Disclaimer: NSDC Skill Gap Study of the North East - Meghalaya

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2 Disclaimer: National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) engaged ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited (IMaCS) to prepare this report, which is based on independent research and analysis done by IMaCS. This report is not based or derived from any other report or research paper. Any similarity with any other paper may purely be a coincidence. All rights reserved. All copyright in this report and related works is solely and exclusively owned by NSDC. The same may not be reproduced, wholly or in part in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this presentation), modified or in any manner communicated to any third party except with the written approval of NSDC. This report is for information purposes only. While due care has been taken during the compilation of this report to ensure that the information is accurate to the best of IMaCSs and NSDC s knowledge and belief, the content is not to be construed in any manner whatsoever as a substitute for professional advice. IMaCS and NSDC neither recommend nor endorse any specific products or services that may have been mentioned in this report and nor do they assume any liability or responsibility for the outcome of decisions taken as a result of any reliance placed in this report. Neither IMaCS nor NSDC shall be liable for any direct or indirect damages that may arise due to any act or omission on the part of the user due to any reliance placed or guidance taken from any portion of this report. 2

3 About National Skill Development Corporation National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) is a pioneering Public Private Partnership (PPP), set up under the aegis of the Ministry of Finance, in July 2008, with a mandate to skill 150 million persons by NSDC s mission is as follows: Upgrade skills to international standards through significant industry involvement and develop necessary frameworks for standards, curriculum and quality assurance. Enhance, support and coordinate private sector initiatives for skill development through appropriate PPP models; strive for significant operational and financial involvement from the private sector. Focus on underprivileged sections of society and backward regions of the country thereby enabling a move out of poverty; similarly, focus significantly on the unorganised or informal sector workforce. Play the role of a market-maker by bringing financing or viability gap funding, particularly in sectors where market mechanisms are ineffective or missing. Prioritise initiatives that can have multiplier or catalytic effect as opposed to one-off impact. Globally, NSDC is a unique PPP in the area of skill development. NSDC s key differentiators are as follows: Funds as well as provides strategic support to the skill development activities of stakeholders and potential partners. Monitors implementation over entire life of the project. Enables skill development in high growth and unorganised sectors. Facilitates creation of Train the Trainer, centres Accountable for raising skills to international standards through sector specific industry involvement and setting systems and frameworks for standards, curriculum and quality assurance. Set up Sector Skill Councils Commissions periodic reports including skill gap surveys Support of industry associations, hence access to the best industry data enabling creation of industry specific curriculum, employability, etc. Facilitates creation of Labour Market Information Systems (LMIS) 3

4 Foreword The North Eastern States comprise Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura. The eight States located in India s North-East cover an area of 2,62,179 sq. km. constituting 7.9 per cent of the country s total geographical area, and 46million people or about 4 per cent of the total population of the country (Census 2011). Most North Eastern States have remained one of the under developed and untapped regions of the country. Some of the reasons are as follows: Remoteness and isolation because of being mostly landlocked Lack of access to markets Limited connectivity to the rest of India Limited infrastructure Challenges in land acquisition Widespread use of traditional cultivation methods that are inefficient Lack of facilities such as cold storage for warehousing fruits and transporting to market Inadequate infrastructure that could help transport goods from the region Difficulty in accessing bank credit for enterprises Lack of confidence in seeking credit by small and tiny sector enterprises 4

5 Poor awareness of markets, changing demand patterns, raw material sourcing, technology, branding and quality standards High and widespread dependence on Governments programmes for market access, subsidy and training Educated seeking, mostly, Government jobs or relocating out of the region Stigma against labour oriented jobs Dependence on, mainly, local market for selling products from small and tiny sector Inadequate telecommunications connectivity Despite these disadvantages, there are success stories of entrepreneurs who have started on small scale, overcome the difficulties and have grown in the last years to make a name for themselves in the region. Though small now, their number is likely to grow as more people travel outside the region, attain education, training and skills, investing is made attractive by the States, markets linkages are developed, substantial buyers are attracted to the products from the region and, trained and skilled persons can be gainfully employed within the region. It is in this context that the North Eastern Council (NEC) and the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER) have prepared Vision 2020 for the North Eastern Region. The Vision 2020 envisages the following targets by 2020: Overall GSDP growth at a CAGR of per cent between and Overall per capita income growth of per cent between and To support this vision, the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region has formulated a Strategic Plan focusing on three broad dimensions: (A) Rapid socio-economic development: Facilitating preparation of Strategic Plans for key sectors such as Agriculture, Road, Civil Aviation, Railways, Inland Water Transport, Power, Tele-Communication & IT, HRD, Health and Handloom & Handicrafts and implementation of the Plans so prepared by the line-ministries and North Eastern States. Facilitating formulation of Projects, Schemes and Programmes by major Central Ministries in consonance with the requirement of the North-Eastern Region. 5

6 Increasing the effectiveness of developmental expenditure in the North-East Region through higher levels of transparency, systemic improvements and independent monitoring mechanism. Creating an in-house database on important socio-economic indicators in the Region and its periodic assessment. Facilitating preparation of Regional Plan by the NEC. Providing critical support to the NEC for identification of appropriate regional projects and their implementation. Facilitating funding by External Agencies in critical Sectors in the North Eastern States. Undertaking pilot or demonstration projects in the North-East Region in certain sectors to provide fillip to these sectors. (B) Building capacities and competencies in critical sectors in the North Eastern States Preparation of a Plan of Action for building capacities and competencies in critical sectors in the North Eastern States. Identifying institutes and organizations for imparting training and building capacities in the North Eastern Region. Setting up of Training Institutes in the Region in important fields through line Ministries, NEC or States. Augmenting the capacity of the existing training institutes in the North Eastern States. Use of IT as a tool to upgrade skills. (C)Promote the strengths of the Region Preparation of a Plan of Action for projecting and promoting key strengths of the Region. Promoting student and cultural exchanges among the States of the Region on one hand and between the Region and the rest of the country. Organizing business summits, exhibitions and cultural festivals to promote the Region. Undertaking well-conceived promotional campaigns in the print and electronic media for projecting a positive image of the Region. Arranging festivals and cultural exchanges between the Region and the neighbouring countries. Highlighting the achievements and success stories from the Region in mainstream media. Instituting an Award Scheme to honour and showcase the achievements of talented people of the Region. 6

