Performance of rice Cultivar (Oryza sativa L.) to leaf colour chart nitrogen based management in eastern plane (Uttar Pradesh)

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1 2017 RELS ISSN: Res. Environ. Life Sci. 10(10) (2017) Performance of rice Cultivar (Oryza sativa L.) to leaf colour chart nitrogen based management in eastern plane (Uttar Pradesh) Anil Kumar*, O. P. Rai and Vishuddha Nand Department of Agronomy, NDUA&T Kumarganj, Faizabad, pin , India * (Received: November 07, 2016; Revised received: July 22, 2017; Accepted: July 30, 2017) Abstract: Leaf Colour Chart (LCC) based Nitrogen Management in Rice conducted by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), in India, there is a saving of 20-40kg N/ha (44kg-88kg urea/ha) by using Leaf Colour Chart. From 290 Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) demonstrations, conducted by TNAU in the Cauvery delta during , it revealed that the increase in grain yield because of SSNM using LCC ranged from 0.34 to 1.07 tonnes/ ha, with an average of 0.75 tonnes/ha. Keeping in this view an experiment was conducted at ND University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad during and , using as Split Plot Design with three replications. Main treatments were comprising three rice cultivars (PA-6444, PHB-71 and NDR- 359) and sub treatments placed at LCC nitrogen based management likes, ( recommended dose of nitrogen, 25% N allocated as FYM+ LCC<3, 25% N basal as Urea + LCC<3, 25% N basal as FYM+ LCC<4, 25% N basal as Urea+ LCC<4, 25% N basal as FYM+ LCC<5 and 25% N basal as Urea + LCC<5). The experiment results revealed that the yield attribute characters viz, no of panicle bearing shoot (484.16, ), length of panicle (26.67, cm), grain weight/panicle (4.79, 3.85 g) and test weight (24.48, g) was found significant. The maximum grain yield was obtained with rice cultivar PA-6444 ( q/ha) which was superior over NDR-359 ( q/ha) and at with par PHB-71( q/ha). Among the LCC nitrogen based management. The highest biological yield was recorded under 25% N basal as Urea + LCC<5 which was significantly superior over rest of treatments. Key words: LCC, rice, cultivars, FYM, Urea, nitrogen, biological yield and grain& straw yield Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important food grain crops of the world particularly in Asia. It is grown in the tropical and sub tropical regions of the world. The global requirement of rice by 2050 AD would be 800 million tones, which is 26% higher than the present level of production. In India it is grown over an area million hectare with a production of million tons in (Anonymous, 2014). The area and production of rice in Uttar Pradesh is about mha and mt. respectively with productivity of 2358 kg ha -1 (Anonymous, 2014). The decline in soil fertility due to imbalanced fertilizer use has been recognized as one of the most limiting factors for crop yields. India provides around 21% of global rice production from its 28% of the world s rice area. Rice genotypes and LCC based N management significantly influenced rice yield and yield components. Nagappa et al. (2002). When the leaves are pale or yellowish green rather than dark green, farmers believe that plants need more nitrogen. According to research, it has been found that leaf colour intensity is directly related to leaf chlorophyll content and leaf nitrogen status. A leaf colour chart (LCC) developed by a Japanese scientist (Furuya, 1987), will help the farmers to measure the leaf colour intensity. The LCC has been successfully tested for N management in rice (Balasubramanian et al. 2003; Shukla et al. 2004; Alam et al. 2005; Singh et al. 2007). As per a research study on, Leaf Colour Chart (LCC) based Nitrogen Management in Rice conducted by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), in India, there is a saving of 20-40kg N/ha (44kg-88kg urea/ha) by using Leaf Colour Chart. From 290 Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) demonstrations, conducted by TNAU in the Cauvery delta during , it revealed that the increase in grain yield because of SSNM using LCC ranged from 0.34 to 1.07 tonnes/ha, with an average of.75 tonnes/ha. Farmers generally realized additional profits of Rs ha-1 per season. Hence, large-scale testing of the suitability of LCC based N management strategy in rice is required in different agro-climatic regions to achieve recommendable decisions. (1) To find out the amount and sources of basal nitrogen in LCC guided nitrogen management. (2) To standardize the LCC value for different rice cultivars. (3) To find out the optimum N fertilizer rate and timing of N application for rice cultivars. (4) To draw out suitable varieties for LCC guided nitrogen management. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted in student s instructional farm at Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj) Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh during Research in Environment and Life Sciences 816

