Among different cropping sequences, rice-wheat is

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1 The An Asian Journal J.of Hort. of June Soil Science, 2008 Vol. (December 3 (1) : (...) 2009 to May-2010) Vol. 4 No. 2 : Research Paper : Effect of crop diversification and intensification in rice-wheat cropping system on system productivity, profitability and energy use efficiency Accepted : October, 2009 See end of the article for authors affiliations Correspondence to : RUBY SAHA Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, VARANASI (U.P.) INDIA ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to study the effect of crop diversification and intensification in ricewheat cropping system on production potential, profitability and energy use efficiency on sandy clay loam soil at Agricultural Research farm, B.H.U., Varanasi, U.P. The treatments comprising of 14 crop sequences were arranged in a randomized block design under three replications. The overall productivity of the system in terms of RGEY was noticed significantly highest in rice-potato-black gram ( q ha -1 yr -1 ) over rest of the cropping sequence except rice-maize (cob) + veg. Pea (1:2) green gram cropping sequence ( q ha -1 yr -1 ). The net energy return was maximum under ricemaize (cob) + veg. Pea (1:2) green gram cropping sequence ( MJ ha -1 yr -1 ) followed by rice-potato-black gram. Energy output: input ratio was also highest in rice-maize (cob) + veg. Pea (1:2) green gram cropping sequence (4.01). Early pigeon pea wheat-maize (fodder) cropping sequence registered maximum land utilization efficiency (97.81%) followed by rice-rapeseed-onion cropping sequence (90.68%) and the value was lowest in rice-wheat cropping sequence (68.49%). Key words : Crop diversification, System productivity, Energy use efficiency Among different cropping sequences, rice-wheat is the most stable and dominant cropping sequence being practiced in Indo-Gangetic plains. Besides degrading the soil health and fertility this system needs high input resources for higher production, which leads to higher cost of cultivation. As replacing rice completely by any other crop is practically as well as economically not feasible. So, diversification of rice-wheat system by oilseed, grainlegumes as well as some short duration vegetable crops can be done to get higher production along with variable produce without increasing the cost of cultivation. The system may also be diversified through crop intensification in order to increase the agricultural - production and to restore the soil health and fertility. MATERIALS AND METHODS A field experiment on diversification in rice-wheat system was conducted at the Agricultural Research Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, BHU, Varanasi (UP) during in randomized block design, replicated thrice with 14 crop sequences as treatments viz., ricewheat (T 1 ), rice (early)-pea (grain)-blackgram ( ), rice (early)-rapeseed-maize (cob)-sesbania ( ), rice-wheatgreengram ( ), rice-mustard-blackgram ( ), maize (cob)-rapeseed-wheat ( ), rice (basmati)-potatoblackgram ( ), rice-wheat + mustard -blackgram (T 8 ), early pigeonpea-wheat-maize (fodder) ( ), ricebasmati- maize (cob) + veg. Pea (1:2)-greengram ( ), rice (basmati)-rapeseed-onion ( ), rice (basmati)- vegetable pea-sunflower (hybrid) ( ), rice (early) + blackgram-wheat + mustard -greengram (T 13 ), rice (early) + sesamum (1:1)-wheat + lentil (3:2)-blackgram (T 14 ). The soil of experimental field was sandy clay loam having ph 7.39, organic carbon-0.49 %, available nitrogen ( kg N ha -1 ), available phosphorus (19.95 kg P ha - 1 ) and available potassium ( kg K ha 1 ). The crops were raised with recommended practices. No fertilizer was added to green manure crops. For comparison of different crop sequences, the yield data for different seasons were pooled and converted into rice grain equivalent yield (RGEY) on price basis (Verma and Mudgal, 1983). Land use efficiency was obtained by dividing total duration of crop in each crop rotation by 365 days. Production efficiency of the sequence was obtained as per the method given by Tomar and Tiwari (1990). Economics of the inputs and output was worked out to arrive at the net return and output : input ratio. The crop energy was calculated as per method described by Sriram et al. (1991). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained from the present investigation are summarized below : System productivity: Rice grain equivalent yield was recorded maximum

2 291 in rice-potato-blackgram sequence which was closely followed by rice-maize (cob) veg. Pea ( 1: 2) greengram. RGEY of these two crop sequences was significantly higher than rest of the crop sequences (Table 1). Saroch et al. (2005) also reported more productivity by replacing wheat in rice wheat cropping system with vegetables. Inclusion of pulses in crop sequence increased the grain yield of both the crop sequence. This can be attributed to the legume effect of black gram and green gram on succeeding rice crop (Yadav et al, 2005). Table 1 : Effect of different cropping sequences on equivalent yield in different seasons and system productivity (RGEY) System Treatment: Cropping sequence Equivalent yield (q ha -1 ) productivity (RGEY) (q ha RGEY WGEY GEY -1 year -1 ) T 1 Rice (Swarna) (HUW 234) Maize (cob) (X-3342) (HUW 234) Potato (K Badshah) T 8 Rice (Swarna) (HD-2824) + T 13 Early Pigeonpea (UPAS- 120) Rice (NDR-97) + Blackgram (1:1) T 14 Rice (NDR 97) + Sesamum ( ) (1:1) (Sanjukta) Economic analysis : The maximum gross return was recorded in ricepotato-black gram cropping sequence (Table 2) which was significantly higher than other cropping sequence except rice-maize (cob) + vegetable pea (1 : 2) green gram cropping sequence. The net return was highest in rice-maize (cob) + vegetable pea (1:2) green gram cropping sequence (Rs ha 1 ) which was significantly superior to rest of the cropping sequences followed by rice-potato-blackgram cropping sequence (Rs ha 1 ). While, both the net return as well as gross return was recorded minimum in maize (cob) rapeseedwheat cropping sequence. Similarly, output: input ratio was also maximum in rice maize (cob) + vegetable pea (1: 2) green gram cropping sequence (2.88) followed by rice- Maize(X-3342)- Sesbania) (GM) (Local) Maize (F) (Local) Maize (cob) (X-3342) + vegetable pea (E. apporva) (1:2) Onion (Nasik red) Vegetable pea (Early apporva) (HUW 234) + (Sanjukta) (HUW 234) + Lentil (ML-1) (3:2) S.E. ± C.D. (P = 0.05)

