. Before hrvest, the numer of heds per re ws counted, nd 20 heds were rndomly selected from ech split plot to determine kernels per hed. Kernel weight ws lso determined. 1 Reserch ws prtilly funded y grnt from the Foundtion for Agronomic Reserch Former Crop Vriety Development Agronomist. Deprtment of Plnt Pthology. Deprtment of Agronomy, KSU. 50

55 Results nd Discussion The growing seson ws not s fvorle for whet s those of previous yers, with yields verging pproximtely 25 u/. High precipittion mounts in the spring (e.g., My rinfll exceeding 11 inches) likely depressed the 1990 yields. Lef rust ws the predominte lef disese in 1990, with negligile mounts of speckled lef lotch or tn spot. Whet yield ws incresed ove tht otined with no P y the ddition of 30 l P2 O/ 5 (Tle 1). However, incresing the P rte to 60 l P2 O/ 5 did not further increse yield. Yield components were lso ffected y P dditions. Incresing the P ppliction to the highest rte ppered to lower the verge kernel weight nd the numer of kernels/hed. In contrst, 2 incresing P fertiliztion incresed the numer of heds/m. Test weight nd lef rust were not ffected y P fertiliztion. Potssium fertiliztion did 2 not ffect yield, kernels/hed, or heds/m ut tended to increse kernel 2 weight, test weight, nd reduce lef rust. Yield, heds/m, nd test weight were ffected y n interction of P nd K rtes of fertiliztion. Yield, 2 hed/m, nd test weight tended to e incresed y the ppliction of 40 l KO/ 2 with no P s compred to either no K or 80 l K2O/. However, with 60 l P2 O/, 5 fertiliztion with 40 l K2O/ reduced the response s compred to tht from no K or 80 l K2O/. Yield, kernel weight, kernels/hed, test weight, nd lef rust were ffected y n interction etween P ppliction rte nd cultivr (Tle 2). Bounty 205, Cldwell, nd Thunderird yields were incresed y P ddition. Kernel weight of Bounty 205 nd Newton incresed y 12 nd 8%, respectively, y fertiliztion with 30 P2 O/. 5 Kernels/hed of every cultivr decresed with P fertiliztion, however the reduction ws up to 30% with Bounty 205 nd Cldwell. Although the response ws moderte, P fertiliztion tended to reduce lef rust on Bounty 205 ut ppered to increse lef rust on TAM 107. The use of the fungicide Tilt tended to increse yields of ll whet cultivrs, ut the increse ws significnt for Newton, TAM 107, nd Thunderird (Tle 3). The yield increse ppered to e primrily relted to 2 kernel weight increses, ecuse the kernels/hed nd heds/m were not ffected y either the min effect of the fungicide or the interction etween cultivr nd fungicide. Tilt lso ppered to improve test weight, especilly for Newton, TAM 107, nd Thunderird. Tilt decresed lef rust for ll cultivrs; however, the lrgest reduction in lef rust ws for the susceptile cultivrs, Newton nd TAM 107. Perhps ecuse of overll depressed yields, whet yield ws not ffected y Cl or Cl y K interction (Tle 4). Chloride ddition did not ffect yield components, test weight, or lef rust in The Cl y K interction only ffected lef rust. Though unexplined, Cl ddition reduced lef rust without K; however, with K, lef rust incresed. 51

56 Tle 1. Effect of P nd K Fertiliztion on Whet Yield, Yield Components, nd Lef Rust in Fertiliztion Kernel Kernels/ Heds/ Test Lef 2 1 P2 O 5 K2O Yield Weight Hed m Weight Rust u/ mg l/u % LSD (0.05) 3.8 NS NS NS Min Effects: LSD (0.05) NS NS LSD (0.05) NS 0.8 NS NS Disese rting ws mde on My 29, 1990 to determine the percent of lef rust on the flg lef. 2 Clculted from the interction of min effects, not from single fctor nlysis. 52

57 Tle 2. Effect of P Appliction on Yield, Yield Components, nd Lef Rust of Six Whet Cultivrs in Whet Applied Kernel Kernels/ Heds/ Test Lef 2 1 Cultivr P2 O 5 Yield Weight Hed m Weight Rust u/ mg l/u % Bounty Cldwell Krl Newton TAM Thunderird LSD (0.05) NS Disese rting ws mde on My 29, 1990 to determine the percent of lef rust on the flg lef. 2 Clculted from the interction of min effects, not from single fctor nlysis. 53

58 Tle 3. Effect of the Fungicide Tilt on Yield, Yield Components, nd Lef Rust of Six Whet Cultivrs in Whet Fungicide Kernel Kernels/ Heds/ Test Lef Cultivr 'Tilt' Yield Weight Hed 2 m Weight 1 Rust u/ mg l/u % Bounty 205 No Yes Cldwell No Yes Krl No Yes Newton No Yes TAM 107 No Yes Thunderird No Yes LSD (0.05) NS NS Disese rting ws mde on My 29, 1990 to determine the percent of lef rust on the flg lef. 2 Clculted from interction of min effects, not single fctor nlysis. 54

59 Tle 4. Effect of K nd Cl on Whet Yield, Yield Components, nd Lef Rust in Fertiliztion Kernel Kernels/ Heds/ Test Lef 2 1 K2O Cl Yield Weight Hed m Weight Rust u/ mg l/u % LSD (0.05) NS NS NS NS NS 5 Min Effects: LSD (0.05) NS 0.9 NS NS LSD (0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS 1 Disese rting ws mde on My 29, 1990 to determine the percent of lef rust on the flg lef. 2 Clculted from interction of min effects, not single fctor nlysis. 55

60 EARLY-MATURING SOYBEANS COMPARED WITH FULL-SEASON SOYBEANS 1 Dniel W. Sweeney nd George V. Grnde 2 Summry Soyens cultivrs from mturity groups OO, O, I, III, IV, nd V were plnted in oth lte April nd erly June in two row spcings nd t two seeding rtes t the Prsons Field of the Southest Knss Experiment Sttion. For the two yers, 1989 nd 1990, yields tended to e highest with Mturity Group I nd III soyens. Interctions in oth yers suggest tht optimum plnting dte nd row spcing selections my vry with cultivr. Introduction Interest in plnting erly soyens (mturity groups OO, O, nd I) hs incresed, ut questions hve een sked out how they compre to full-seson soyens (mturity groups III, IV, nd V). A study ws initited to exmine how yields of erly soyens compre to those of full-seson soyens when plnted in April or June t two seeding rtes nd two row spcings. Experimentl Procedure Soyen cultivrs from mturity groups OO, O, I, III, IV, nd V were plnted t the Prsons Field of the Southest Knss Experiment Sttion. Soyens were sowed in 7- nd 30-inch rows t the rte of 139,000 nd 336,000 seeds per cre in lte April nd mid June. Results nd Discussion In 1989, the overll highest yields were with Weer 84, Hodgson 78, nd Zne (Tle 1). However, in April the highest yielding cultivrs were Weer 84, Stfford, nd Zne, ut in June the three highest yields were otined with Hodgson 78, Dwson, nd Weer 84. Yield ws ffected y plnting dte y cultivr interction, ecuse most cultivrs yielded more in June except for Stfford nd Weer 84. Zne tended to yield pproximtely the sme regrdless of plnting dte. In ddition, most cultivrs tended to hve higher yield when drilled in 7" rows, except for soyens of the lter mturity groups, Crwford, Stfford, nd By. In 1990, the overll highest yields were with Zne, Hodgson 78, nd Weer 84 (Tle 1). However, in April, the highest yielding cultivrs were Zne, Stfford, nd Crwford, ut in June, the highest yields were otined with Hodgson 78, Zne, nd Weer 84. Erly mturing cultivrs, OO, O, nd I, 1 Reserch ws prtilly supported y grnt from the Knss Soyen Commission. 2 Former Crop Vriety Development Agronomist. 56

61 showed incresed yield when plnted in June, ut the Mturity Group III, IV, nd V cultivrs tended to yield more when plnted in April. In generl, the erlier-mturing soyens from Mturity Groups OO, O, I, nd III tended to yield more when drilled in 7" rows s compred to 30" row spcings. Tle 1. Yield of Selected Group OO, O, I, III, IV, nd V Soyens Plnted in April nd June t Prsons in 1989 nd Soyen Mturity Row Seeding Month Yield Cultivr Group Spcing Rte Plnted yr In. Seeds/ -----Bu/----- McCll OO 7 139,000 April ,000 April ,000 April ,000 April Dwson O 7 139,000 April ,000 April ,000 April ,000 April Hodgson 78 I 7 139,000 April ,000 April ,000 April ,000 April Weer 84 I 7 139,000 April ,000 April ,000 April ,000 April Zne III 7 139,000 April ,000 April ,000 April ,000 April Crwford IV 7 139,000 April ,000 April ,000 April ,000 April Stfford IV 7 139,000 April ,000 April ,000 April ,000 April By V 7 139,000 April ,000 April ,000 April ,000 April