7 While this requires substantial investment, implementation of Action Agenda outlined in the Vision and Strategic Plan, it also requires imparting of skills at all levels. The North Eastern States, clubbed together, have some common attributes. But they also have significant variations related to culture, language, values, work preferences and ethics, and overall environment related to Government, infrastructure, terrain, proximity to or availability of markets and services. Hence, the skilling interventions may vary across states and districts despite, similarities of activities. Given the above background, ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited (IMaCS) has been mandated by the NSDC to assist in identifying development and employment potential of districts of North Eastern States. Meghalaya emerged as a full-fledged state within the Union of India on 21st January Meghalaya meaning abode of clouds reflects its salubrious climate. The State has an area of 22,429 sq km. and is located between and North latitudes and and East longitudes. It has predominantly hilly terrain with foothills as plains and flood-prone areas. Meghalaya Meghalaya is bounded by the Brahmaputra valley of Assam in the North and Northwest and Cachar area of Assam in the East; the Surma valley (Bangladesh) borders in the South and partly in the Southwest. Meghalaya has about 443 km of international border with Bangladesh. The capital of Meghalaya, Shillong, is also known as the Scotland of the East for its scenic beauty. 7

8 This report has been structured in three parts: Part I includes Foreword, Acknowledgements, Approach and Methodology, and Study Limitations. Part II concentrates on the diagnostic analysis of Meghalaya, human resources requirement, skill gaps assessed for Meghalaya. Part III presents a detailed set of recommendation for Meghalaya. 8

9 Acknowledgements Carrying out a large scale survey is always a challenge. However, this task was made easy for the team by the support that they received from various stakeholders. The team acknowledges, with grateful thanks, useful information, references and support provided by NSDC and Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region. IMaCS team has travelled extensively through the districts of the eight North Eastern States to conduct the surveys for this study. The team has interacted with cross-section of stakeholders. The team has interacted with cross-section of stakeholders. This survey exercise would not have been possible without the support of key stakeholders some of whom we have listed below. Mr. N. S. Samant, Principal Secretary Mr. I Jyrwa, Director, Directorate of Employment & Craftsmen Mr. G. Lyngdoh, Director, Department of Industries Dr. C. O. Rangad, Director, Department of Horticulture In addition, there are many persons or organisations who have contributed greatly towards the successful completion of this study. The team conveys sincere thanks to all of them for their generous support and contribution. 9

10 TABLE OF CONTENTS About National Skill Development Corporation... 3 Foreword... 4 Acknowledgements... 9 PART I: Introduction Report Objectives Approach and Methodology Study Limitations PART II (a): Diagnostic Analysis of Meghalaya Macro-Economic Overview Industrial Activity Overview Demography and Employment Overview Infrastructure Overview Key Findings from the Diagnostic Analysis SWOT Analysis of Meghalaya PART II (b): Identification of growth sectors Criteria for selecting growth sectors Framework for identifying growth engines Identified sectors for livelihood opportunities Identified sectors for migration Type of skilling required in identified sectors Type of skilling required in sectors identified for migration PART II (c): District level Analysis of Meghalaya East Garo Hills Economy Demography Infrastructure Employment Pattern Potential sectors in district East Khasi Hills Economy Demography

11 6.2.3 Infrastructure Employment Pattern Potential sectors in district Jaintia Hills Economy Demography Infrastructure Employment Pattern Potential sectors in district Ri Bhoi Economy Demography Infrastructure Employment Pattern Potential sectors in district South Garo Hills Economy Demography Infrastructure Employment Pattern Potential sectors in district West Khasi Hills Economy Demography Infrastructure Employment Pattern Potential sectors in district West Garo Hills Economy Demography Infrastructure Employment Pattern

12 6.7. 5Potential sectors in district PART II (d): Skill Gap Analysis Tourism (a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Tourism sector Mining (a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Mining Horticulture (a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Horticulture Handloom and Handicraft (a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Handloom and Handicraft Forest based industry (a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Forest based industry Construction (a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Construction IT/ITES (a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: IT/ITES PART II (c): Forecasting of Human Resource Requirement Human resource forecasting model Incremental demand in Meghalaya District-wise human resource requirement in Meghalaya Stakeholder feedback PART III: Recommendations Interventions for human resource demand-supply gap management Areas for skilling within state Skilling for migration Capacity creation within State Private sector skilling opportunities at district level East Khasi Hills East Garo Hills Jaintia Hills Ri Bhoi South Garo Hills

13 8.5.6 West Garo Hills West Khasi Hills Meghalaya- Skilling interventions in sectors across all districts Key interventions for Meghalaya Annexure Methodology used for Demand projections List of Abbreviations List of Stakeholders met Training Capacity for Vocational Education in Meghalaya Meghalaya List of Handicrafts Clusters About ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited

