PL5: insect-smart legume systems

Transcription

1 Review Meeting Grain Legumes Phase 1 and Extension Phase PL5: insect-smart legume systems Manuele Tamò Insect Ecologist IITA m.tamo@cigar.org Oct 5, 2016 With inputs by H. Sharma, Gopalakrishnan, M. El-Bouhssini, B. Pittendrigh, R. Srinivasan, and many national partners Leveraging legumes to combat poverty, hunger, malnutrition and environmental degradation

2 PL5 Description Background and R4D challenges Insect pests are a major constraint on legume production largely intractable genetically (e.g., pod borers Helicoverpa armigera and Maruca vitrata) 2

3 PL5 Description Background and R4D challenges Climate changes can favour an increase in pest reproductive fitness leading to rapid build-up of populations and consequently pest outbreaks, while reducing plant resistance Need for integrative management practices including enhanced host plant resistance, e.g. through transgenic approaches rearing and deployment of parasitoids and the use of biopesticides 3

4 Objectives Overarching Goal: To apply an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach including the application of genetic engineering and genomic tools, wide hybridization, biological control, and rational application of biopesticides and synthetic pesticides to guide decision-making in pest management. Ten-year outputs: Chickpea, cowpea, and pigeonpea cultivars with high levels of resistance to pod borers developed Effective IPM systems in chickpea, cowpea and pigeonpea developed 4

5 Objectives Output targets: Information on insect-plant-environment interactions for targeting IPM interventions, and mitigate the effects of climate change (SC1). Diversified sources of resistance, and information on mechanisms and inheritance of resistance (SC2). Interspecific derivatives of chickpea, cowpea, and pigeonpea with high levels of resistance (SC2). Transgenic chickpea, cowpea, and pigeonpea cultivars with high levels of resistance to pod borers, including biosafety aspects (SC2) 5

6 Objectives (Contd.) Output targets: IPM system based on rational application of pesticides, agronomic practices, and pest-resistant cultivars developed (SC2). Developing promising bio-pesticides (emulsifiable neem oil and entomopathogens) into commercial products, and assessing the potential of bio-control agents for releases in farmers fields (SC4). Capacity of the stakeholders in research on all aspects of IPM (SC5). 6

7 RESULTS: Influence of climate change on pest occurrence and incidence (SO1) Pod borer, H. armigera incidence greater in the first planting at the podding stage (corresponding to Tmax and Tmin ; and RHmax 88.57% and RHmin 41.57%) than in the other plantings. Density of H. armigera and S. exigua larvae negatively correlated with temperature (both maximum and minimum), but positively correlated with RH, and strong GxE interactions. 10 October

8 RESULTS: Assessing farmer perception and demand for biological control (SO1) Household survey in Benin (560 respondents) 1) farmers are aware of health hazards from chemical pesticides but use them out of necessity; 2) farmers prefer pest control methods that reduce costs, labor, and yield losses; 3) preferences for biocontrol methods are fairly uniform, hence mass education strategies could be leveraged to promote biocontrol in communities; 4) social influences are important, suggesting promotion campaigns could improve biocontrol adoption Table 1. Pest management characteristics in Benin Characteristics % Apply chemical pesticides to cowpeas 88 Believe pesticides are harmful to people 93 Knows color label for highly toxic pesticides 11 Use face/nose mask to apply pesticides 24 Skin problems after spraying 73 Eye irritation after spraying 57 Awareness of beneficial insects 9 Source: Survey Data, October

9 RESULTS: New sources of conventional resistance (SO2) Of 119 varieties of cowpea tested for tolerance to thrips in the field and the screenhouse, 5 confirmed high levels of tolerance (Burkina Niébé, CIPEA82672, Suvita2, TVU7677 and Diaye). Two promising chickpea lines for resistance to leaf miner (IG 6461, IG 70556) confirmed their good level of resistance to Leaf miner with a 3 in the scale of 1-9 visual damage score. Damage Score Resistant Intermediate Susceptible Number of Thrips per Flower 9

10 RESULTS: Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy FIGS (SO2) ICARDA, in collaboration with its partners, has led the development of the Focused Identification of Germplasm Strategy (FIGS), using agro-climatic characteristics of original sites. Mining large genebank collections for specific traits such as insect resistance. Several sources of resistance have been identified in cultivated legume crops and in wild relatives to key legume pests such as chickpea Pod borer and Leafminer. 10

11 RESULTS: Developing Bt-transformed chickpea and pigeonpea (SO2) New pigeonpea transgenic events engineered using stacked genes Cry1Ac-1F and cry1ac-2aa for higher and efficient expression. Over 4 independent transgenic events of ICPL88039 produced and transferred to contained greenhouse. In chickpea, two different gene constructs pbincry2aa and pmdc100 Cry1Ac1F used to develop 10 new transgenics events for pod borer resistance. Bt-cowpea (Cry1Ab) developed by AATF, testing in CFTs, dereglulated in

12 RESULTS: Farmers adopt natural enemies against the legume pod borer (SO2) Tropical Asia: area of origin of Maruca vitrata - much larger diversity of co-evolved natural enemies Assessing their performance using a biocontrol pipeline approach After 2 years of confined testing: first experimental releases of the parasitic wasps (parasitoids) Therophilus javanus (32 000) and Phanerotoma syleptae (17 000) in Benin and Burkina Faso Perfect Killer