62 Tle 1. Continued Soyen Mturity Row Seeding Month Yield Cultivr Group Spcing Rte Plnted yr In. Seeds/ -----Bu/----- McCll OO 7 139,000 June ,000 June ,000 June ,000 June Dwson O 7 139,000 June ,000 June ,000 June ,000 June Hodgson 78 I 7 139,000 June ,000 June ,000 June ,000 June Weer 84 I 7 139,000 June ,000 June ,000 June ,000 June Zne III 7 139,000 June ,000 June ,000 June ,000 June Crwford IV 7 139,000 June ,000 June ,000 June ,000 June Stfford IV 7 139,000 June ,000 June ,000 June ,000 June By V 7 139,000 June ,000 June ,000 June ,000 June LSD (0.05) LSD is clculted from single fctor nlysis, not the interction of the min effects (cultivr, row spcing, seeding rte, nd plnting dte). 58

63 COMPARISON OF EARLY-MATURING AND FULL-SEASON SOYBEANS: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Roert O. Burton, Jr., Willim P. Csey, Dniel W. Sweeney, 2 3 Allen M. Fetherstone nd George V. Grnde Summry Economic nlysis ws sed on gronomic dt shown in the rticle on pge 58. Soyens from mturity groups 00 to V were plnted in lte April nd mid-june using two row spcings nd two seeding rtes t Prsons, Knss. Budgeting to determine returns ove vrile costs ws used for ech cultivr nd plnting dte. Group III soyens exhiited the highest returns. These high returns were ssocited with April plnting, 7-inch rows, nd either 139,000 or 336,000 seeds per cre. Group I soyens lso exhiited reltively high returns. Introduction Diversifiction into erly-mturing soyens could spred lor, mchinery, crop mngement, nd csh flow over longer time period ech yer, enhncing returns nd improving economic stility. Producers considering erly-mturing soyens need informtion out their economic potentil compred to trditionl, full-seson soyens. This study summrizes returns ove vrile costs for erly-mturing nd trditionl soyens sed upon two plnting dtes, two row spcings, nd two seeding rtes. Experimentl Procedure Budgeting ws used to mesure receipts minus vrile costs (Tle 1). Two sets of udgets were prepred; one sed on 1990 yields nd prices nd one sed on verge yields nd verge prices. Gross returns reflect differences in yields nd soyen prices for different cultivrs on different hrvest dtes. Yields re reported in the previous rticle of this report. Soyen prices re for the month of hrvest from Knss Agriculturl Sttistics, Topek, Knss. Over the lst 5 yers, soyens sold prior to the trditionl fll hrvest hve hd price dvntge. Budgets lso reflect differences in vrile costs for the two plnting dtes, row spcings, nd seeding rtes. Ech soyen cultivr ws plnted in April nd June, drilled in 7-inch rows nd 30-inch rows, nd seeded t 139,000 nd 336,000 seeds per cre. Seed costs for mturity groups 00 through I were slightly higher thn seed costs for groups III through V, ecuse of $0.02 per pound shipping chrge. Erly-mturing soyens seeds re typiclly not 1This reserch ws prtilly funded y the Knss Soyen Commission. 2 Deprtment of Agriculturl Economics, KSU. 3 Formerly Crop Vriety Development Agronomist. 59

64 ville in southestern Knss. Mchinery opertions for soyens drilled in 7-inch rows included field cultivtion, hericide ppliction, sowing with drill, nd hrvesting. Mchinery opertions for soyens plnted in 30-inch rows included field cultivtion, hericide ppliction, plnting, row cultivtion, nd hrvesting. Mchinery costs were higher for soyens plnted in 30-inch rows ecuse of higher plnting costs nd row cultivtion. Lor requirements were directly tied to mchinery opertions. Costs in ll udgets were sed on the 1990 sources footnoted in Tle 1. Results nd Discussion For oth yield nd price situtions considered, group III soyens exhiited the highest returns when drilled in 7-inch rows in April (Tle 2). Bsed on 1990 yields nd soyen prices, Zne, the group III soyen, hd per cre returns ove vrile costs of $142 t the lower seeding rte nd $143 t the higher seeding rte. When 2-yer verge yields nd 5-yer verge soyen prices were used, Zne hd returns of $164 t the lower seeding rte nd $151 t the higher seeding rte. Weer 84, group I soyen, hd per cre returns of $137 nd $126 when drilled in April t the higher nd lower seeding rte, respectively. Reltively lrge returns for soyens plnted in June were shown y Hodgson 78, group I, ($144) when drilled t the high seeding rte: Weer 84 ($137) when drilled t the lower seeding rte, nd Zne ($129) when drilled t the high seeding rte. Becuse production of erly-mturing soyens is not well estlished culturl prctice in southestern Knss, questions remin out input requirements, vriility, profitility, hrvesting prolems, nd seed qulity. Reserch hs not een performed to determine optiml fertiliztion rtes for erly-mturing soyens. The numer of yers of dt ville is not enough to mesure long-term vriility. Lst yer's progress report, sed on up to 3 yers of dt for some cultivrs, showed group I soyens to e most profitle. Erly-mturing soyens re short nd tend to pod closer to the ground; thus, frmers my hve prolems cutting low enough to get ll the soyens in the comine. Appernce of erly-mturing soyens suggests poor seed qulity. If production of erly-mturing soyens increses significntly, dockge might occur. However, opportunities to hrvest erly soyens in August, when wether is typiclly dry, my e n dvntge nd could llow for more timely field preprtion for whet. Diversifiction into erly-mturing soyens might reduce vriility of whole-frm income. 60

65 Yields nd input requirements re sed on the experiment in the previous rticle. Soyen prices re for the month of hrvest sed on dt from Knss Agriculturl Sttistics. Hericide rtes nd prices re 2 pts/a $16.18 nd Lexone l/4 ls/a $6.38. Mchinery vrile costs (fuel, luriction, nd repirs) re sed on informtion from Fuller, Erl I nd Mrk F. McGuire, "Minnesot Frm Mchinery Economic Cost Estimtes for 1990, Minnesot Extension Service, University of Minnesot, AG-FO-2308, revised 1990, with djustments for southestern Knss. Mchinery costs include chrges for mchinery opertions used for crop production plus chrges for 400 ushel truck nd pickup truck. Acres per hour for the 400 ushel truck re sed on soyen yields of u/ for 7 inch row spcing nd u/ for 30 inch row spcing. Lower yields would increse cres per hour nd decrese costs per cre. Higher yields would decrese cres per hour nd increse costs per cre. Becuse djustments in costs would e smll, cres per hour nd costs per cre re not djusted for yield differences. Wge nd interest rte re from Tierney, Willim I, Jr. nd Jmes R. Mintert, Prices for Forwrd Plnning, KSU Frm Mngement Guide, MF-525, Revised Septemer

66 62

67 Yields re shown in the previous rticle. The 1990 prices re for the month of hrvest sed on dt from Knss Agriculturl Sttistics. The 5-yer price is sed on prices for the verge month of hrvest from Knss Agriculturl Sttistics. The personl consumption expenditure portion of the implicit Gross Ntionl Product defltor ws used to updte the prices to 1990 price level efore verging. c Prentheses indicte negtive numer. 63

68 EFFECTS OF PLANTING DATE AND FOLIAR FUNGICIDE ON WINTER WHEAT Kenneth Kelley Summry Whet plnted in lte Septemer ws severely infected with rley yellow dwrf virus (BYDV) disese in 1990, nd grin yield ws reduced significntly compred with lter plnting dtes. Applying folir fungicide (Tilt) did not control BYDV, ut did increse grin yield of disese-susceptile vrieties y n verge of 5 u/a. Introduction Whet is often plnted over wide rnge of dtes in southestern Knss ecuse of the vried cropping rottions. Whet following whet is plnted in lte Septemer nd erly Octoer, wheres whet following soyens is typiclly plnted from mid- Octoer through erly Novemer. This reserch seeks to determine how plnting dte ffects the incidence of folir whet diseses for disese-susceptile nd -resistnt cultivrs. Experimentl Procedure Six winter whet cultivrs were plnted t four different plnting dtes (Sept. 28, Oct 13, Oct 27, nd Nov. 9). Cultivrs were selected for vrious folir disese resistnces: 1) resistnt soft whet cultivrs (Cldwell nd Pioneer 2551), 2) susceptile hrd whet cultivrs (Chisholm nd Tm 107), nd 3) resistnt hrd whet cultivrs (2163 nd Krl). Cultivrs were seeded t the recommended rte for ech plnting dte (850,000 seeds/a for lte Sept., 1,050,000 seeds/a for mid-oct., nd 1,250,000 seeds/a for lte Oct. nd erly Nov.). Tilt, systemic folir fungicide, ws pplied t 4 oz/a to hlf of the plot re for ech plnting dte when the whet ws t Feekes growth stge 8 (flg lef just visile from the oot). Grin yield nd yield components were mesured. BYDV disese rtings were mde y Dr. Roert Bowden, KSU Extension Plnt Pthologist. Results nd Discussion Yield nd test weight (Tle 1) were significntly reduced when whet ws plnted in lte Septemer compred with lter plnting dtes. Yield losses were minly ttriuted to the BYDV disese, lthough lte spring freeze lso cused considerle stem dmge nd susequent lodging to erly mturing cultivrs (Chisholm nd Tm 107). BYDV is spred y phids, which evidently infected the erly plnted whet during fll growth. Systemic fungicides, such s Tilt, re not effective in preventing BYDV. Likewise, there re no known cultivrs tht hve ny resistnce to BYDV. Lef rust ws not mjor folir disese prolem in 1990, ecuse rust spores did not infect whet until fter heding. However, Tilt incresed yield y n verge of 5 u/a over ll plnting dtes for disese-susceptile cultivrs (Chisholm nd Tm 107). In ddition, grin yield of Pioneer 2551, soft whet cultivr with good disese resistnce, lso showed significnt yield response to Tilt. Grin protein (Tle 2) ws not significntly ffected y plnting dte. Krl produced the highest grin protein levels, wheres Cldwell, soft whet, hd the lowest. Grin protein ws incresed slightly, lthough significntly, from the ppliction of Tilt. 64