14 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: MEGHALAYA S GSDP VS REGIONAL AND NATIONAL AGGREGATE TABLE 2: PER CAPITA INCOME - MEGHALAYA Vs NER & NATIONAL AVERAGE TABLE 3: INVESTMENTS AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY TYPE TABLE 4: EMPLOYMENT AND INVESTMENT IN SSI UNITS TABLE 5: DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT IN MEGHALAYA TABLE 6: MEGHALAYA S DISTRICT DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE TABLE 7: AGE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION TABLE 8: DISTRICT WISE WORKER PROFILE TABLE 9: JOB PREFERENCES BY EDUCATED IN MEGHALAYA TABLE 10: DISTRICT-WISE ROAD LENGTH AND DENSITY TABLE 11: INSTALLED CAPACITY IN MEGHALAYA TABLE 12: BSNL MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS BY DISTRICT TABLE 13: TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS IN MEGHALAYA TABLE 14: MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS IN MEGHALAYA TABLE 15: KEY HEALTH INDICATORS TABLE 16: TEACHER-PUPIL RATIO TABLE 17: STATUS OF HIGHER & TECHNICAL EDUCATION TABLE 18: SELECT INSTITUTES OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE STATE TABLE 19: COURSES OFFERED BY SHILLONG POLYTECHNIC TABLE 20: COURSES OFFERED BY TURA POLYTECHNIC TABLE 21: COURSES OFFERED BY JOWAI POLYTECHNIC TABLE 22: DETAILS OF COURSES OFFERED BY ITI S IN MEGHALAYA TABLE 23: COURSES OFFERED BY RVTI, TURA TABLE 24: SECTORS FOR LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES AND DOMESTIC DEMAND TABLE 25: SECTORS FOR MIGRATION TABLE 26: TYPE OF SKILLING REQUIRED IN IDENTIFIED SECTORS TABLE 27: TYPE OF SKILLING REQUIRED FOR MIGRATION TABLE 28: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - EAST GARO HILLS TABLE 29: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE - EAST GARO HILLS TABLE 30: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - EAST KHASI HILLS TABLE 31: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- EAST KHASI HILLS TABLE 32: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - JAINTIA HILLS TABLE 33: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- JAINTIA HILLS TABLE 34: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - RI BHOI TABLE 35: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- RI BHOI TABLE 36: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - SOUTH GARO HILLS TABLE 37: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- SOUTH GARO HILLS TABLE 38: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - WEST KHASI HILLS TABLE 39: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- WEST KHASI HILLS TABLE 40: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - WEST GARO HILLS TABLE 41: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE - WEST GARO HILLS TABLE 42: LIST OF PROJECTS ANNOUNCED TABLE 43: PRODUCTION OF COCOONS AND SILK IN MEGHALAYA TABLE 44: PLANNED PROJECTS IN MEGHALAYA TABLE 45: STAKEHOLDER FEEDBACK TABLE 46: AREAS FOR SKILLING WITHIN STATE BETWEEN 2011 AND TABLE 47: LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES IN MEGHALAYA FOR SKILL UP-GRADATION TABLE 48: AREAS FOR SKILLING FOR MIGRATION TO OTHER STATES OR OVERSEAS TABLE 49: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN EAST KHASI HILLS

15 TABLE 50: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT EAST KHASI HILLS TABLE 51: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN EAST GARO HILLS TABLE 52: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT EAST GARO HILLS TABLE 53: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN JAINTIA HILLS TABLE 54: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT JAINTIA HILLS TABLE 55: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN RI-BHOI TABLE 56: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT RI BHOI TABLE 57: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN SOUTH GARO HILLS TABLE 58: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT SOUTH GARO HILLS TABLE 59: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN WEST GARO HILLS TABLE 60: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT WEST GARO HILLS TABLE 61: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN WEST KHASI HILLS TABLE 62: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT WEST KHASI HILLS

16 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: GSDP GROWTH OF MEGHALAYA FIGURE 2: GSDP DISTRIBUTION ACROSS PRIMARY, SECONDARY & TERTIARY SECTORS FIGURE 3: CHANGE IN GSDP SHARES ACROSS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES FIGURE 4: GROSS DISTRICT DOMESTIC PRODUCT FIGURE 5: DISTRICT-WISE PER CAPITA INCOME FIGURE 6: COMPOSITION OF LARGE & MEDIUM SCALE UNITS FIGURE 7: REGISTERED SSI UNITS IN DISTRICTS FIGURE 8: SNAPSHOT OF OAE S AND ESTABLISHMENTS IN MEGHALAYA FIGURE 9: KVIC PERFORMANCE FIGURE 10: THRUST AREAS UNDER STATE INDUSTRIAL POLICY, FIGURE 11: ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE IN MEGHALAYA FIGURE 12: PER CAPITA POWER CONSUMPTION FIGURE 13: NUMBER OF SCHOOLS FIGURE 14: NUMBER OF STUDENTS FIGURE 15: DISTRICT WISE NUMBER OF COLLEGES FIGURE 16 : EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN EAST GARO HILLS FIGURE 17 : EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN EAST KHASI HILLS FIGURE 18 : EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN JAINTIA HILLS FIGURE 19: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN RI BHOI FIGURE 20: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN SOUTH GARO HILLS FIGURE 21: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN WEST KHASI HILLS FIGURE 22: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN WEST GARO HILLS FIGURE 23: DOMESTIC TOURIST ARRIVALS FIGURE 24: FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS FIGURE 25: LIMESTONE PRODUCTION FIGURE 26: DISTRICT-WISE LIMESTONE PRODUCTION FIGURE 27: EXPORTS TO BANGLADESH FIGURE 28: COAL PRODUCTION FIGURE 29: DISTRICT-WISE COAL PRODUCTION FIGURE 30: AREA HARVESTED FIGURE 31: HORTICULTURE PRODUCTION FIGURE 32: DISTRICT-WISE PRODUCTION OF KEY FRUITS IN MEGHALAYA FIGURE 33: SSIS IN HANDLOOM FIGURE 34: DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF HANDLOOM SSIS FIGURE 35: SSIS IN HANDICRAFT FIGURE 36: DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF HANDICRAFTSSIS FIGURE 37: SSI - CANE AND BAMBOO FIGURE 38: DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF BAMBOO AND CANE SSI S FIGURE 39: SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY IN WOODEN FURNITURE FIGURE 40: SSI SAW MILLING UNITS FIGURE 41: HUMAN RESOURCES FORECASTING MODEL FIGURE 42: HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT IN MEGHALAYA FIGURE 43: HUMAN RESOURCES DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO IN MEGHALAYA FIGURE 44: DISTRICT-WISE INCREMENTAL HUMAN RESOURCES REQUIREMENT IN MEGHALAYA FIGURE 45: DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO FOR HUMAN RESOURCES IN MEGHALAYA FIGURE 46: DEMAND SCENARIO - SKILL PYRAMID FIGURE 47: INTERVENTION FOR CAPACITY CREATION WITHIN THE STATE

