EFFECT OF LEGUME DIVERSITY,VARIETIES AND SEED QUALITY ON BFB INCIDENCE, SEVERITY AND YIELD OF COMMON BEANS IN BUSIA AND BONDO REGIONS, KENYA

Transcription

1 EFFECT OF LEGUME DIVERSITY,VARIETIES AND SEED QUALITY ON BFB INCIDENCE, SEVERITY AND YIELD OF COMMON BEANS IN BUSIA AND BONDO REGIONS, KENYA BY JANET OBANYI SUPERVISORS: PROF. ALICE KAMAU DR.JOHN OGECHA

2 INTRODUCTION The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume in kenya and the world (CIAT, 2001). It is the most widely grown legume in Kenya, second to maize in importance as a chief food crop (Kiiya, 1997). The potential yield is high( 3 tons ha), however the actual yield obtained by farmers are much lower, averaging tons ha ( Otsyula and Nderitu,1998)

3 INTRODUCTION Many researchers have attributed low bean yield to increasing insect pest and disease damage BFB is increasingly becoming important insect pest attacking common beans on the smallholder agro ecosystem leading to crop losses (Minja and Mizaray 2003; Nderitu and Buruchara,1997). The BFB (Ootheca spp) belongs to the order C0leoptera, family Chrysomelidae, and genus Ootheca

4 INTRODUCTION CONT There are two species in this genus namely; mutabilis and bennigseni that are found in Sub Sahara- Africa Bean yield losses as a result of foliage beetle damage range from 18% to 31% (Loughran and Ragsdale, 1986). They are also vectors of some cow pea viruses like cow pea mosaic and bean pod mottle virus leading in reduction in seed quality (Loughran and Ragsdale, 1986).

5 Ootheca species

6 INTRODUCTION CONT BFB is considered one of biotic stressors responsible for low yield, income and food insecurity in small holder farms in Sub-Sahara Africa who traditionally practice low input agro ecosystem There is limited study in the management of the pest in Sub- Sahara Africa To provide better pest control in a sustainable manner, there is need to identify alternative control methods

7 INTRODUCTION CONT This can be achieved by changes from the conventional pesticide use to that of agro ecological approach whose main pillar is introduction of plant diversity in agro ecosystems Studies have suggested reduction of pest infestation and damage by: - increasing crop species diversity - disruption of temporal cycle - Crop physiological resistance - - Architectural changes - - Conservation of natural enemies

8 General objective To generate knowledge and information on ways of improving food production through pest control and management

9 Objectives Specific objectives To identify the effect of legume diversity / intercropping on incidence and severity of foliage beetle damage To compare the levels of susceptibility of common bean to bean foliage beetle in different agro ecological zones To determine the effect of seed quality on incidence and severity of damage by foliage beetle

10 Research Hypotheses There is no effect of legume diversity/intercropping on incidence and severity of foliage beetle damage. There is no significant differences in the levels of susceptibility of the different bean varieties to foliage beetle damage in the different agro ecological zones Seed quality has no effect on incidence and severity of damage by foliage beetle

11 The questions that are being tested Does mixed cropping of legume varieties and species reduce foliage beetle incidence, severity and damage on bean crop? Is there variation in the incidence, severity and damage of foliage beetle among the bean varieties? Does use of infected seed have increased incidence and severity of foliage beetle pressure on legumes?

12 Materials and methods The study was conducted during the long rains 2015 at Busia and Bondo(representing LM1 and LM3 AEZ respectively).