69 Anlysis of grin yield components (Tles 2 nd 3) showed tht cultivrs compensted in vrious wys to produce grin. Becuse of the environmentl conditions in 1990, whet plnted in lte Octoer nd erly Novemer hd the highest individul kernel weight nd lso hd more kernels per hed. Tilt incresed kernel weight for nerly ll cultivrs, ut did not ffect kernels per hed. BYDV hd significnt effect on tiller development for Septemer-plnted Chisholm nd Tm 107 cultivrs; this ws reflected in the low numer of heds per squre meter. The lte Octoer plnting hd the lowest numer of heds per unit re; however, hevy rinfll occurred fter plnting nd ffected seed emergence. Plnting dte influenced heding dte (Tle 4), ut some cultivrs ppered to e ffected more thn others. A 6-week dely in plnting ffected heding dte y only 1 week or less. Differences in heding dte ecuse of plnting dte were proly due to the fct tht some cultivrs mture ccording to dy-length, wheres others mture fster with higher tempertures. In 1991, this study hs een plnted t oth the Prsons nd Columus units so tht plnting dte effects cn e evluted over more environmentl conditions. 65

70 Tle 1. Effects of Plnting Dtes nd Folir Fungicide on Whet Yield nd Test Weight of Selected Vrieties, Prsons, Grin Yield Test Weight Plnting dte Fungicide Fungicide Vriety No Yes Avg. No Yes Avg u/a l/bu Lte Septemer Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Avg.) Mid-Octoer Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Avg.) Lte Octoer Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Avg.) Erly Novemer Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Avg.) Men: LSD 0.05: Vriety mens for sme DOP: Vriety mens for sme DOP & FUNG: Vriety mens for sme FUNG:

71 Tle 2. Effects of Plnting Dte nd Folir Fungicide on Grin Protein nd Thousnd Kernel Weight of Selected Vrieties, Prsons, Grin Protein Kernel Wt. Plnting dte Fungicide Fungicide Vriety No Yes Avg. No Yes Avg % gr./ Lte Septemer Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Avg.) Mid-Octoer Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Avg.) Lte Octoer Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Avg.) Erly Novemer Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Avg.) Men: LSD 0.05: Vriety mens for sme DOP: Vriety mens for sme DOP & FUNG: Vriety mens for sme FUNG:

72 Tle 3. Effects of Plnting Dte nd Folir Fungicide on Whet Yield Components, Prsons, Kernels/hed Heds/meter2 Plnting dte Fungicide Fungicide Vriety No Yes Avg. No Yes Avg. Lte Septemer Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Avg.) Mid-Octoer Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Avg.) Lte Octoer Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Avg.) Erly Novemer Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Avg.) Men: LSD 0.05: Vriety mens for sme DOP: Vriety mens for sme DOP & FUNG: Vriety mens for sme FUNG:

73 Tle 4. Effects of Plnting Dte on Heding Dte of Selected Winter Whet Vrieties, Prsons, Brnd Plnting Dte Vriety Lte Sept. Mid-Oct. Lte Oct. Erly Nov. Cldwell My 8 My 9 My 14 My 15 Chisholm My 6 My 7 My 10 My 11 Krl My 6 My 7 My 10 My My 8 My 9 My 11 My 12 Pioneer 2551 My 9 My 11 My 15 My 16 Tle 5. Sttisticl Significnce of Whet Plnting Dte nd Folir Fungicide Use for Selected Winter Whet Vrieties, Prsons, F - Test Significnce Vrile Yield TW Protein TKW Ker/hd Hds/m sttisticl proility level Dte of plnting *** *** NS *** *** ** Folir fungicide *** *** ** *** NS ** DOP * Fung NS 10% NS NS * NS Vriety *** *** *** *** *** *** DOP x Vr *** *** *** *** *** *** Fung x Vr *** ** NS *** NS *** DOP x Fung x Vr ** 10% NS ** NS 10% C.V. (%): *, **, *** Significnt t the 0.05, 0.01, nd proility levels, respectively. 69

74 COMPARISON OF CONVENTIONAL AND INTENSIVE WHEAT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Kenneth Kelley Summry Conventionl nd intensive whet mngement systems were compred t two loctions in Whet yields in oth mngement systems were elow norml ecuse of high rinfll mounts during My nd June, which resulted in wter-logged soil conditions when whet ws trying to fill. Yield of disese-susceptile cultivrs nd some resistnt cultivrs ws significntly higher when folir fungicide (Tilt) ws pplied in lte April. Applying 50 l/a of N in lte winter in ddition to the conventionl fll ppliction of 75 l N/A reduced yield for ll cultivrs t Prsons ut incresed yield t Columus. Introduction The ojective of intensive whet mngement is to produce whet s efficiently s possile using high-yielding cultivrs, pplying N fertilizer t two or more times during the growing seson to optimize yield nd qulity, nd using folir fungicide to control lef diseses. This reserch seeks to compre conventionl nd intensive mngement systems for the climtic conditions in southestern Knss. Experimentl Procedure Beginning in 1987, 10 winter whet cultivrs hve een evluted under conventionl N mngement (75 l N/A s preplnt, fll ppliction) nd n intensive N mngement system (75 l N/A pplied in the fll + 50 l N/A topdressed in lte winter). Ure ws the fertilizer source. The presence or sence of folir fungicide (Tilt) ws evluted in oth N systems. Tilt ws pplied in lte April t 4 oz/a. In 1990, studies were locted t the Prsons nd Columus Units. Results nd Discussion In 1990, whet yields were elow norml for nerly ll of southestern Knss ecuse of high rinfll mounts during My nd June when whet ws in the reproductive growth stge. At the Columus Unit, rinfll during My mounted to nerly 13 inches, nd 9 inches fell during June. Slightly lower rinfll mounts were recorded t Prsons. Even though wet conditions previled during lte spring, lef rust did not develop until fter the whet hd lredy heded. Severl cultivrs developed hed light symptoms fter the rinfll susided nd right sunshine previled. Grin yield (Tles 1 nd 7) of severl cultivrs (Agripro Victory, AGSECO 7846, Chisholm, nd Tm 107) ws incresed significntly with Tilt fungicide ppliction. Tilt lso improved grin yield of some disese-resistnt cultivrs, such s Pioneer 2551 nd Krl. Other disese-resistnt cultivrs, such s Cldwell nd 2163, showed very little yield response to Tilt. Test weight (Tles 2 nd 8) response to conventionl nd intensive mngement prctices generlly followed the sme trend s grin yield responses. Even though some cultivrs did not show positive yield response to Tilt, ll cultivrs hd higher test weight. Tilt did not hve significnt effect on grin protein t either loction in However, topdressing n dditionl 50 l N/A in lte winter significntly incresed grin protein for ll cultivrs t oth loctions (Tles 3 nd 9). 70

75 Flg leves were collected t the flowering stge of whet development nd nlyzed for N concentrtion (Tles 3 nd 9). The lte winter N ppliction incresed flg lef N concentrtion for ll cultivrs, which indicted tht the plnts hd dsored the dditionl N pplied. However, Tilt did not significntly increse the flg lef N concentrtion. Plnt lodging (Tles 4 nd 10) ws significntly incresed when higher N rtes were pplied with the intensive mngement system, prticulrly t the the Columus Unit. The Tilt ppliction decresed lodging somewht t the Prsons Unit ut hd no effect t Columus. In Europen countries where intensive mngement systems re commonly used, growth regultor is used to reduce plnt height nd susequent lodging prolems. However, previous reserch hs shown tht the use of growth regultor is generlly imprcticl in most situtions in estern Knss. Anlyses of yield components (Tles 5,6,11,12) showed tht intensive mngement prctices produced vried responses t Prsons nd Columus. At Prsons, dditionl N incresed kernels per hed, ut individul kernel weight nd numer of heds per squre meter were decresed. With some cultivrs, higher N rtes my reduce spring tiller development. However, t the Columus loction, dditionl N hd no effect on kernels per hed, decresed individul kernel weight, nd incresed the numer of heds per squre meter. Tilt incresed individul kernel weight for ll cultivrs. 71

76 Tle 1. Effects of Conventionl nd Intensive Whet Mngement Systems on Grin Yield of Winter Whet, Prsons, Grin Yield Fll - N Fll + Lte Winter N Brnd No No Vriety Fung. Fung. Avg. Fung. Fung. Avg. Men u/a Agripro Thunderird Agripro Victory AGSECO Arkn Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Men): LSD 0.05: Among mngement system mens (Time of N nd Fungicide): 2.3 Among vrieties within sme mngement system: 4.3 Among vrieties for different mngement system: 5.2 F-test significnce: Time of N *** Fungicide *** Time of N x Fungicide NS Vriety *** Time of N x Vriety 10% Fungicide x Vrity *** Time of N x Fungicide x Vriety NS C.V. (%) 6.9 Fll N = 75 l N/A pplied preplnt incorported s ure. Lte winter N = 50 l N/A pplied s topdress (ure). Folir fungicide = Tilt pplied t 4 oz/a t growth stge 8. Whet followed soyens in the rottion. Plnting dte: Octoer 17,