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18 PART I: Introduction 18

19 1. Report Objectives National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) has mandated ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited (IMaCS) to assess the development and employment generation potential of eight North Eastern states of India. As per the Terms of Reference, the report objectives are as follows: i. Review the socio-economic profile of the North Eastern Region ii. Identify developmental opportunities keeping in mind factor endowments and stakeholder perspectives iii. Identify specific developmental initiatives/projects which also have impact on employment generation iv. Assess skills required to aid in such employment generation v. Suggest suitable interventions/recommendations to achieve the same at a regional level 2. Approach and Methodology The study has been conducted in three phases: Phase 1: Diagnostic Phase The objective of this phase was to understand the socio-economic profile of the North Eastern Region. The focus was on analysing the economic and social position of the Region based on evolution of the level and type of economic activity and social development in each State. The factor advantages, constraints facing the Region either due to Regional factors or common among the states, and the challenges going forward have been analysed. We have thus identified the factor endowments of the State and the potential it holds. At the end of this stage, we have presented a snapshot of the State on economic and social aspects and a SWOT analysis of the State. Phase 2: Synthesis Phase This was carried-out in two modules: Module 1: Assessment of Development Potential Module 2: Assessment of Employment Potential and Gaps Module 1: Assessment of Development Potential: The objective of this phase was to identify development opportunities across formal and informal sectors which provide livelihood opportunities for employment. We have also kept in mind the opportunities for 19

20 employment/livelihood generation identified as per the Vision This leads to the framework for identification of formal and informal sector employment/skilling opportunities For this exercise, we have interacted with a cross-section of stakeholders of the Government/Industry to understand the following: What are the key developmental areas to focus? What needs to be done to leverage key strengths and factor endowments? How can bottlenecks to development be cleared? What various stakeholders need to do for development? Based on the factor endowments and primary surveys conducted, we have identified potential and high growth opportunities for North Eastern States. Module 2: Assessment of Employment Potential For the developmental opportunities identified, we have assessed the following: Employment potential in the Region and on account of these identified developmental opportunities Skills required to be developed among the North Eastern Region workforce to tap into the same. This phase has been executed by: Profiling skills required sustaining traditional skills and tapping into factor endowments, especially in the informal sector (wherever scalable) and Interacting with industry (small, medium and large) and groups engaged in formal and informal sectors. Phase 3: Recommendations Our interventions focus on various measures/potential ideas/projects required to be pursued for Development and Employment Generation. These interventions focus on the following: What is the enabling environment to be created to further development and employment generation? What are the interventions to enhance employment generation/job creation? What are the potential opportunities that can be tapped thereof and structured for private sector investment and NSDC interventions? The report derives content for analyses from both, primary survey and secondary sources. The surveys were undertaken by visiting several districts of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura and meeting key stakeholders identified with 20

21 the help of State/District Government Departments of Labour, Planning or Industries and using internal research and databases. Significant secondary research was also carried out in order to validate the findings of primary survey. 3. Study Limitations While care has been taken to ensure correctness of information, the report outcomes for entire North East are affected by the following circumstances: While the field survey has been conducted keeping in mind maximum coverage, the survey has been constrained by factors such as - weather: a major part of the survey was conducted in the rainy season with landslides and flooding; availability of transportation; proper road connectivity; availability of persons to interview at select locations and offices; lack of documented and latest information; and inaccessible distances from within a State. While some states had updated statistics, for others approximations have been made because of dated or non-existent data, particularly, for industries and institutions that have come up in recent years. Approximations include use of past growth rates for projections, regional average, national average, productivity growth, benchmarks with other states and others. 21

22 PART II (a): Diagnostic Analysis of Meghalaya 22

23 4.1 Macro-Economic Overview Meghalaya s GSDP was Rs 10,259 crore in It has increased at a CAGR of 7.7 per cent since The growth in state GSDP is mainly driven by the secondary and tertiary sectors. 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 6,559 FIGURE 1: GSDP GROWTH OF MEGHALAYA (Rs Crore) 7,078 7,626 7,987 8,663 9,423 10, Source: Central Statistical Organisation; IMaCS Analysis In terms of GSDP growth rates during the period, , Meghalaya has outpaced the regional growth which stood at 6.3 per cent. However, it is still behind the national average growth of 8.6 per cent. TABLE 1: MEGHALAYA S GSDP VS REGIONAL AND NATIONAL AGGREGATE Country / Region/ State GSDP, Rs Crore GSDP Growth Rate, India 4,877, % North East Region 126, % Meghalaya 10, % Source: CSO; IMaCS Analysis Tertiary sector has the biggest share in GSDP, at 54 per cent in The shares of secondary and tertiary sectors have grown consistently over the years. However, the share of primary sector has declined from 33 per cent in to 25 per cent in

24 During the period, , the secondary sector has grown rapidly at CAGR of 12 per cent indicating increasing manufacturing activity in the state. Tertiary sector has also registered significant growth in the same period at 8.9 per cent. FIGURE 2: GSDP DISTRIBUTION ACROSS PRIMARY, SECONDARY & TERTIARY SECTORS (Rs Crore) Source: Central Statistical Organisation; IMaCS Analysis Agriculture, construction and public administration are the key contributors to the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors, respectively. In , agriculture was the biggest contributor to GSDP, at 18 per cent. It was followed by construction at 15 per cent, public administration at 12 per cent and trade, hotels and restaurants at 11 per cent. In the secondary sector, biggest contribution was made by construction, followed by mining and quarrying. Share of construction has had the biggest increase of 5 percentage points in the five years to It was followed by registered manufacturing, which increased by 3 percentage points. Forestry and logging, fishing, unregistered manufacturing, storage and communication made little contribution to GSDP. 24

25 FIGURE 3: CHANGE IN GSDP SHARES ACROSS ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES (%) Public Administration 15 Others^ Agriculture & Allied 7 Mining & quarrying Real estate Banking & insurance 8 3 Trade, hotels & restaurant Communication Transport by other means Electricity 6 Manufacturing Construction Source: Central Statistical Organisation; IMaCS Analysis ^Other services include education, medical and health, religious and other community services, legal services and entertainment service East Khasi hills district of Meghalaya, which is home to the state capital, is the major economic centre in the state. The district alone contributes over 40 per cent of state domestic product. East Khasi, West Garo and Jaintia Hills together contribute over 72 per cent of the state s GSDP. 25