2 kharif season of The experimental site flourishes in the eastern plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh Faizabad geographically situated at North latitude and East longitudes at an altitude of 113 meters above the mean sea level in the Gangatic Plain zone of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Where summer is very hot and dry and winters are very cold. The monsoon season usually starts from the last week of June to first week of July and extends up to last week of September. Few showers are commonly received during winter season (November to March). The average annual rainfall of this area is mm and about 90 per cent it, is received during rainy season. Frost generally occurs at the end of December and sometimes in January. Maximum temperature is record Weather fluctuations during the crop season were recorded at the meteorological observatory of the university situated near the experimental field, To determine the texture and initial fertility status of the soil, the soil samples were taken from 0-15 cm soil depth with the help of soil auger before laying out the composite soil sample was made from collected samples and analyzed with Glass electrode ph meter (Jackson,1973) for Ph, Bower and Wilcox (1965) method apply for EC (dsm -1 ), Walkley and Black s rapid titration method (Walkely and Black,1964) for organic matter (%), Alkaline potassium permanganate method (Subbiah and Asija, 1956) applying for calculating available nitrogen (kg/ha), Olsen s method (Olsen et al.1954) used for calculating of available phosphorus (kg/ha) and Flame emission spectrophotometer method (Jackson, 1973) used for calculating of available potassium (kg/ ha) The results were depicted in Fig. 1. Rice cultivars; PA-6444, PHB-71 and NDR-359, Urea, DAP, MOP and FYM. Malathion was used for plant protection. Seedlings of rice were raised by wet bed method. 4-5 cm raised 1.5 meter wide and 22 meter long seed beds were prepared in dry condition. A day before sowing, the beds were flooded with irrigation water and were puddled. After leveling, 730 g urea (100 kg N ha -1 ), 1.65 kg single super phosphate (80 kg P 2 O 5 ha - 1 ) and 330 g muriate of potash (60 kg K 2 O ha -1 ) per bed were broadcasted and incorporated into a puddled soil surface thoroughly.sprouted 1.5 kg per bed for hybrid rice and 3.5 kg for NDR-359 were broadcasted on 22 June and 20 June in both the respective years. Beds were then kept saturated with water initially up to a week and then submerged with a thin layer of water irrigated at alternate days in the evening. Nurseries were watched for disease and pests but no problem was noted. Results and Discussion Grain weight/panicle: The data regarding number of grain weight/ panicle which were recorded at harvest as influenced by rice cultivars and different LCC based nitrogen levels are summarized in Table 1. Among rice cultivars, PA-6444 recorded highest grian weight (479, 385g) followed by PHB-71 (4.20, 3.80 g) and NDR-359 (4.18, 3.70 g). This might be due to genetic makeup of plants. Whereas the highest amount of grain weight/ panicle was recorded at 25% N urea + LCC<5 level (223.88, ) and at 25%N FYM+LCC<5 nitrogen level (217.00, ) against the recommended dose of nitrogen. While level 25%N FYM+LCC<4, and level 25%N urea+lcc<4, observation showed less numbers of grain weight/panicle comparison to 25%N urea+lcc<5 and 25%N FYM+LCC<5 Although which was higher than the recommended dose and 25%N FYM+LCC<3, 25%N urea+lcc<3, level. More ever level 25%N urea+lcc<3 and 25%N urea+lcc<3, indicate lowest number of grain weight/ panicle comparison to other all the levels. Similar results were found by Kavitha et. al., (2009). Number of panicle bearing