77 Tle 2. Effects of Conventionl nd Intensive Whet Mngement Systems on Test Weight of Winter Whet, Prsons, Test Weight Fll - N Fll + Lte Winter N Brnd No No Vriety Fung. Fung. Avg. Fung. Fung. Avg. Men l/bu Agripro Thunderird Agripro Victory AGSECO Arkn Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Men): LSD 0.05: Among mngement system mens (Time of N nd Fungicide): 0.8 Among vrieties within sme mngement system: 1.0 Among vrieties for different mngement system: 1.4 F-test significnce: Time of N * Fungicide ** Time of N x Fungicide NS Vriety *** Time of N x Vriety * Fungicide x Vriety *** Time of N x Fungicide x Vriety NS C.V. (%)

78 Tle 3. Effects of Conventionl nd Intensive Whet Mngement Systems on Grin Protein nd Flg Lef N Concentrtion, Prsons, Grin Protein Flg Lef N Conc. Brnd Time of N Time of N Vriety F F + LW Avg. F F + LW Avg % % Agripro Thunderird Agripro Victory AGSECO Arkn Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Men): LSD 0.05: Among mngement system mens: F-test significne: Time of N ** *** Fungicide NS 10% Time of N x Fungicide NS 10% Vriety NS *** Time of N x Vriety NS NS Fungicide x Vriety NS NS Time of N x Fungicide x Vriety NS NS C.V. (%)

79 Tle 4. Effects of Conventionl nd Intensive Whet Mngement Systems on Plnt Height, Plnt Lodging, nd Mturity, Prsons, Lodging Brnd Time N Heding Vriety Ht. F F+LW Avg. Dte In % Agripro Thunderird My 9 Agripro Victory My 12 AGSECO My 7 Arkn My 5 Cldwell My 8 Chisholm My 5 Krl My My 8 Pioneer My 9 Tm My 4 (Men): LSD 0.05: Among vrieties for sme mngement system: 7 F-test significnce: Ht. Lodging Time of N NS *** Fungicide NS * Time of N x Fungicide NS NS Vriety *** *** Time of N x Vriety NS *** Fungicide x Vriety NS NS Time of N x Fungicide x Vriety NS NS C.V. (%)

80 Tle 5. Effects of Conventionl nd Intensive Whet Mngement Systems on Thousnd Kernel Weight of Winter Whet, Prsons, Kernel Weight Fll - N Fll + Lte Winter N Brnd No No Vriety Fung. Fung. Avg. Fung. Fung. Avg. Men gr/ Agripro Thunderird Agripro Victory AGSECO Arkn Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Men): LSD 0.05: Among mngement system mens (Time of N nd Fungicide): 0.8 Among vrieties within sme mngement system: 1.5 Among vrieties for different mngement system: 1.8 F-test significnce: Time of N *** Fungicide *** Time of N x Fungicide NS Vriety *** Time of N x Vriety *** Fungicide x Vriety *** Time of N x Fungicide x Vriety *** C.V. (%)

81 Tle 6. Effects of Conventionl nd Intensive Whet Mngement Systems on Whet Yield Components, Prsons, Kernels / Hed Hed Density Brnd Time N Time N Vriety F F + LW Avg. F F + LW Avg Hds/M Agripro Thunderird Agripro Victory AGSECO Arkn Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Men): LSD 0.05: Among mngement system mens: Among vrieties for sme mngement: Among vrieties for different mngement: F-test significnce: Time of N *** * Fungicide NS * Time of N x Fungicide 10% NS Vriety *** *** Time of N x Vriety *** *** Fungicide x Vriety * ** Time of N x Fungicide x Vriety 10% *** C.V. (%)

82 Tle 7. Effects of Conventionl nd Intensive Whet Mngement Systems on Grin Yield of Winter Whet, Columus, Grin Yield Fll - N Fll + Lte Winter N Brnd No No Vriety Fung. Fung. Avg. Fung. Fung. Avg. Men u/a Agripro Thunderird Agripro Victory AGSECO Arkn Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Men): LSD 0.05: Among mnngement system mens (Time of N & Fungicide): 1.6 Among vrieties within sme mngement system: 5.8 Among vrieties for different mngement system: 5.9 F-test significnce: Time of N * Fungicide *** Time of N x Fungicide NS Vriety *** Time of N x Vriety ** Fungicide x Vriety * Time of N x Fungicide x Vriety NS C.V. (%) 8.2 Fll N = 75 l N/A pplied preplnt incorported s ure. Lte winter N = 50 l N/A pplied s topdress (ure). Folir fungicide = Tilt pplied t 4 oz/a t growth stge 8. Whet following whet in the rottion. Plnting dte: Octoer 13,

83 Tle 8. Effects of Conventionl nd Intensive Whet Mngement Systems on Test Weight of Winter Whet, Columus, Test Weight Fll - N Fll + Lte Winter N Brnd No No Vriety Fung. Fung. Avg. Fung. Fung. Avg. Men l/bu Agripro Thunderird Agripro Victory AGSECO Arkn Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Men): LSD 0.05: Among mngement system mens (Time of N & Fungicide): 1.2 Among vrieties within sme mngement system: 1.1 Among vrieties for different mngement system: 2.0 F-test significnce: Time of N NS Fungicide * Time of N x Fungicide NS Vrity *** Time of N x Vriety NS Fungicide x Vriety 10% Time of N x Fungicide x Vriety 10% C.V. (%)

84 Tle 9. Effects of Conventionl nd Intensive Whet Mngement Systems on Grin Protein nd Flg Lef N Concentrtion, Columus, Grin Protein Flg Lef N Conc. Brnd Time of N Time of N Vriety F F + LW Avg. F F + LW Avg % % Agripro Thunderird Agripro Victory AGSECO Arkn Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Men): LSD 0.05: Among mngement system mens: Among vrieties for sme mngement: Among vrieties for different mngement: F-test significnce: Time of N * *** Fungicide NS NS Time of N x Fungicide NS NS Vriety *** *** Time of N x Vriety NS NS Fungicide x Vriety NS NS Time of N x Fungicide x Vriety NS NS C.V. (%)

85 Tle 10. Effects of Conventionl nd Intensive Whet Mngement Systems on Plnt Lodging nd Mturity, Columus, Lodging Brnd Time of N Heding Vriety F F + LW Avg. Dte % Agripro Thunderird My 7 Agripro Victory My 12 AGSECO My 5 Arkn My 3 Cldwell My 6 Chisholm My 3 Krl My My 6 Pioneer My 8 Tm My 2 (Men): LSD 0.05: Among mngement systems mens: 8 Among vrieties within sme mngement: 21 Among vrieties for different mngement: 23 F-test significnce: Time of N *** Fungicide NS Time of N x Fungicide NS Vriety *** Time of N x Vriety * Fungicide x Vriety NS Time of N x Fungicide x Vriety NS C.V. (%) 27 81

86 Tle 11. Effects of Conventionl nd Intensive Whet Mngement Systems on Thousnd Kernel Weight of Winter Whet, Columus, Kernel Weight Fll - N Fll + Lte Winter N Brnd No No Vriety Fung. Fung. Avg. Fung. Fung. Avg. Men gr/ Agripro Thunderird Agripro Victory AGSECO Arkn Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Men): LSD 0.05: Among mngement system mens (Time of N & Fungicide): 0.8 Among vrieties within sme mngement system: 1.3 Among vrieties for different mngement system: 1.6 F-test significnce: Time of N ** Fungicide ** Time of N x Fungicide NS Vriety *** Time of N x Vriety *** Fungicide x Vriety *** Time of N x Fungicide x Vriety * C.V. (%)

87 Tle 12. Effects of Conventionl nd Intensive Whet Mngement Systems on Grin Yield Components, Columus, Kernels / Hed Hed Density Brnd Time of N Time of N Vriety F F + LW Avg. F F + LW Avg Hds/M Agripro Thunderird Agripro Victory AGSECO Arkn Cldwell Chisholm Krl Pioneer Tm (Men): LSD 0.05: Among mngement system mens: NS 20 Among vrieties for sme mngement system: Among vrieties for different mngement: F-test significnce: Time of N NS ** Fungicide NS * Time of N x Fungicide 10% NS Vriety *** *** Time of N x Vriety * ** Fungicide x Vriety ** NS Time of N x Fungicide x Vriety * * C.V. (%)