26 FIGURE 4: GROSS DISTRICT DOMESTIC PRODUCT ( , Rs Lakh) East Khasi Hills 304,630 West Garo Hills Jaintia Hills 126, ,488 East Garo Hills Ri Bhoi West Khasi Hills South Garo Hills 57,516 55,093 54,882 43, , , ,000 At current prices Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Meghalaya Meghalaya s per capita income in stood at Rs 48,383 which was greater than the regional average. However, it still was behind the national per capita income of Rs. 54,835 in TABLE 2: PER CAPITA INCOME - MEGHALAYA Vs NER & NATIONAL AVERAGE Country / Region/ State Per capita income, Rs ( ) India 54,835 North East Region 46,359 Meghalaya 48,383 At current prices Source: Central Statistical Organisation; IMaCS Analysis In , East Khasi district had the highest per capita income in the state, at Rs. 42,419. It was followed by South Garo Hills, at Rs 39,

27 FIGURE 5: DISTRICT-WISE PER CAPITA INCOME ( , Rs) East Khasi Hills South Garo Hills Jaintia Hills 39,473 36,551 42,419 Ri Bhoi West Garo Hills East Garo Hills West Khasi Hills 26,314 22,454 21,115 17,108-10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 At current prices Source: Central Statistical Organisation 4.2 Industrial Activity Overview The state s industrial scenario is dominated by medium and small scale industries. There are about 116 large and medium manufacturing enterprises operating in the district. About 41 per cent of the manufacturing enterprises are steel units, mainly, in Ri-Bhoi district. It is followed by food units at 10.3 per cent and cement units at 8.6 per cent. 27

28 FIGURE 6: COMPOSITION OF LARGE & MEDIUM SCALE UNITS Others, 26.7% Steel Units, 41.4% IT, 1.7% Coke, 1.7% IMFL, 2.6% HDPE Bags, 3.4% Limestone, Mining & Crushing Plant, 3.4% Cement, 8.6% Foods, 10.3% Sources: State Development Report of Meghalaya, ; IMaCS Analysis Coal and Limestone mining is one of the key industries in the state. Cement industry attracts the largest investments in the state with presence of big players like Lafarge, Star cements. Coal mining is mostly carried out illegally using age old rat-hole method posing serious environmental and safety concerns. Maximum investment at 48.9 per cent is in cement industry, mainly, in Jaintia Hills district, followed by steel at 20.4 per cent and foods at 5.2 per cent. TABLE 3: INVESTMENTS AND EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY TYPE Type of industry Investments (Rs Lakh) Employment generated Cement 36,067 1,311 Steel units 15,074 1,925 Limestone, Mining & Crushing Plant 1, Foods 3, IMFL

29 Type of industry Investments (Rs Lakh) Employment generated Coke IT HDPE bags 1, Others 14,088 1,140 Total 73,759 5,474 Steel units include fabrication, ferro -alloys, products, smelters, and integrated unit. IMFL-Indian Made Foreign Liquor, HDPE-High Density Poly Ethylene Source: State Development Report of Meghalaya Meghalaya had 6,511 small scale industrial (SSI) units. These units grew at a CAGR of 8 per cent between and and employed 36,193 persons at an investment of Rs crore. About 14 per cent were involved in tailoring, followed by 9 per cent each in wooden furniture and betel nut preservation. Other key industries included cane and bamboo, bakery, weaving and handloom, steel based industries, motor repairing and servicing. Most of the SSIs are concentrated in East Khasi Hills. FIGURE 7: REGISTERED SSI UNITS IN DISTRICTS ( ) East Khasi Hills 2,839 West Khasi Hills 1,154 Jaintia Hills East Garo Hills West Garo Hills Ri Bhoi South Garo Hills ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Source: Statistical Abstract Meghalaya

30 TABLE 4: EMPLOYMENT AND INVESTMENT IN SSI UNITS Source: Statistical Abstract Meghalaya, 2009 ( ) Meghalaya had about 83,000 OAE s and Establishments, which provided employment to about 2.4 lakh people as compared to lakh people in India. Most of these were employed in public administration, retail trade and manufacturing activities. Employment Investment District Generated (Rs lakh) East Khasi Hills 17,314 4,762 West Khasi Hills 4, Jaintia Hills 3,154 1,240 East Garo Hills 3, West Garo Hills 3, Ri Bhoi 3,169 2,963 South Garo Hills Meghalaya 36,193 10,283 FIGURE 8: SNAPSHOT OF OAE S AND ESTABLISHMENTS IN MEGHALAYA Source: Fifth Economic Census, 2005 Most of the enterprises are establishments as compared to own account enterprises, indicating increasing trend of hired employment. Over 70 per cent of enterprises are involved in activities related to manufacturing, retail trade and public administration. 30

31 TABLE 5: DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT IN MEGHALAYA Enterprises Employment Major activity group OAE Estt. Total OAE Estt. Total Farming of animals 1, ,303 2,561 2,885 5,446 Agriculture services, forestry etc , ,537 Fishing Mining & quarrying 218 1,193 1, ,103 7,433 Manufacturing 2,682 4,004 6,686 3,553 18,376 21,929 Electricity, gas & water supply ,010 1,019 Construction 426 1,252 1, ,990 8,467 Sale, maint. & repair 201 1,001 1, ,813 5,050 Wholesale trade ,775 1,000 3,398 4,398 Retail trade 22,528 11,412 33,940 26,631 27,754 54,385 Restaurants & hotels 3,005 5,116 8,121 5,074 16,950 22,024 Transport & storage 1,591 1,747 3,338 1,680 4,499 6,179 Post & telecommunication ,727 2,080 Financial intermediation ,454 2,462 Real estate, banking & service ,244 1,626 Public admin, defence & social serv. 19 1,904 1, ,997 42,021 Education 185 7,999 8, ,723 33,962 Health & social work 333 1,312 1, ,001 7,374 Other community & personal serv. 2,182 5,920 8,102 2,497 11,977 14,474 Other Activities Total 37,079 46,223 83,302 46, , ,340 Estt.-establishments: Source: Fifth Economic Census 2005 In , about 101 Khadi and Village Industry projects were started in Meghalaya. Of these, 44 per cent were concentrated in East Khasi Hills, followed by 32 per cent in Jaintia Hills and the remaining in other districts. At 39.4 per cent, the highest investment was made in services, followed by 31.8 per cent in mineral based industry and 23.5 per cent in agro based and food processing industry. Remaining investment was made in rural engineering and biotechnology, chemicals and forest based industries. In , Rs 4.4 crore was invested and employment generated for 1,063 persons. 31

