The environmental role of protein crops in the new common agricultural policy: pointers for a European protein strategy

Transcription

1 The environmental role of protein crops in the new common agricultural policy: pointers for a European protein strategy Andrea Bues Sara Preißel Fred Stoddard Peter Zander Tom Kuhlman Kristina Lindström Moritz Reckling Kairsty Topp Christine Watson Donal Murphy-Bokern 1

2 Politics and Policy 2

3 The purpose of policy is Pea Faba bean To convert political vision into change in the real world Lentil Lupin 3

4 The primary responsibility of policy: Pea Security Faba bean Justice system Protecting and enhancing public goods Lentil Lupin 4

5 Policy makers focus on Pea Public goods Faba bean Market failure Lentil Lupin 5

6 Conclusion 1 We must look at the world from the viewpoint of protecting and enhancing public goods And we must base positions on science Pea Lentil Faba bean Lupin 6

7 Protein crops Pea Faba bean Soya Aspects of the protein deficit Resource effects Lentil Environmental effects Competitiveness Policy implications and options Lupin 7

8 Forage legumes 8

9 Conclusion 2 Most of our protein does not come from protein crops 9

10 Cereal production is remarkably stable in Europe Area cropped (million ha) Grain legumes Arable forage legumes Source: FAOstat 2013 Cereals Rapeseed and sunflower Sugar beet and potatoes Forage maize 10

11 Europe is one of the world s largest users of soy Net import (million t) Price (USD/t) Source: FAOstat 2013 Soya cake imports Soya bean imports Soya bean price Soya cake price 11

12 Growth in poultry and pig meat consumption is the driver behind increased plant protein imports Million t Poultry Pigs Beef Milk Beef Poultry meat Net soya import (bean equivalent) Pig meat Grain legume production Fertiliser-N consumption Source: FAOstat

13 Conclusion 3 A protein strategy includes address the consumption and the production of pigs and poultry Million t Poultry Pigs Beef Milk Beef Poultry meat Net soya import (bean equivalent) Pig meat Grain legume production Fertiliser-N consumption Source: FAOstat

14 Conclusion 4 There is a big difference between a protein strategy and a protein crops strategy 14

15 The proportion of EU cropland used for protein crops is low Since 1961 the area has declined from 4.6 to 1.8% of arable land in Europe Source: EuroSTAT

16 This means that the EU is foregoing any resource and environmental effects of legume crops 16

17 Resource protection Protein crops require no nitrogen fertiliser and the need for fertiliser in the following crop is lower Photo: RAUCH Landmaschinenfabrik GmbH 17

18 Resource effects Break crop effect: Reduced crop diseases Improved soil conditions Improved soil fertility 15 25% yield increase in following crop yield 18

19 These are all internal benefits Break crop effect: Reduced crop diseases Improved soil conditions Improved soil fertility 15 25% yield increase in following crop yield 19

20 External environmental benefits nitrogen cycle Lower greenhouse gas emissions (particularly nitrous oxide) Reduced fossil energy CO 2 emissions 20

21 External environmental benefits biodiversity Mass flowering Crop diversity Soil organisms 21

22 External environmental benefits land use change Source: Paula Fridman/Carbis, Business Week May 22,

23 External environmental benefits life cycle Study % change in environmental impact Energy demand GHG emission Ozone Eutrophication Acidification Ecotoxicity Land -use Comparison of soya-based and domestic legume-based feed Sweden, pork Sweden, pork Germany, pork 3-5 Spain, pork France, chicken meat France, eggs Comparison of soya-based and farm-produced feed Germany, pork Cederberg and Flysiö 2004; 2 Eriksson et al. 2005; 3 Van der Werf et al

24 2.5 soya bean The public benefits of protein crops justify public 2.0 policy intervention, and farmers respond faba b lupins 1.5 Area (million ha) : price support for soya bean 1978: price support for pea, faba bean, lupins 1989: area payment for chickpea, lentil, vetches 1992: MacSharry reform : introduction 0.5 of Single Payment Scheme Common bean Faba bean and other legumes Chickpea, lentil & vetches Pea Lupins 1.0 Soya bean

25 If we want more protein crops, what will this cost society? 25

26 European protein crops are high yielding Yield (t/ha) Wheat Pea Faba bean Soya bean Rapeseed Lupins Source: FAOstat

27 Soy yields in the USA and France Yield (t/ha) USA wheat USA soya bean France wheat France soya bean Source: FAOstat

28 European protein crops are high yielding, but Europe is a world champion in growing wheat Yield (t/ha) 8 European wheat has a three-fold yield advantage European and US soya bean and US wheat have similar yields USA wheat France wheat USA soya bean France soya bean 28 28

29 European livestock production depends on imported protein and crop land outside Europe Carbohydrate Protein Von Witzke & Noleppe 2010

30 Conclusion 5 The problem is not that we cannot grow good protein crops. It is that we are exceptionally good at growing wheat & co. 30

31 Cropping sequence gross margins Case study, year Annual gross margin incl. precrop effect ( /ha/yr) Legume rotation Rotation without legume Deficit of legume rotation Regional data, averaged Germany Saxony-Anhalt Germany lower Bavaria Denmark Fyn Switzerland Vaud Spain Castilla y Leon Spain Navarra light soil Spain Navarra deep soil France Barrois France Picardie Regional data averaged France Eure et Loir France Seine Maritime Germany Niedersachsen Spain Castilla-La Mancha UK East Anglia Average Range 53 to to 7 Sources: Calculations based on data from: 1 von Richthofen et al. (2006b) (Considered precrop effects: yield effect on 1st subsequent crop, fertiliser saving, pesticide saving, reduced tillage). 2 LMC International (2009) (Considered precrop effects: Yield effect on 1st subsequent crop, N fertiliser saving) 31

32 Crop-level gross margins Case study, year Netherlands, Annual gross margin ( /ha) Gross margin deficit of legume compared to other crop ( /ha) Wheat Maize Barley Rapeseed Pea Faba bean Lupin France Midi Pyrenées, Rainfed loam Soya bean Pea Rainfed clay Soya bean Pea Irrigated loam Soya bean Pea Irrigated clay Soya bean Pea France Ariege, Pea Average Sources: Calculations based on data from: 1 Kamp et al. (2010), 2 Mahmood (2011), 3 Chambre d Agriculture de l Ariege (2009) in Mahmood (2011). 32

33 Conclusion 6 In general, growing protein crops reduces farm profit in Europe 33

34 Conclusion 7 We must invest in raising the yield of protein crops faster than the yield of wheat & co. 34

35 CAP reform: some principles offered 35 35

36 Multiple and complex public effects point to integrated policy development using complementary policy measures. Avoid obligation. Work within a comprehensive protein strategy. Photo: J. Logan 36

37 Policy options within the CAP More stringent crop diversification requirements (greening in Pillar 1) Inclusion of legume crops in ecological focus areas (greening in Pillar 1) Voluntary coupled support schemes (direct support under Pillar 1) 37

38 Policy options within the CAP (continued) Legumes via agri-environment schemes (Pillar 2) Organic farming Investment into research, breeding, and technical progress Support producer initiatives (e.g. Danube Soya) 38

39 Policy options outside the CAP Climate protection policies Nutrient policies Support for technical progress 39

40 Acknowledgements 40