88 WHEAT AND SOYBEAN CROPPING SEQUENCES COMPARED 1 Kenneth Kelley Summry Three different whet nd soyen crop rottions hve een compred over 10- yer period. Doule-crop soyen yield hs verged nerly 5 u/a less thn tht of full-seson soyens, lthough yield hs vried considerly over the period. In rottions involving full-seson soyens, yield hs een significntly higher when soyens were plnted fter whet tht hd een summer-fllowed rther thn doulecropped soyens. Whet yield hs een the lowest in the continuous whet - doulecrop rottion. Introduction In southestern Knss, producers often rotte whet fter soyens or plnt doule-crop soyens following whet hrvest. Mngement prctices of one crop, therefore, my ffect the production of the susequent crop. The ojectives of this study were to evlute the gronomic effects of doule-cropping systems nd to determine the risk fctors over long-term period. Experimentl Procedure Beginning in 1981, three different whet nd soyen cropping rottions were estlished t the Prsons Unit: 1) [whet - doule-crop soyen], 2) [whet - doule-crop soyen] - soyen, nd 3) full-seson soyen following whet. Prior to 1988, soyen vrieties were selected from mturity groups IV nd V for doule-crop nd full-seson soyens, respectively. Beginning in 1988, mturity groups I, III, IV, nd V were compred in rottion No. 2. Group I mturity ws plnted in 7-inch row spcing, wheres the other mturity groups were plnted in 30-inch row spcing. In 1986 nd 1987, spring ots hd to e plnted rther thn whet ecuse wet fll conditions prevented the whet from eing plnted or it ws winter-killed. Fertilizer (70 l N/A, 50 l P205/A, nd 50 l K20/A) ws pplied only to the whet crop. For doule-crop soyens, whet strw hs een disced or urned nd disced prior to plnting. Since 1988, Group I soyens hve een plnted in erly My (except for 1990), wheres Groups III, IV, nd V normlly hve een plnted in mid-june. Doule-crop soyens hve een plnted in lte June or erly July. Prior to 1988, whet ws not plnted until ll soyens hd een hrvested, regrdless of rottion. However, since 1988, whet hs een plnted fter prticulr soyen mturity group hs een hrvested. Whet following whet or mturity group I soyen hs een plnted in erly Octoer. Results nd Discussion Tle 1 shows the yerly soyen yields for the three different whet nd soyen rottions over the pst 10 yers. Doule-crop soyen yield hs verged nerly 5 u/a less thn tht of full-seson soyens, ut the vrition from yer to yer hs een significnt. Highest full-seson soyen yield hs een when soyens were plnted fter summer-fllowed whet rther thn doule-crop soyens. In doule-crop 1 This reserch ws funded y the Knss Soyen Commission. 84

89 soyen rottions, there hs een no significnt difference in yield etween doule cropping every yer compred to every other yer. Soyen mturity effects on full-seson nd doule-crop soyen yield re shown in Tles 3 nd 4. In full-seson soyen comprisons, Group I soyens hve produced the highest yield for the pst 3 yers, ut seed qulity hs een very poor. Group I soyens re mturing during the hottest period of the summer, which results in het stress nd susequent seed dmge. In doule-crop comprisons, Group IV mturity hs produced the highest yield. Whet yield s ffected y the different crop rottions is shown in Tle 2. Yield differences hve een more pronounced since whet hs een plnted t different dtes ccording to the prticulr rottion scheme. More dt re needed on the effects of soyen mturity nd crop rottion on whet yield, ut in the continuous doule-crop rottion, whet yield often hs een significntly lower. 85

90 Tle 1. Effects of Whet nd Soyen Cropping Systems on Soyen Yield, Prsons Unit. Soyen Yield Crop 10-yr Rottion Avg u/a Wh-DC Soy Wh-DC Soy FS Soy Wh-DC Soy FS Soy Wh-Wh-FS Soy LSD 0.05: 3.7 NS NS 2.9 NS DC = Doule-crop soyens; FS = Full-seson soyens. Full-seson nd doulecrop soyens were plnted on the sme dtes in 1982, 1985, nd Tle 2. Comprison of Whet nd Spring Ot Yield mong Whet nd Soyen Crop Rottions, Prsons Unit. Whet & Spring Ot (*) Yield Crop 7-yr Rottion Avg. * * u/a Wh -DC Soy Wh -DC Soy FS Soy Wh-Wh-Soy Wh-Wh-Soy LSD 0.05: NS In 1985, whet drowned y wet wether; too lte to plnt ots. 86

91 Tle 3. Comprison of Soyen Mturity Groups in Full-Seson Soyen Crop Rottion, Prsons Unit. Mturity Full-Seson Soyen Yield Vriety Group yr vg u/a Weer 84 I Flyer III Stfford IV Hutcheson V LSD 0.05: Rottion is [Whet - doulecrop soyen] - full-seson soyen. Tle 4. Comprison of Soyen Mturity Groups in Doule-crop Soyen Crop Rottion, Prsons Unit. Mturity Doule-crop Soyen Yield Vriety Group yr vg u/a Weer 84 I Flyer III Stfford IV Essex V LSD 0.05: Rottion is [Whet - doulecrop soyen] - full-seson soyen. 87

92 ECONOMIC COMPARISONS OF WHEAT AND SOYBEAN CROPPING SEQUENCES Willim P. Csey, Roert O. Burton, Jr. nd Kenneth Kelley Summry Economic comprisons of three crop rottions were sed on udgeting nd on experimentl dt shown in the rticle on pge 86. Income sed on 1990 yields nd prices or verge yields nd prices fvored 1-yer sequence of whet followed y doule-crop soyens. Four soyen mturity groups were considered in the 2-yer rottion contining whet, doule-crop soyens, nd full-seson soyens. Group I full-seson soyens were more profitle thn soyens in trditionl mturity groups, wheres the udget nlysis for doule-crop soyens fvored group IV soyens. Introduction Frmers producing whet nd soyens in southestern Knss select cropping sequence tht enles them to mnge soil fertility, control weeds, nd mximize income. An ongoing experiment t the Prsons Unit of the Southest Knss Brnch Experiment Sttion provides iologicl dt out lterntive cropping sequences. The purpose of this study ws to provide informtion out economic returns ssocited with these lterntive sequences. Experimentl Procedure Budgeting ws used to clculte income ove vrile costs for ech crop in three crop sequences (Tle 1). Crop sequences included 1-yer sequence of whet nd doulecrop soyens; 2-yer sequence of whet, doulecrop soyens, nd full-seson soyens; nd 3-yer sequence of 2 yers of whet followed y full-seson soyens. Output prices were for the month of hrvest, July for whet; Octoer for soyen mturity groups III, IV, nd V; nd August for soyen mturity group I. Seed costs for mturity group I were ctul costs plus shipping chrge. Other soyen seed costs were from seed distriutor in southestern Knss. Fertilizer prices were the sme for ll whet, nd interest rte ws the sme for ll crops. No fertilizer ws pplied on soyens. Yields nd mchinery opertions differed ccording to the crop sequence (Tle 2). For purposes of this study, lor ws included s vrile cost. Incomes ove vrile cost for ech crop were dded to provide totl income for ech sequence; these totls were then divided y the numer of yers required to complete sequence to provide verge nnul incomes for ech sequence. Incomes ove vrile costs were clculted sed on 1990 yields nd prices for oth whet nd soyens nd lso sed on verge yields nd prices over severl yers yields for whet, This reserch ws prtilly funded y the Knss Soyen Commission. 2 Deprtment of Agriculturl Economics, KSU. 88

93 90 yields for soyens, nd prices. The prices were converted to 1990 price level efore verging. Results nd Discussion Results indicte tht doule cropping whet nd soyens every yer is most profitle nd tht no doule cropping is lest profitle (Tle 3). Comprisons of 1990 results with results sed on verge dt indicte tht returns ssocited with whet were unusully low in Although oth 1990 nd verge dt fvor doule cropping, this result will not hold every yer. For exmple, in previous progress report, udgeting sed on 1988 yields nd projected prices showed doule cropping every yer to e lest profitle nd no doule cropping to e most profitle. Moreover, some producers will not hve dequte lor nd mchinery to doule crop every yer, especilly when wether limits the numer of dys on which mchinery opertions my e performed during hrvest nd plnting sesons. One strtegy for mnging lor nd mchinery constrints during criticl sesons is to use erly mturing soyens. From 1988 to 1990, four mturity groups were considered in the 2-yer rottion contining whet, doule-crop soyens, nd full-seson soyens (see previous report). In this experiment, group I soyens were drilled in 7-inch rows t 90 l of seed per cre. Budgeted costs of Group I soyen seeds were 18 cents per l plus 2 cents per l shipping chrge. Group III, IV, nd V soyens were plnted in 30-inch rows with per cre seeding rtes of 50 l for groups I nd IV nd 35 l for group V. Costs of group III, IV, nd V soyen seeds were 16 cents per l, sed on $9.75 price per ushel otined from seed distriutor in Southestern Knss. Thus, udgeted seed costs were $8.00 per cre for group III nd IV soyens nd $18.00 per cre for group I. Soyens hrvested prior to the trditionl hrvest seson typiclly hve price dvntge; therefore erly hrvest fvors the full-seson group I soyens tht cost more to plnt. For full-seson soyens, group I hd the highest returns (Tle 4). For doule-crop soyens, group IV hd the highest returns (Tle 5). 89

94 Whet nd soyen prices re for the month of hrvest from Knss Agriculturl Sttistics, Topek, Knss. Input costs other thn mchinery nd soyen seed costs re projections from Fusett, Mrvin nd John R. Schlender, Soyen Production in Estern Knss nd Continuous Cropped Winter Whet in Estern Knss, KSU Frm Mngement Guides MF-570 nd MF-572, revised Septemer Mchinery vrile costs (fuel, luriction, nd repirs) nd lor requirements re sed on informtion from Fuller, Erl I nd Mrk F. McGuire, Minnesot Frm Mchinery Economic Cost Estimtes for 1990, Minnesot Extension Service, University of Minnesot, AG-FO-2308, revised 1990, with djustments for Southestern Knss. Soyen seed costs re from seed distriutor in Southestern Knss. Yields, seed, nd fertilizer re 1990 dt from Kenneth Kelley t the Southest Knss Brnch Experiment Sttion. 90