3 EFFECT OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION & INTENSIFICATION IN RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM 292 Table 2 : Effect of different cropping sequences on economics of different rice based cropping sequences Treatments: Cropping sequence Total cost of Total Gross cultivation return (Rs ha -1 ) (Rs ha -1 ) Total net return (Rs ha -1 ) T 1 Rice (Swarna) (HUW 234) Maize (cob) (X-3342) (HUW 234) Potato (K Badshah) T 8 Rice (Swarna) (HD-2824) Early Pigeon pea (UPAS-120) T 13 Rice (NDR-97) + Black- gram (Azad urd-1) (1:1) T 14 Rice(NDR 97) + Sesamum(T4)(1:1) + (Sanjukta) Maize(X-3342) - Sesbania) (GM) (Local) Output : input ratio Maize (F) (Local) Maize (cob) (X-3342) + vegetable pea (E. apporva) (1:2) Onion (Nasik red) Vegetable pea (Early apporva) (HUW 234) + (Sanjukta) (HUW 234) + Lentil (ML-1) (3:2) S.E. ± C.D. (P = 0.05) potato-blackgram (2.18) and the lowest value was in maize (cob) rapeseed wheat cropping sequence (0.53). Energy efficiency: Amount of energy consumed and obtained on unit area basis had also been helpful in comparing the various crop sequences. Energy output was recorded maximum in rice-maize + vegetable pea green gram sequence ( MJ/ha) and lowest in early pigeonpea wheat maize. The net energy return was maximum under ricemaize (cob) + vegetable pea (1:2) greengram cropping sequence ( MJ/ha) followed by rice-potato- black gram. Energy output : input ratio was recorded maximum in rice-maize + vegetable pea (1:2) green gram cropping sequence (4.01) (Table 3). Thus, the study revealed that rice maize (cob) + vegetable pea (1:2) greengram and rice-potato-black gram are remunerative and suitable cropping sequences for the area. If suitable and disease resistant genotypes of green gram and black gram is used on these sequence, it will be more preferred over the traditional rice-wheat sequence. So, diversification and intensification of rice wheat system by including oilseed, pulses and other vegetable crop is beneficial than cereals after cereals.

4 293 Table 3 : Effect of different cropping sequences on energy efficiency, system production efficiency and land utilization efficiency ( ) Treatments : Cropping sequence Energy 000 MJ ha -1 of the system Net Input Output energy return Energy output: input ratio System production efficiency (kg ha -1 day -1 ) Land use efficiency (%) T 1 Rice (Swarna) (HUW 234) Maize (cob) (X- 3342) (HUW 234) Potato (K Badshah) T 8 Rice (Swarna) (HD-2824) Early Pigeon pea (UPAS-120) + (Sanjukta) Maize (X-3342)- Sesbania) (GM) (Local) Maize (F) (Local) Maize (cob) (X- 3342) +vegetable pea (E. apporva) (1:2) Onion (Nasik red) Vegetable pea (Early apporva) T 13 Rice (NDR-97) + (HUW 234) Black-gram (Azad (Sanjukta) urd-1) (1:1) T 14 Rice(NDR 97) + (HUW 234) Sesamum ( ) (1:1) + Lentil (ML-1) (3:2) Similar results were also reported by (Kumpawat, 2001 and Raskar et al., 2001). Authors affiliations: JAGDISH SINGH, Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Facutly of Agriculture, U.P. Autonomous College, VARANASI (U.P.) INDIA KALYAN SINGH, Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, VARANASI (U.P.) INDIA REFERENCES Kumpawat, B.S. (2001). Production potential and economics of different crop sequences, Indian J. Agron., 46 (3) : Raskar, B.S., Bhai, P.G. and Shinde, S.H. (2001). Productivity and economics of soybean based cropping sequences under irrigated condition. Indian J. Agron., 45 (3) : Saroch, K., Bhargava, M. and Sharma, J.J. (2005). Diversification of existing rice ( Oryza sativa) based cropping system for sustainable productivity under irrigated conditions. Indian J. Agron., 50(2):

5 EFFECT OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION & INTENSIFICATION IN RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM ON SYSTEM 294 Sriram, C., Thyagraj, C.R., Mayande, V.M. and Srinivas Rao, P. (1991). Indo-US project on research on mechanization of dryland agriculture (Operation Research). Central Research Institute for Dryland Agricuture, Hyderabad, India, AnnexureI. Tomar, S. S. and Tiwari, A. S. (1990). Production potential and economics of different crop sequences. Indian J. Agron., 35 (1 & 2) : Verma, S.P. and Mudgal, S.C. (1983). Production potential and economics of fertiliser application as a resource constraint in maize-wheat crop sequences. Himachal J. Agric. Res., 9(2): Yadav, M.P., Rai, J., Kushwaha, S.P. and Singh, G.K. (2005). Production potential and economic analysis of various cropping systems for Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh. Indian J. Agron., 50(2): ******** ****** ****