shoot m 2 : Among rice cultivars, PHB-71 recorded highest number of panicle bearing shoot m 2 which was significantly higher in all the three varieties (478.26,474.78) followed by PA (484.16, ) and lowest number of panicle bearing shoot m 2 recorded in NDR-359 (417.14, ). This might be due to genetic factor in particular cultivar. Yoseftabar, (2013). The highest no of panicle bearing shoots was recorded in 25%N (urea) +LCC<5 (427.16, ) Followed by level 25%N (FYM) +LCC<5 (425.51, ) which was significantly higher over rest the treatments. This might be due to ph EC (dsm-1) Organic carbon (%) Organic matter (%) Available nitrogen (kg/ha) Available phosphorus (kg/ha) Available potassium(kg/ha) Fig. 1: Phisico-chemical properties of soil in Research in Environment and Life Sciences 817

3 Table-1: yield attribute characters as influence by rice cultivars and LCC nitrogen based management practices Treatments No. of ear Length Grain Test No. of ear Length Grain Test panicle of weight weight panicle of weight weight bearing panicle /panicle (g) bearing panicle /panicle (g) shoot (m -1 ) (cm) (cm) shoot (m -1 ) (cm) (cm) Cultivars Pro Agro PHB NDR SE (d) CD (P=0.05) N.S N.S. Nitrogen Levels Recommended dose of NPK (150: 60 : 40 kg ) 25% N (FYM) + LCC< % N (Urea) + LCC< % N (FYM) + LCC< % N (Urea) + LCC< % N (FYM) + LCC< % N (Urea) + LCC< SE (d) CD (P=0.05) 4.37 N.S N.S. Interaction N.S. N.S. SIG* N.S. N.S. N.S. SIG* N.S. Table-2: Biological yield, grain & straw yield and harvest index as influence by rice cultivars and LCC nitrogen based management practice Treatments Biological Grain Straw Harvest Biological Grain Straw Harvest yield yield yield Index yield yield yield Index (q/ha) q/ha q/ha (%) (q/ha) q/ha q/ha (%) Rice Cultivars Pro Agro PHB NDR SE (d) CD (P=0.05) Nitrogen Levels Recommended dose of NPK (150: 60 : 40 kg) 25% N (FYM) + LCC< % N (Urea) + LCC< % N (FYM) + LCC< % N (Urea) + LCC< % N (FYM) + LCC< % N (Urea) + LCC< SE (d) CD (P=0.05) N.S. Interaction SIG* N.S. N.S. N.S. SIG* NS N.S. N.S. the levels of nitrogen fertilizer increase with increased the number of panicle bearing shoot s (cm 2 ). Ibrahim et. al., (2013) Length of panicle (cm): Length of panicle (cm) which was recorded at harvest as influenced by rice cultivars and different LCC based nitrogen levels are summarized in Table 1. Rice cultivar PA-6444 recorded highest length of panicle which was significantly higher over PHB-71 and NDR-359, respectively, while the lowest length of panicle (cm) was recorded in NDR-359 during both the years of experiment. Sen et. al., (2011). The maximum length of panicle recorded in 25%N urea+lcc<5 (27.11, 27.0 cm) while at level of 25%N FYM+LCC<5 (26.89, cm), 25%N FYM+LCC<4 (27.44, cm), 25%N urea+lcc<4 (26.13, cm), length of panicle increase also significantly compare to the recommended dose of nitrogen, whereas the lowest length was recorded at the level 25%N FYM+LCC<3 (25.14, cm) and 25%N urea+lcc<3 (25.67, cm), respectively. This might be due to applied lowest N dose (37.5 kg N) out of recommended dose of N (150 kg N). Jiang et. al., (2004). Research in Environment and Life Sciences 818

4 Test weight (g): Among rice cultivars, PA-6444 recorded highest test weight (24.48, g) of grain which was significantly higher over the cultivars PHB-71 (24.37, g) and NDR-359 (23.91, g), while observation clearly that the lowest test weight of grain recorded in NDR-359 (23.91, g), at the time of harvesting. This might be due to difference cultivar results vigorous growth of plant and maximum uptake of nutrient from the soil. Whereas the maximum test weight was recorded in 25% N urea+lcc<5 (24.57, g) followed by levels 25%N FYM+LCC<5 (24.49, g), 25%N urea+lcc<4 (24.39, g) 25%N FYM+LCC<4 (24.24, g), While lowest grain weight was observed in 25%N urea+lcc<3 (24.14, g) and 25%N FYM+LCC<3 (23.80, g), and recommended dose of NPK doses (150:60:40 kg), respectively. This might be due increases and decreases level of nitrogen dose. Sen et. al., (2011). Biological yield (q/ha): The data regarding Biological yield (q/ ha) which were recorded at harvest as influenced by rice cultivars and different LCC based nitrogen levels are summarized in Table 2. Among rice cultivars, PA-6444 recorded highest Biological yield (149.74, q/ha) followed by PHB-71 ( and q/ha), while observation clearly indicate that the lowest Biological yield