95 Group I soyens re plnted with grin drill nd therefore hve mchinery vrile costs out $1.00 less thn soyens plnted with plnter. Acres per truck lod for 400 ushel truck re sed on yields of ech crop in ech rottion. Lower yields would increse cres per trucklod nd decrese costs per cre nd vice vers. Thus, truck costs for the sme crop in different sequence will differ ecuse of different yields. c Vrile costs include fuel, luriction, nd repirs nd $3.00 per cre rentl chrge for the fertilizer uggy. 91

96 Incomes re sed on gronomic dt shown in the previous rticle of this report. Arevitions re s follows W = whet; DCSB = doule-crop soyens, FSSB = full-seson soyens. Brckets indicte whet nd doulecrop soyens hrvested the sme yer. c Annul verge income is the totl income for the crop sequence divided y the numer of yers required to complete the sequence. d Input costs re sed on the sme price level for ll udgets. See Tle 1 for sources. e Source of 1990 whet nd soyen prices for the month of hrvest is Knss Agriculturl Sttistics, Topek, KS. f Source of verge prices for the month of hrvest is Knss Agriculturl Sttistics. Prices were updted to 1990 price level using the personl consumption expenditure (PCE) portion of the implicit GNP price defltor efore verging. 92

97 Tle 4. Incomes ove Vrile Costs for Soyen Mturity Groups: Full- Seson Soyens in 3-Yer Rottion, Prsons, Knss Soyen Price 5-yr. Avg. Soyen Price Mturity yr. Avg yr. Avg. Vriety Group c Yield c Yield c Yield c Yield Weer 84 I Flyer III Stfford IV Hutcheson V Rottion is [whet-doulecrop soyens] - full-seson soyens Prices re for the 1990 month of hrvest, August for group I nd Octoer for groups III, IV, nd V. Prices for were updted to 1990 price level to clculte 5-yer verge. The personl consumption expenditure portion of the implicit GNP price defltor ws used to updte prices. c Yields re shown in the previous rticle of this report. Tle 5. Incomes ove Vrile Costs for Soyen Mturity Groups: Doulecrop Soyens in 3-Yer Rottion, Prsons, Knss Soyen Price 5-yr. Avg. Soyen Price Mturity yr. Avg yr. Avg. Vriety Group c Yield c Yield c Yield c Yield Weer 84 I (6.39) (1.30) Flyer III Stfford IV Hutcheson V Rottion is [whet-doule-crop soyens] - full-seson soyens Prices re for the 1990 month of hrvest, Octoer for groups I, III, IV, nd V. Prices for were updted to 1990 price level to clculte five-yer verge. The personl consumption expenditure portion of the implicit GNP price defltor ws used to updte prices. c Yields re shown in the previous rticle of this report. 93

98 EFFECTS OF CROPPING SEQUENCE ON SOYBEAN YIELDS 1 Kenneth Kelley Summry Comprisons of full-seson soyens in four different crop rottions showed tht yield hs een slightly higher when they follow whet - lespedez rottion thn when they follow grin sorghum or doule-crop soyens. Soyens following soyens hs produced the lowest yield. Since 1989, soyen cyst nemtode effects on soyen yield hve een evluted in one of the continuous soyen rottions. Introduction Soyens re mjor crop for frmers in southestern Knss. Typiclly, they re grown in severl cropping sequences with whet nd grin sorghum or in doulecropping rottion with whet. With the recent introduction of soyen cyst nemtodes to the re, more informtion is needed to determine how crop rottion cn e used to mnge round the nemtode prolem. Experimentl Procedure In 1979, four cropping systems were initited t the Columus Unit: 1) [whet - doule-crop soyen] - soyens, 2) whet - fllow - soyens (lespedez ws dded to the whet eginning in 1988), 3) grin sorghum - soyens, nd 4) continuous soyens. Full-seson soyens were compred cross ll rottions in evennumered yers. Beginning in 1984, n identicl study ws strted djcent to the initil site so tht full-seson soyens could lso e compred in odd-numered yers. All rottions received the sme mount of phosphorus nd potssium fertilizer (80 l/a), which ws pplied to the crop preceeding full-seson soyens. Mturity Group 5 soyens hve een plnted in the full-seson rottion. Results nd Discussion Soyen yields from the initil study tht ws strted in 1979 re shown in Tle 1. Soyen cyst nemtodes hve not een found t this site. Since 1988, soyen yield hs een slightly higher when soyens followed the whet - lespedez rottion. Soyens following grin sorghum or doule-crop soyens produced nerly the sme yield. For the 6-yer verge, yield hs een reduced nerly 10% when soyens follow soyens; however, this trend did not occur in Soyen yields from the study tht ws strted in 1984 re shown in Tle 2. At this site, soyen cyst nemtodes were detected in Yield ws reduced nerly 25% where nemtodes were present in the continuous soyen rottion in Full-seson soyens will e grown t tht site in 1991 to further evlute the movement of cyst nemtodes. In 1990, cyst nemtodes were lso detected in the whet - doule-crop soyen rottion. Future reserch plns re to evlute resistnt nd susceptile soyen cultivrs within the nemtode-infected plot res. 1 This reserch ws funded y the KS Soyen Commission. 94

99 Tle 1. Effects of Long-term Crop Rottions on Soyen Yield in the Asence of Soyen Cyst Nemtodes, Columus Unit. Crop Rottion yr vg. (*) (*) u/a Soyen following Whet - doule-crop soy Soyen following Grin sorghum Soyen following Whet-lespedez (*) Soyen following Soyen LSD 0.05: NS NS --- (*) - Lespedez ws included in the rottion eginning in Tle 2. Effects of Long-term Crop Rottions on Soyen Yield in the Presence of Soyen Cyst Nemtodes, Columus Unit. Crop Rottion yr vg. (*) u/a Soyen following Whet - doule-crop soy Soyen following Grin sorghum Soyen following Whet-lespedez (*) Soyen following Soyen LSD 0.05: Cyst nemtode ws detected in the continuous soy rottion in 1989 (Tle 2). (*) - Lespedez ws included in the rottion eginning in

100 COMPARISONS OF TILLAGE METHODS FOR DOUBLECROP SOYBEANS AND SUBSEQUENT EFFECTS ON FULL-SEASON SOYBEANS 1 Kenneth Kelley Summry Comprisons mong four tillge methods for doule-crop soyens showed tht plowing under the whet stule gve the highest yield over n 8-yer period. Full-seson soyens tht follow in the rottion hve not een significntly ffected y ny of the doule-crop tillge methods. Introduction Producers in southestern Knss typiclly grow doule-crop soyens fter whet, when soil moisture nd time permit. Vrious tillge methods re used, depending prtly on the type of equipment tht is ville. The primry gols of doule cropping re to plnt soyens s quickly s possile fter whet hrvest nd produce cceptle grin yields s economiclly s possile. However, the long-term effects from doule-crop tillge methods hve not een thoroughly evluted for shllow, clypn soils. Experimentl Procedure Since 1982, four tillge methods hve een compred for doule-crop soyens fter whet t the Columus Unit. Tillge methods re: 1) plow under stule, 2) urn stule nd then disc, 3) disc stule, nd 4) chisel - disc stule. The tillge study is lternted ech yer etween two different sites, so tht the doule-crop tillge methods cn e compred yerly when the crop rottion is [whet - doule-crop soyens] - followed y full-seson soyen. All plots re chiseled in the spring following doule-crop soyens. Fertilizer is pplied only to the whet crop. Results nd Discussion In 1990, doule-crop soyen yield ws the highest where the whet stule ws plowed under (Tle 1). This hs lso held true for the 8-yer verge yield; however, during some yers, other tillge methods produced higher yield thn plowing. The susequent effect of doule-crop tillge methods on full-seson soyen yield is shown in Tle 2. The previous doule-crop tillge method 1 This reserch ws funded y the KS Soyen Commission. 96

101 Tle 1. Comprison of Doule-crop Tillge Methods on Soyen Yield, Columus Unit. Soyen Yield Doulecrop 8-yr. Tillge Avg u/a Plow Burn - disc Disc No-till Chisel-disc LSD 0.05: NS No yield dt in 1984 ecuse of poor stnds nd summer drought. Tle 2. Effects of Doule-crop Tillge Method on Susequent Yield of Full-Seson Soyen, Columus Unit. Doulecrop Full-Seson Soyen Yield Tillge Method yr Avg u/a Plow - disc Burn - disc Disc Chisel - disc LSD 0.05: NS NS NS NS NS Cropping sequence is [whet - doule-crop soyen] - full-seson soyen. All plots re chiseled in the spring, so the tillge method represents only the doule-crop tillge effect from the previous yer. 97