32 FIGURE 9: KVIC PERFORMANCE ( ) Service / textile Mineral based Agro based & food processing Rural engineering and bio-tech Chemical based Forest based Sales, Rs Lakh Employment Source: Statistical Handbook Meghalaya The objectives of the State Industrial Policy, 1997 are listed below: Generate employment opportunities for the local people in industrial and allied sectors. Promote industries in the sectors where the state has comparative advantage. Promotion of village and small scale industries. Creation of basic infrastructural facilities and setting up of industrial areas, growth centre and export-promotion industrial park. Encourage the setting up of selective medium and large industries. Provide preference to local entrepreneurship in setting up of large, medium and small-scale units. 32

33 Promote local interests through joint ventures with external investors. Encourage need based development of local entrepreneurial skills. Simplify rules and procedures by providing a single-window clearance facility, etc. Some of the salient features of the policy are: State Government to welcome the advent of advanced technologies and external investments, preferably in the joint sector. To provide budgetary support for rapid industrialisation, wherever required. Emphasis on improvement in roads, construction, up gradation of airport construction of ropeways, communications, power supply, export promotion industrial centres etc. To expedite suitable approval under the Meghalaya Land Transfer Act, Single-window agency to provide time bound decisions and clearances. Meghalaya Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) to provide escort services for the large and medium scale industries. To develop human resources through up gradation of skills; training institutions to receive attention, etc. 33

34 FIGURE 10: THRUST AREAS UNDER STATE INDUSTRIAL POLICY, 1997 Horticulture Bio-technology Tissue culture - orchid Spices and Essential oils Medicinal Plants, Tea and Rubber Animal husbandry and meat processing Coal Limestone Other minerals * Electronics and IT Source: However few sectors, except cement, have benefitted significantly because of inadequate infrastructure and market linkages, low level of skill up-gradation, use of old tools and techniques, low mechanisation, ownership of private lands, poor post-harvest management facilities, lack of credit facilities and shortage of skilled workforce. 34

35 4.3 Demography and Employment Overview Meghalaya population is predominantly tribal; the main tribes are the Khasi, the Jaintia and the Garo besides other plain tribes such as Koch, Rabhas and Bodos. The Khasis and the Jaintias predominantly inhabit the eastern districts of Meghalaya. The western part of the State, the Garo Hills, is predominantly inhabited by the Garos who are also called Achiks. The Garo, Khasi and Jaintia societies follow a matrilineal system. West Khasi Hills is the biggest district in Meghalaya in terms of area share (23.4 per cent). However, East Khasi Hills has the largest population share (27.8 per cent). The latter also has the maximum number of towns. Over 80 per cent of the population is rural and close to 86 per cent is tribal. About 98 per cent of the population in West Khasi Hills is tribal, while it is 76.6 per cent in West Garo Hills. TABLE 6: MEGHALAYA S DISTRICT DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE Sources: Census 2001 and Census 2011; Statistical Abstract Meghalaya, 2009 At 53 per cent and 42 per cent, respectively, the State has a high share of working age population and young population (0 to 14 years), which will be joining the working age population in the next 10 years. As percentage of the working-age group of years in all districts, the maximum share is in East Khasi Hills (31 per cent), followed by West Garo Hills (23 per cent). East Khasi has the highest 35

36 proportion of working age population, at 57.2 per cent. However, it also has the lowest proportion of workers as a percentage of total population, at 38.8 per cent. TABLE 7: AGE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION Age group District Others 1 Total Others Jaintia Hills 138, ,424 11, , % 49.60% 3.90% 0.10% East Khasi Hills 250, ,828 31, , % 57.20% 4.80% 0.10% Ri Bhoi 86,179 98,497 7, , % 51.10% 4.10% 0.20% West Khasi Hills 140, ,692 12, , % 48.20% 4.20% 0.10% East Garo Hills 107, ,281 10, , % 52.80% 4.20% 0.10% West Garo Hills 214, ,118 26, , % 53.50% 5.10% 0.20% South Garo Hills 43,279 52,219 5, , % 51.70% 5.20% 0.20% Meghalaya 980,877 1,229, ,726 3,160 2,318, % 53.00% 4.60% 0.10% Sources: Census 2001; Statistical Abstract Meghalaya, 2009 Almost 50 per cent of the main workers are cultivators and another 12.5 per cent are agricultural labourers, indicating that Meghalaya is predominantly an agrarian economy. East Khasi Hills has the smallest percentage of cultivator indicating a shift towards services sector in the district. Similarly, East Garo Hills has the highest percentage of cultivators indicating agriculture is the mainstay of its economy. TABLE 8: DISTRICT WISE WORKER PROFILE District Cultivators Agricultural labourers Workers in household industry Other workers Jaintia Hills East Khasi Hills Ri Bhoi West Khasi Hills East Garo Hills West Garo Hills South Garo Hills Meghalaya Source: Directorate of Employment and Statistics, Meghalaya 1 Others: non-respondents 36