recorded in NDR-359 ( and q/ha) at the time of harvesting. In case of fertilizer, biological yield (q/ha) indicate that all the levels of nitrogen fertilizer increase. Whereas the highest biological yield (q/ha) was recorded in 25%N (urea) +LCC<5 (149.65, q/ha) followed by level 25% N through FYM +LCC<5 (145.94, ). More ever the level 25%N FYM+LCC<4 (144.40, q/ha) 25%N urea+lcc<4 (145.08, q/ha) also indicate highest biological yield comparison to recommended dose of NPK (150:60:40 kg/ha) and q/ha but other levels 25%N FYM+LCC<3, showed (141.09, q/ha), 25%N urea+lcc<3, showed (142.68, qha). This might be due to increase the levels of nitrogen in different treatments. Kavitha et. al., (2009). Grain yield (q/ha): Grain yield (q/ha) influenced by rice cultivars and different LCC scores. Among rice cultivars, PA-6444 recorded highest grain yield (65.92, q/ha) which was significantly higher in all the two varieties followed by PHB-71 (63.30 and q/ha), while observation clearly indicate that the lowest grain yield recorded in NDR-359 (59.01 and q/ha) at the time of harvesting, Velu et. al., (2009). Whatever, among the levels of nitrogen like 25%N FYM+LCC<3, 25%N urea+lcc<3, 25%N FYM+LCC<4, 25%N through urea+lcc<4, 25%N through FYM+LCC<5, 25% N through urea+lcc<5, indicate that highest grain yield was recorded in 25%N thorugh urea+lcc<5 which was in 2013 and in 2014, while level of 25%N FYM+LCC<5, 25%N FYM+LCC<4, 25%N urea+lcc<4, also increase the grain yield comparison to the recommended dose of nitrogen (150 kg/ha) Kavitha et al., (2009). Straw yield (q/ha): Among rice cultivars, PA-6444 recorded highest straw yield (83.82, q/ha) which was significantly higher over the two varieties, PHB-71 (82.86, q/ha) and NDR-359, (78.90, q/ah) at the time of harvesting. This might be due to varietical difference cause increase the yield attributes parameter in particular cultivar which results enhance the straw yield. Whereas although the levels of nitrogen increase with the increased the straw yield significantly over the recommended dose of nitrogen (150 kg/ha). The highest straw yield (84.16, q/ha) was recorded in levels of 5% N through urea+lcc<5 followed by (82.57, q/ha) in level of 25%N FYM+LCC<5. This might be due to enhance the levels of nitrogen application. While level 25% N through FYM+LCC<4 and 25% N through urea+lcc<4, also increase straw yield ( q/ ha) and (82.08, q/ha), respectivelty. Moreover the lowest straw yield q/ha (80.82, q/ha) was recorded in level of 25%N FYM+LCC<3, and 25%N urea+lcc<3, (81.00, 78.72q/ ha), respectively over the recommended dose of nitrogen level (150 kg/ha) Ravi et al., (2007). Harvest index (%): The harvest index (%) significantly influenced only by rice cultivars during both the years. Among rice cultivars, PA-6444 was observed highest harvest index (44.02, %) which was significantly higher over PHB-71 (43.30, 44.13%) and NDR-359 (42.78, %), respectively. this might be due to increase the biological yield in particular variety results increased the harvest index. In case of nitrogen levels through LCC scores was found non-significant during both the year of experiments. This might be due to none significant difference found in grain yield. Ibrahim et al., (2013). Acknowledgement I would like to lot of thanks of my guide Dr. O. P. Rai (Professor), deptt. of Agronomy, ND University of Agriculture and Technology for very nice cooperation with me and provide all facilities during my experiments and I would like to thanks also Dr. Vishuddha Nand, Asstt. Prof. deptt. of Agronomy, ND Univ. of Agri. &Tech. for nice cooperation and suggestion during experiments and in writing my manuscript. References Alam, M.M., Ladha, J.K., Khan, S.R., Foyjunnessa, Rashid, H., Khan, A. H. and Buresh, R.J.: Leaf Color Chart for Managing Nitrogen Fertilizer in Lowland Rice in Bangladesh. Agron. J., 97: (2005). Anonymous: Economic survey of India, Economic and statistics, ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi, (2014). Balasubramanian, V., Ladha, J, K., Gupta, R.K., Naresh R.K., Mehla R.S., Singh, B. and Singh, Y.: Technology options for rice in ricewheat system in South Asia. In: Ladha JK, Hill JE, Duxbury JM, Gupta RK, Buresh RJ (eds) Improving the productivity and sustainability of rice- wheat systems: issues and impact. ASA. 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