102 COMPARISON OF SHORT-SEASON CORN HYBRIDS Kenneth Kelley nd Gry Kilgore 1 Summry Twenty-two, short-seson, corn hyrids were compred t two plnt popultions. Becuse of the dry nd hot wether during July nd August, grin yield potentil ws reduced significntly in 1990, with n verge yield of 67 u/a. Corn yield verged 5 u/a higher where hyrids were plnted t 16,500 plnts per cre compred with higher popultion of 22,500 plnts per cre. Introduction In recent yers, producer interest in growing short-seson corn hs incresed significntly in southestern Knss. Becuse corn is plnted in April nd hrvested in Septemer, it hs the dvntge of spreding out producer's work-lod requirement. If corn cn tssel prior to July 4, it hs good chnce of producing 80 to 100 u/a yields, which mkes it competitive with grin sorghum nd soyens for economic returns. Experimentl Procedure Twenty-two, short-seson, corn hyrids were plnted t two plnt popultions (16,500 nd 22,500 plnts/a) on the Prsons Field on April 17. Plots were hndthinned to the desired plnt popultions. Corn followed soyens in the rottion, nd fertilizer rte ws 100 l N/A, 60 l P205/A, nd 60 l K20/A. Plots were mchine hrvested on Septemer 5, nd yields were corrected to 15.5% moisture content. Results nd Discussion Corn yield nd yield components re shown in Tle 1. Although plnting dte ws delyed somewht ecuse of wet soil conditions in April, initil corn growth ws good. However, hil storm occurred in My when corn ws out 12 inches tll nd destroyed erly lef growth. But corn resumed norml growth shortly fter the hil storm. DeKl 584 ws the high yielding corn hyrid. Grin yield of nerly ll hyrids verged 5 u/a higher when plnted t the lower plnt popultion of 16,500 plnts/a compred with the higher popultion of 22,500 plnts/a. Becuse of the hot nd dry wether experienced in August, mny of the corn hyrids hd rren ers t the high plnt popultion. 1 SE Ks. Are Extension Agronomist 98

103 Tle 1. Comprison of Erly Mturing Corn Hyrids t Two Plnt Popultions, Southest Knss Brnch Experiment Sttion, Prsons Brnd Hyrid Plnt Corr. Hrv. Test Actul Er Silk Popul. Yield Moist Wt. Popul. # Dte u/a % l/bu Plnts Er/Pl Asgrow RX 578 Low High Asgrow RX 626 Low High Crgill 5327 Low High Crgill 6127 Low High DeKl 535 Low High DeKl 584 Low High Grst 0882 Low High Grst 8599 Low High Hoegemeyer 2594 Low High Hoegemeyer 2617 Low High Jcques 4900 Low High Jcques 5700 Low High Northrup King 4350 Low High Northrup King 6330 Low High

104 Tle 1. (Continued). Brnd Hyrid Plnt Corr. Hrv. Test Actul Er Silk Popul. Yield Moist. Wt. Popul. # Dte u/a % l/bu Plnts Er/Pl Oro 902 Low High Oro 903 Low High Pioneer 3467 Low High Pioneer 3737 Low High Ro-See-Co H-2343 Low High Ro-See-Co H-2404 Low High Crgill* 7877 Low High Pioneer* 3379 Low High LSD: C.V. (%) Mens: Low High LSD 0.05 NS 0.2 NS NS F-test significnce: Popultion NS ** NS *** *** NS Hyrid *** *** *** NS *** *** Popultion x Hyrid NS * NS NS *** *** Plnted April 17, 1990 nd hrvested Sept. 5, Low popultion = 16,500 plnts/a; high popultion = 22,500 plnts/a. Yields corrected to 15.5% moisture. (*) Crgill 7877 nd Pioneer 3379 re full-seson hyrids. Rinfll (in.): April (2.23), My (11.37), June (3.16), July (2.07), Aug. (2.20). 100

105 PERFORMANCE OF EARLY MATURING SOYBEANS Kenneth Kelley Summry Grin yield nd seed qulity of erly-mturing Group I soyen cultivrs were significntly reduced y the lte plnting dte nd high tempertures experienced during August when plnts were in the criticl reproductive stge of plnt growth. Grin yield verged 15 to 20 u/a. Introduction Erly-mturing Group I soyens re typiclly grown in more northern climtes where dy-length is longer nd tempertures re cooler thn those in the midwest. However, some interest hs een shown in to determining if Group I soyens could e grown in southestern Knss to possily spred out producer work-lod, ecuse they could e plnted in lte April nd hrvested in August. This would lso llow more time in the fll for producer to prepre soyen lnd for whet plnting in Octoer. Experimentl Procedure Fourteen Group I soyen cultivrs were plnted t the Prsons Field in Plnting dte ws delyed until June 5 ecuse of the wet wether experienced in lte April nd during My. Cultivrs were plnted in 7-inch row spcing t the rte of 336,000 seeds per cre. Results nd Discussion Agronomic results re shown in Tle 1; grin yield verged 15 to 20 u/a. Seed qulity ws very poor for ll cultivrs. Although poor seed qulity hs een prolem for the Group I mturing soyen cultivrs in previous reserch studies, it ws compounded in 1990 ecuse of the lte plnting dte. Cultivrs were filling seed pods in lte July nd erly August when soil moisture ws low nd ir tempertures were ove norml. 101

106 Tle 1. Comprison of Erly Mturing Soyen Cultivrs, Southest Ks. Brnch Expt. Sttion, Prsons, Ks, Brnd Cultivr Yield Seed Wt. Ht. Mturity u/a gr/100 cm Hrdin Hodgson NK NK Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Pioneer Siley Stine Terr Flg Terr Runner Terr Runner II Weer LSD 0: C.V. (%) Plnting dte: June 5, 1990 (7-inch row spcing). Seeding rte: 336,000 seeds/cre. Hrvest dte: Sept. 4, Hericide: Squdron (3 pt/). Seed qulity ws poor for ll cultivrs tested. Seed color ws distinctly greenish nd shriveled ecuse of het stress during the reproductive stge of growth. 102

107 CROP VARIETY PERFORMANCE TESTS 1 1 Kenneth Kelley, Willim Schpugh, nd Krig Roozeoom Summry Averge grin yields for the vrious crop performnce tests were s follows: whet - 23 u/a; spring ots - 50 u/a; corn - 89 u/a; grin sorghum - 78 u/a; nd soyens - 19 u/a (Group III), 15 u/a (Group IV), nd 22 u/a (Group V). Introduction Crop vriety performnce tests re conducted throughout the stte of Knss to determine re of cultivr or hyrid dption. Results re of prime interest to re producers, seed compny representtives, nd g extension personnel. Experimentl Procedure Whet: Plnted on Octoer 4, 1989 t 1,000,000 seeds/a. Fertilizer ws pplied t 75 l N/A, 75 l P205/A, nd 75 l K20/A. Spring Ots: Plnted on April 4, 1990 t 96 ls/a. Fertilizer ws pplied t 60 l N/A, 50 l P205/A, nd 50 l K20/A. Corn: Plnted on April 17, 1990 nd thinned to 16,000 plnts/a. Fertilizer ws pplied t 100 l N/A, 60 l P205/A, nd 60 l K20/A. Grin Sorghum: Plnted on June 12, 1990 nd thinned to 6" etween plnts. Fertilizer ws pplied t 115 l N/A, 60 l K20/A, nd 60 l K20/A. Soyen: Plnted on June 19, No fertilizer ws pplied. Results nd Discussion Agronomic results of the vrious crop vriety performnce tests re compiled in the following Knss Agric. Expt. Stn. Reports of Progress: whet (No. 605), spring ots (No. 619), corn (No. 614), grin sorghum (No. 617), nd soyens (No. 621). These re ville from your county extension office or Distriution Center, Umerger Hll, Knss Stte University, Mnhttn, Ks Deprtment of Agronomy, KSU 1 Deprtment of Agronomy, KSU 103

108 SOYBEAN HERBICIDE RESEARCH Kenneth Kelley Summry Vrious soyen hericide tretments nd ppliction methods were compred for weed control. Wet wether during My nd June prevented the ppliction of preplnt soil hericides in Then dry soil conditions previled fter the erly July plnting dte nd resulted in poor weed control for most preemergent hericide pplictions. For the soil nd climtic conditions of 1990, the est rodlef weed control ws chieved with postemergent hericides. Introduction Soyens occupy lrge percentge of the crop crege in southestern Knss. Hericide reserch studies re conducted to compre hericide performnce nd ppliction methods for nnul rodlef nd grssy weed control in soyens. Experimentl Procedure Soyen hericide trils were conducted t the Columus Field in Soyens were grown in 30-inch row spcing. Plnting ws delyed until erly July ecuse of wet soil conditions in My nd June. Mjor weed competition in most studies ws from cockleur, lthough velvetlef, smooth pigweed, nd crgrss were present in some instnces. Results nd Discussion Weed control nd soyen yield results for the vrious soyen hericide studies re shown in Tles 1 through 7. Excellent cockleur control ws chieved with postemergent pplictions of Clssic, Scepter, Pursuit, nd Bsgrn. Pinncle y itself did not give cceptle cockleur control. Cor ws effective on cockleurs less thn 6" in height ut gve only prtil control of cockleur of lrger size. Lck of rinfll fter plnting resulted in poor hericide performnce for the preemergent pplictions (Tle 2). Some preplnt incorported hericide tretments (Tle 3) lso resulted in poor weed control ecuse of cloddy soil conditions when the hericides were incorported. Select, new postemergent hericide for nnul nd perennil grss control in soyens, ws compred in severl tnk-mixes with Bsgrn, Cor, nd Clssic (Tle 4). Crgrss control ws reduced when Select ws tnk-mixed with Bsgrn or Bsgn + Cor tnk-mix. Hericide tnk-mix comintions of Cor with Bsgrn nd Clssic were lso evluted with severl spry dditive tretments (Tle 5). Crop injury ws most severe when crop oil ws dded to the Cor tnk-mixes, ut soyen plnts resumed norml growth soon fter the hericide ppliction, nd yield ws not ffected. The ddition of 2,4-DB to the Cor + Bsgrn tnk-mix did not improve cockleur control. Good velvetlef control ws otined with severl preplnt nd postemergent hericides (Tle 6). Cnopy nd Pursuit, pplied preplnt incorported, oth gve excellent velvetlef control. Bsgrn, Pinncle, nd Pursuit gve good postemergent control of velvetlef. 104