13 Materials and methods cont The experimental design was randomized complete block with maize intercrop acting as main plot and bean varieties as subplot replicated in 22 farms Three bean cultivars( GLP2,KAT X56 and Kk8) were sown as two rows and intra row spacing of 15cm within maize spaced at 75 and 30cm in plots of 10M by 10 M

14 Materials and methods Treatments for experiment 1 were: Option 1: Rose cocoa bean intercropped with maize (the most common practice in western Kenya thus will be considered as a control) Option 2: mixture of three bean varieties (Rose cocoa, KK8, KAT X56) intercropped with maize. Rose cocoa is the mostly grown but susceptible to pest and diseases while the other two are newly released variety with known resistance to foliage beetle and other pests Option 3: Mixture of three bean varieties (Rose cocoa, KK8, KAT X56) plus ground nuts (Red Valencia) and cowpea (K80) intercropped with maize. Each bean variety groundnut and cowpea will be planted in separate rows but equal rows between two rows of maize. Option 4: Pure stand of the three bean varieties (Rose cocoa, KK8 and KAT X56) planted as control for the purpose of calculating the reduction in pest pressure in mixed crop plots.

15 Materials and methods cont Seed quality experiment had 6 seed sources that were planted in single plots measuring 5M by 5M with beans being sown at an inter and intra row spacing of 50cm and 15 cm respectively replicated 3 times in 8 farms

16 Effect of seed quality on foliage beetle incidence and severity Treatments for experiment 2 were: Rosecoco (certified) Rosecoco (Market) Rosecoco (farm-saved) KAT X56 KAT X69 KK8

17 Data collected Plot history Record of crops in the adjacent fields BFB incidence and severity from ten randomly selected plant at ( seedling, vegetative and podding stages) BFB count from five randomly selected plants

18 Data collected Yield data collected: Number of pods and number of seeds from ten randomly selected plants from the middle row Count of damaged seed from 200g sample Grain weight per plot

19 Improved understanding of P&D by farmers and researchers Activity: On farm experimentation Two sets of experiment were planted during LR Diversity -Seed quality One season data set already completed Our focus was on Ootheca spp but have stumble on a new and highly damaging species of foliage beetle -Specimens taken to identification -Google results point to two striped leaf beetle

20 Striped foliage beetle

21 Improved understanding of P&D by farmers and researchers Famer evaluation was conducted in the various clusters Data collection and entry completed Analysis to be done Results to be included in the upgraded annual report for year one

22 Summary Table of mean percent of pod damage LR 2015 Options Madola RC KAT KK8 Bujumba RC KAT KK8 Busire RC KAT KK8 Alupe RC KAT KK8 Mean Sole Mean

23 Summary table of mean percent seed damage LR 2015 Options Madola RC KAT KK8 Bujumba RC KAT KK8 Busire RC KAT KK8 Alupe RC KAT KK8 Mean Sole Mean

24 Results from diversity experiment Sole crop planted bean crop had less percent (66.5%) pod damage compared to crops in mixed cropping system (77.9%) Option 1 had less pod damage compared to plots that had mixed varieties and legume species Among the bean varieties, mean pod damage was highest in KK8 (80%) and lowest in KATX56 (75.9%) whereas Rose coco had 77.6% pod damage

25 Results from diversity experiment Option 1 similarly had less percent (29.8%) seed damage compared to pure stand plots and those that had mixed varieties and legume species Comparison among the three varieties does not show much variation in the level of seed damage

26 Summary table of percent pod damage of different seed sources Variety Seed type Certified Bondo Busia Mean Rose coco certified Rose coco Farm Rose coco Market Katx56 Inf Katx69 Inf KK8 Certified

27 Summary table of seed damage from different seed sources Variety Seed type Certified Bondo Busia Mean Rose coco certified Rose coco Farm Rose coco Market Katx56 Inf Katx69 Inf KK8 Certified

28 Results from seed quality experiment Percent pod damage was lowest in seed sourced from market of Rose coco and highest in Rose coco farm saved seed In contrast, percent seed damage was lowest in certified Rose coco seed as expected compared to the rest of the other seed sources and varieties Entry of data on incidence and severity is complete and we are planning to start analysis

29 Acknowledgement CIAT McKnight foundation ARDAP staff and fellow students who helped in data collection

30 THANK YOU