13 RESULTS: Softer insecticides against multiple pests (SO2) Vertimec (active ingredient Abamectin, 25 cc/hl) was identified to be the most effective insecticide against leaf miner in chickpea, with a 60% reduction of infestation with the first application. The most effective biological insecticide was Radiant 120 SC (active ingredient Spinetoram, 25 cc/hl), with a 40% reduction of infestation 13

14 RESULTS: New promising insecticidal compounds (SO4) Cyclo(Trp-Phe), a diketopiperazine (DKP) derivative was identified from S. griseoplanus SAI-25 (C 20 H 20 N 3 O 2 ) First report on identification of cyclo(trp- Phe) in the genus Streptomyces and also for its insecticidal activities Novel fatty acid amide derivative - N-(1- (2,2-dimethyl-5-undecyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)- 2-hydroxyethyl)stearamide was identified from Streptomyces sp. CAI % mortality in 2nd instar H. armigera by diet impregnation assay, detached leaf assay and greenhouse assay, showing great potential for pod borer control. 10 October

15 RESULTS: Social enterprise: 130 t of neem seeds collected by a community of 800 women during 1 year now 5 oil presses with capacity of 100 Mt/y 3 commercial products Treatment Virus production by women and youth groups training on-going business plan development Locally made bio-insecticides: efficient and income-generating (SO3 and SO4) 1 st rainy season Cowpea yield kg/ha Unsprayed control 522,95 ± 28,20a Chemical control (Decis) 868,62 ± 68,09b Neem oil 826,42 ± 52,80b Jatropha oil 867,90 ± 28,29b MaviMNPV 875,12 ± 47,83b Neem oil+ MaviMNPV 1082,10 ± 58,78c Jatropha oil + MaviMNPV 1096,30 ± 26,05c 15

16 IMPACT PL Number of research students MSc (M/F) PhD (M/F) Number of research students per FTE Number of MSc students per FTE Number of PhD students per FTE (3/5) 36 (25/11) PL No. staff Gender ratio (M/F) FTE Total no. outputs No. outputs with authors from 2 CG centres No. outputs with authors from more than 2 CG centres Number of peer reviewed papers / Number of peer reviewed paper with IF Scaling out IPM technologies: By 2020, some pigeonpea and chickpea farmers in India will implement IPM packages, yield increase by 50% By 2018, cowpea farmers in West Africa will benefit from biocontrol of the pod borer, additional from locally produced biopesticides by 2020, yield increase by 40-60% depending on agro-ecology 16

17 Lessons Learned There is no silver bullet approach in IPM, all compatible technologies have to work together and in synergy CRP GL made independent crop programs to start talking to each other in collegial fashion about common technical issues, sharing common approaches and protocols for geographical/time/resource reasons, we have not been able to make this collaboration as effective and functional as we had wished Missed opportunity to have real collaborative project on the ground (?), but IPM implementation is highly localized (local socio-cultural implications) 17

18 Areas suggested for continued R4D Collect, manage and share information with regard to insect pests, diseases and weed taxonomy, distribution, population dynamics and damage thresholds at regional and local scale, including data on interactions with climate change Tools to evaluate the amount and distribution of genetic variation within crops with regard to pest and disease infestation over spatial and temporal time scales Tools to measure crop vulnerability to future changes in pest biotypes X CC Updated knowledge on population genetics of key biotic stresses, and of natural regulating organisms Efficient, safe, economically profitable and socially acceptable crop protection products including new-generation synthetic pesticides, novel bio-pesticides, endophytic organisms, and semio-chemicals Novel ICT tools to allow women and men farmers access to real-time information with regard to IPM innovations and applications (Farmer App Expert System) 18

19 Contributing Bilateral Projects increasing the performance of cowpea breeding programs across WA (BMGF) Feed the Future Legume Innovation Lab (USAID) Scoping study on precision-ipm (BMGF) TL II & III (BMGF) OCP Legumes Project (OCPF) Projects focusing on diseases included in PL1 and PL4 19

20 Summary IPM = farmer knowledge + biocontrol + bio-pesticides + resistant varieties Promising options to be further tested: transgenic chickpea, pigeonpea and cowpea conventional HPR against a range of pests novel bio-pesticide compounds Robust options ready for scaling: neem technology bio-control agents against pod borer 20

21 List of Posters GL-14 GL-15 GL-16 Biological control: harnessing biodiversity for restoring ecological balances in grain legume crops Exploration of bioactive metabolites from Streptomyces as natural insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera Host plant resistance against insect pests: one approach across multiple legume crops Manuele Tamò (IITA), Mustapha El-Bouhssini (ICARDA), Hari Sharma (ICRISAT), Clementine Dabire (INERA), Ibrahim Baoua (INRAN), Srinivasan Ramasamy (WorldVeg), Barry Pittendrigh (MSU) Gopalakrishnan S1, Vijayabharathi R1, Sathya A1, Sharma HC1, Srinivas V1, Ratna Kumari B1, Gonzalez SV2, Melø TM3, Simic N2 Mustapha El-Bouhssini, Hari Sharma and Manuele Tamò (IITA) /biological-controlharnessing-biodiversity-forrestoring-ecologicalbalances-in-grain-legumecrops/ /exploration-of-bioactivemetabolites-fromstreptomyces-as-naturalinsecticides-againsthelicoverpa-armigera/ /host-plant-resistanceagainst-insect-pests-oneapproach-across-multiplelegume-crops/ 21

22 Leveraging legumes to combat poverty, hunger, malnutrition and environmental degradation