37 According to a survey conducted by Institute of Applied Manpower Research (2003), the regular salaried jobs in government is the most sought after work by the unemployed, followed by self-employment in business or trade. The finding has been corroborated by IMaCS survey in Meghalaya. TABLE 9: JOB PREFERENCES BY EDUCATED IN MEGHALAYA Type of work desired Rural Urban by the unemployed Male Female Total Male Female Total Self-employment- business / trade Self-employment- agriculture Salaried job in government sector Salaried job in private sector Agricultural wage labour Non -agricultural wage labour Any other Source: Meghalaya Human Development Report 2008 Work force participation is higher for males at 48.3 per cent, as compared to females at 35.2 per cent. Meghalaya being an agrarian economy, over 62 per cent of all workers are engaged in agricultural activities. There is high level of youth unemployment, especially in urban areas. In , unemployment rate was 8.01 per cent for graduates, higher than those with little formal education. As of 2006, Meghalaya had 12 employment exchanges. There were 32,386 applicants on the live register. However, only 1,849 vacancies were notified. Of the total applicants, 41.2 per cent were of minimal education, i.e., below matriculation. Only 12.9 per cent were graduates and above. 4.4 Infrastructure Overview Road transport in the state is the key form of transportation that connects the state with the rest of the country. Its growth has almost been stagnant over the last decade. As of , the total road length was 8,568 km. Of this, 65 per cent were surfaced and 35 per cent un-surfaced roads. Road density was 38.2 km per 100 sq. km. The three district headquarters in Garo Hills are yet to be connected by double lane roads with the capital city Shillong. The state is connected to its neighbouring states and other parts of India through four 37

38 National Highways (NH): NH-40, NH-44, NH-51 and NH-62.Presently, there is no railway line in the state. There are two airports, viz., Umroi Airport and Baljek Airport. The latter is yet to be made fully operational. Helicopter services are available from Guwahati to Tura and Shillong. The Meghalaya Transport Corporation provides bus transport services across the state. FIGURE 11: ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE IN MEGHALAYA (Km) 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, National Highway Major Districts Roads Total State Highway Other Districts Roads Source: State Development Report of Meghalaya TABLE 10: DISTRICT-WISE ROAD LENGTH AND DENSITY District Total road length, km Road density, kmper 100 sq. km. East Garo Hills West Garo Hills 1, South Garo Hills East Khasi Hills 1, Ri-Bhoi West Khasi Hills 1, Jaintia 1, Meghalaya 8, Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics Meghalaya has hydroelectric power potential of about 3,000 MW. However, only about 6 per cent of it has been tapped so far. To tap its actual potential, the state has a power policy in place, which will enable 38

39 implementation of power projects under PPP mode. The state currently has MW of its own installed capacity (mainly hydro) and is dependent on Central sector plants for another 100 MW. The state usually buys more power through bilateral agreements. At 57 per cent, industrial users are the largest consumers, followed by domestic (24 per cent) and others (19 per cent). As of March 2011, the state has achieved 66 per cent rural electrification. According to the Census 2001, at 74 per cent, East Khasi Hills had the highest electrification rate, while lowest (20 per cent) was in South Garo Hills district. The Meghalaya Energy Corporation Limited (MECL) is responsible for development of Meghalaya s power sector. TABLE 11: INSTALLED CAPACITY IN MEGHALAYA (MW, As of June 2011) Sector Thermal Hydro Total State sector Central sector Total Source: Central Electricity Authority FIGURE 12: PER CAPITA POWER CONSUMPTION (kwh) Source: Central Electricity Authority As of 2007, Meghalaya had 117 telephone exchanges. Of these, 97 were rural and remaining were urban exchanges. Mobile connectivity was low, with total mobile density being only 3.0 per cent. There were also 7,360 internet connections in the state, along with 1,621 broadband connections. Virtual private network (VPN) over broadband line is also available in the state to enable business communications. 39

40 TABLE 12: BSNL MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS BY DISTRICT District Mobile penetration rate, East Khasi Hills 36,391 49, % West Khasi Hills 2,756 3, % Ri Bhoi 2,244 2, % Jaintia Hills 6,427 7, % East Garo Hills 5,648 11, % West Garo Hills 8,336 15, % South Garo Hills % Meghalaya 61,802 89, % Sources: State Development Report 2008 TABLE 13: TELEPHONE CONNECTIONS IN MEGHALAYA Telephone connections, as of 2007 Landline connections 66,809 WLL connections 11,205 Mobile connections 62,678 Total 140,692 Sources: State Development Report 2008, Statistical Handbook , IMaCS Analysis Health infrastructure While East Khasi Hills District has two government hospitals, all other districts have one government hospital each. Total number of beds in government hospitals was about 3,726 in About 56 per cent of the medical institutions are concentrated in West Garo Hills, East Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills Districts only. South Garo Hills has the least health infrastructure in place. TABLE 14: MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS IN MEGHALAYA Medical institutions in Meghalaya, Government hospitals 8 Community Health Centres 36 Government dispensaries 14 Primary Health Centres 111 Sub-Centres 399 Sources: State Development Report

41 Meghalaya s birth rate stands at 24.4 which is higher than the national average of As compared to national level aggregate of 50, the infant mortality rate of Meghalayais 59 indicating deficiency of health infrastructure in the state. TABLE 15: KEY HEALTH INDICATORS Key health indicators, as of 2009 Meghalaya India Birth Rate (per 1,000 persons) Death Rate (per 1,000 persons) Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 live births) Source: Education infrastructure As of 2007, Meghalaya had 9,384 schools. About 60 per cent of these were concentrated in West Garo Hills, East Khasi Hills and West Khasi Hills. Ri Bhoi and South Garo Hills Districts have the least school infrastructure. Of the total schools in the state, 68 per cent are Primary Junior Basic Schools, 24 per cent are Middle and Senior Basic Schools and the remaining 8 per cent are High and Higher Secondary Schools. As per Census 2011, the literacy rate in the state was 73.8 per cent. East Khasi Hills had the highest rate of 84.2 per cent and West Garo Hills the lowest at 63.3 per cent. FIGURE 13: NUMBER OF SCHOOLS (As of March 2007) West Garo Hills East Khasi Hills West Khasi Hills East Garo Hills Jaintia Hills Ri Bhoi South Garo Hills ,196 1,075 2,023 1,928 1, ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Sources: District Level Statistics from Directorate of Economics and Statistics 41