109 Severl soyen hericides were compred t full nd reduced rtes for cockleur control (Tle 7). Effective cockleur control ws chieved with reduced postemergent hericide rtes when supplemented with one cultivtion. More reserch studies re plnned in 1991 to further evlute reduced postemergent hericide pplictions. Tle 1. Comprison of Soyen Hericides nd Appliction Methods for Weed Control, Columus Unit, When Cockleur Crop Hericide Rte Applied Yield Control Injury l..i./a u/a % Prowl PPI Clssic POST Prowl PPI Clssic POST Prowl PPI Pinncle POST Prowl PPI Clssic + Pinncle POST Prowl PPI Pinncle + Scepter POST Prowl PPI Scepter POST Prowl PPI Scepter O.T POST Squdron PPI Pursuit POST Squdron PPI Scepter POST Squdron PPI Pinncle POST Pursuit (+) PPI Scepter POST No Hericide LSD 0.05: AG-98 surfctct dded to postemergent tretments t the rte of 0.25%, except for Pinncle tretments, which received 0.125%. Liquid 28% N lso dded to postemergent pplictions t the rte of 1 qt/a. Plnted July 3; Vriety = Stfford; Row spcing = 30 inches. Dte of hericide ppliction: PPI = July 3; POST = July 30. Rinfll (inches): July 11 = 0.50, July 22 = 0.50; Aug. 21 = Crop injury rting: 1 = no injury, 10 = ll plnts ded. 105

110 Tle 2. Comprison of Soyen Hericides nd Appliction Methods for Weed Control, Columus Unit, Cockleur Crop Hericide Rte Yield Control Injury Oz..i./A u/a # Preemergenent ppliction: Cnopy Cnopy Cnopy Preemergenent + postemergent ppliction: Cnopy + Clssic Cnopy + Clssic Cnopy + Clssic Cnopy + Pinncle Cnopy + Pinncle Cnopy + Pinncle Cnopy + Clssic + Pinncle Cnopy + Clssic + Pinncle Cnopy + Clssic + Pinncle No Hericide LSD 0.05: Dul pplied preemergent to ll plots t the rte of 1.5 pt/a. AG-98 surfctnt ws dded to ll Pinncle postemergent tretments t the % rte nd 0.25% for the Clssic tretments. Liquid 28% N ws lso dded to ll postemergent tretments t the rte of 1 qt/a. Dte plnted: July 3; vriety = Stfford; row spcing = 30 inches. Dte of hericide pplictions: PRE = July 3; POST = July 30. Rinfll (inches): July 11 = 0.50, July 22 = 0.50, Aug. 21 = 1.10 Weed species: Cockleur (moderte popultion). Crop injury rting: 1 = no injury, 10 = ll plnts ded. 106

111 Tle 3. Comprison of Soyen Hericides nd Appliction Methods for Weed Control, Columus Unit, When Weed Control Hericide Rte Applied Yield B-lef Gr l..i./a u/a -- % -- Commnd + Scepter + Sencor PPI Commnd + Cnopy PPI Commnd + Cnopy PPI Slute + Cnopy PPI Slute + Commnd PPI Slute + Scepter PPI Slute PPI Bsgrn 0.5 POST Trefln + Sencor PPI Sencor 0.25 PRE Turo + Scepter PRE Lsso + Lorox (+) PRE Cultivtion only No Hericide LSD 0.05: Dte of plnting = July 3; vriety = Stfford. Weed species: B-lef = cockleur, Gr = crgrss. Dte of hericide ppliction: PPI = July 3, PRE = July 4, POST = July 30. Rinfll (in.): July 11 = 0.50, July 22 = 0.50, Aug. 21 =

112 Tle 4. Comprison of Postemergent Soyen Hericides for Weed Control, Columus Unit, Weed Control Crop Hericide Rte Yield Coc Gr Injury l..i./a u/a ---- % --- Select + Bsgrn Crop Oil 1 qt. Select + Bsgrn Crop Oil 1 qt. Select + Bsgrn + Cor Crop Oil 1 pt. Select + Clssic Crop Oil 1 pt. Select + Clssic Crop Oil 1 pt. Select + Clssic + Cor Crop Oil 1 pt. Select + Cor Crop Oil 1 pt. Select + Cor Crop Oil 1 pt. Assure + Cor Crop Oil 1 pt. Fusilde + Cor Crop Oil 1 pt. Select + Crop Oil qt No Hericide LSD 0.05: Dte of plnting = July 3; vriety = Stfford. Dte of postemergent hericide ppliction: July 30. Weed species: Cockleur nd crgrss. Crop injury rting: 1= no injury, 10 = complete kill. Rinfll (in.): July 11 = 0.50, July 22 = 0.50, Aug. 21 =

113 Tle 5. Comprison of Postemergent Soyen Hericides for Weed Control, Columus Unit, Cockleur Crop Hericide Rte Yield Control Injury l..i./a u/a % Cor + Bsgrn ,4-DB + AG-98 2 oz % Cor + Bsgrn Crop Oil 1 pt. Cor ,4-DB + AG-98 2 oz % Cor + Clssic ,4-DB + AG-98 2 oz % Cor + Clssic AG % Cor Crop Oil 1 pt. Cor + Bsgrn Crop Oil 1 pt. Cor + Clssic AG % Cor + Pinncle AG % Cultivtion Only No Hericide LSD 0.05: Dte of plnting: July 3; Vriety = Stfford. Dte of hericide ppliction: July 30. Crop injury rting: 1 = no injury nd 10 = complete kill. Rinfll (in.): July 11 = 0.5, July 22 = 0.5, Aug. 21 = 1.10 Weed species: Common cockleur (moderte weed pressure). 109

114 Tle 6. Comprisons of Soyen Hericides nd Appliction Methods for Velvetlef Control, Columus Unit, Hericide Rte Yield Weed Appliction Method Control l.i./a u/a % Preplnt Incorported: Trefln + Cnopy Pursuit (+) Squdron Slute + Scepter Shllow Preplnt Incorported: Freedon + Scepter Lsso + Cnopy Lsso + Pursuit Preemergence: Turo + Scepter Lsso + Cnopy Dul + Pursuit Preplnt Incorported + Postemergence: Commence + Bsgrn Prowl + Pursuit Trefln + Cor + Bsgrn Trefln + Clssic + Pinncle Cultivtion Only No Hericide LSD 0.05: C.V. (%): Plnted July 2, 1990; Vriety = Stfford; Row Spcing = 30 inch. Dte of hericide pplictions: PPI, Shllow PPI, nd PRE = July 2. Postemergence = Aug. 1. Weed species: Velvetlef (light to moderte infesttion). Soil ph = 6.8; soil type = Prsons silt lom, 1.4% O.M. Rinfll (in.): July 11 = 0.50, July 22 =

115 Tle 7. Comprison of Soyen Hericides nd Appliction Methods on Weed Control, Columus Unit, Cockleur Hericide Rte Cultiv. Yield Control l..i./a u/a % Preplnt incorported: Prowl + Scepter No Prowl + Scepter Yes Trefln + Cnopy No Trefln + Cnopy Yes Preemergent: Dul + Scepter No Dul + Scepter Yes Lsso + Cnopy No Lsso + Cnopy Yes Preplnt incorported + postemergent: Trefln + Bsgrn No Trefln + Bsgrn + 2,4-DB Yes Prowl + Scepter No Prowl + Scepter Yes Preeemergent + postemergent: Lsso + Clssic No Lsso + Clssic + 2,4-DB Yes Cultivtion only No Hericide LSD 0.05: Dte of plnting = July 3; vriety = Stfford. Dte of hericide ppliction: PPI = July 3, PRE = July 4, POST = July 30. Weed species: cockleur (hevy popultion). Rinfll (in.): July 11 = 0.50, July 22 = 0.50, Aug. 21 =

116 112

117 113

118 STATION PERSONNEL Lyle Loms Sttion Hed Mildred Beck Office Assistnt II Lrry Buffington Custodil Worker TLn Erikson Agric. L Technicin II Mrl Sexton Accountnt I Kenneth Coffey Animl Scientist Beef Cttle Reserch Fredrick Blck Animl Cretker I Lrry Ellis Animl Cretker I Terry Green Animl Cretker I Ronld McNickle Animl Cretker II Roert Middleton Animl Cretker III Jmes Long Agronomist, Crop Vrietl Development Joyce Erikson Frmer I Chrles Middleton Frmer II Kenneth Kelley Agronomist, Crops nd Soils Michel Den Frmer II Boie Hite Frmer III Joseph Moyer Agronomist, Forge Crops Mike Crmer Frmer II Kenneth McNickle Frmer II Dniel Sweeney Agronomist, Soil nd Wter Mngement Roert Blck Frmer III Dvid Kerley Frmer I

119 Agriculturl Experiment Sttion, Knss Stte University, Mnhttn Report of Progress 628 My 1991 Pulictions nd pulic meetings y the Knss Agriculturl Experiment Sttion re ville nd open to the pulic regrdless of rce. color. ntionl origin, sex, or hndicp. 1.5M