42 FIGURE 14: NUMBER OF STUDENTS (As of March 2007) West Garo Hills East Khasi Hills East Garo Hills West Khasi Hills Jaintia Hills South Garo Hills Ri Bhoi 117, ,954 80,845 44,012 40, , ,362-50, , , , ,000 Sources: Directorate of Economics and Statistics Sources: State Development Report 2008 TABLE 16: TEACHER-PUPIL RATIO Teacher pupil ratio, Primary Junior Basic School 35 Middle & Senior Basic School 21 High / Higher Secondary Schools 16 For higher education, there is one Central University, the North Eastern Hill University, in Meghalaya. There are 66 colleges, three teacher-training institutes, three polytechnics and six industrial training institutes (ITI). Over 50 per cent of the colleges at 35 are concentrated in East Khasi Hills, while South Garo Hills have one college. TABLE 17: STATUS OF HIGHER & TECHNICAL EDUCATION Type of institute Number of institutions Number of students University 1 1,835 College for General Education 66 38,048 Basic and non-basic training schools Teachers training college Polytechnic ITI 6-42

43 Type of institute Number of institutions Number of students DIET 6 - Sources: Directorate of Higher and Technical Education Most of the higher education infrastructure is concentrated in East Khasi Hills district. FIGURE 15: DISTRICT WISE NUMBER OF COLLEGES East Khasi Hills West Garo Hills Jaintia Hills East Garo Hills West Khasi Hills Ri Bhoi South Garo Hills Sources: Directorate of Higher and Technical Education TABLE 18: SELECT INSTITUTES OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE STATE Institutions for Higher Education North Eastern Hill University William Carey University The North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health & Medical Science (NEIGRIMS) Martin Luther University Indian Institute of Management (IIM) National Institute of Fashion Design (NIFT) Indian Institute of Hotel Management (IIHM) Central Institute of English & Foreign Languages (CIEFL) Shillong Engineering and Management College Jorabad, Ri Bhoi District Central Agricultural University College of Home Science, Tura ICFAI NIIT National Institute of Technology (NIT) Regional Institute of Science Technology (RIST) There are three polytechnic institutes in Meghalaya located at Shillong, Jowai and Tura. Shillong polytechnic offers courses in six disciplines and has annual intake of more than 200 students which is higher than that of other two polytechnic s combined. 43

44 TABLE 19: COURSES OFFERED BY SHILLONG POLYTECHNIC Courses Annual intake of students Duration of course, years Civil Engineering 60 3 Electrical Engineering 30 3 Mechanical Engineering 30 3 Electronics Engineering 30 3 Computer Science & Engineering 30 3 Information Technology 20 2 TABLE 20: COURSES OFFERED BY TURA POLYTECHNIC Courses Annual intake of students Duration of course, years Medical Electronics 30 3 Computer Application 30 3 Food Processing & Preservation 30 3 TABLE 21: COURSES OFFERED BY JOWAI POLYTECHNIC Annual intake of Duration of Courses students course - years Automobile Engineering 30 3 Architectural Assistantship 30 3 Costume Design & Garment Technology 30 3 Source: Directorate of Higher and Technical Education, Meghalaya There are six ITIs in Meghalaya, located in Shillong, Tura, Baghmara, Jowai, Nongpoh and William Nagar. 44

45 TABLE 22: DETAILS OF COURSES OFFERED BY ITI S IN MEGHALAYA Course ITI No. of seats Electrician Shillong, Tura, Jowai 20 in Tura, 16 in Jowai Fitter Shillong, Tura 20 in Tura Welder Shillong, Jowai, Nongpoh and Tura 15 in Tura, 12 in Jowai and 12 in Nongpoh Plumber Shillong, Nongpoh and Tura 20 in Tura and 16 in Nongpoh Mechanic Motor Vehicle Shillong, Tura 20 in Tura Mechanic Radio & TV Shillong, Jowai and Tura 20 in Tura and 16 in Jowai Fruit & Vegetable Preservation Tura 20 IT & ESM Tura 20 Stenography Shillong, Tura and William Nagar 20 in Tura and 20 in William Nagar Typewriting Tura 10 Carpentry Tura 20 Wireman Shillong, William Nagar, Baghmara and Nongpoh 20 in William Nagar, 20 in Bahgmara and 16 in Nongpoh Surveyor Shillong - Civil Draughtsman Shillong - Source: respective ITIs There is a Regional Vocational Training Institute (RVTI) in Tura for women. The institute caters to the vocational training requirements of women in the North Eastern Region. It is spread over 2.40 acres which includes the institute building, the 50 bedded Girls Hostel-cum-Guest House and staff quarters. The institute has requisite up-to-date technology, machines and infrastructure for vocational training. TABLE 23: COURSES OFFERED BY RVTI, TURA Course No. of seats Secretarial Practice 16 45

46 Course No. of seats Hair & Skin Care 32 Dress Making 32 Computer Operator & Programming Assistant 40 Fashion Technology 16 Travel & Tour Assistant 16 Beauty Culture 20 Secretarial Practice, Advanced course 20* Dress Making, Advanced course 20* Catering & Hospitality, Advanced course 20* Cutting & Sewing, Advanced course 20* Training Methodology/ Instructor & Advanced course 30* * Courses not yet started as they are waiting for training officers Source: RVTI Tura 4.5 Key Findings from the Diagnostic Analysis Macro-economic: Meghalaya s GSDP was Rs 10,259 crore in It increased at a CAGR of 7.7 per cent since The growth was mainly driven by secondary and tertiary sectors. Tertiary sector has the biggest share in GSDP, at 54 per cent. Major contribution to tertiary sector was from public administration followed by trade, hotels & restaurants. Manufacturing activity is increasing in the state. Share of manufacturing stands at 6.4 per cent of GSDP. East Khasi hills district of Meghalaya, which is home to the state capital, contributes over 40 per cent to GSDP. Industrial Activity: Meghalaya had about 6,511 SSI units which have grown at a CAGR of 8 per cent between and The state s industrial scenario is dominated by medium and small scale industries. Majority of the manufacturing enterprises are steel units, mainly, in Ri-Bhoi district. Coal and Limestone mining are among the key industries in the state. In fact, Meghalaya is the only state in the North Eastern Region with a thriving mining industry. Cement industry attracts the largest investments in the state with presence of big players like Lafarge, Star cements. Coal mining is mostly carried out using age old rathole method, posing environmental and safety concerns. SSI units employed 36,193 persons and had an investment of Rs crore. Most of these SSI units are concentrated in East Khasi hills district. Establishments and OAE s provide employment to about 2.4 lakh 46

47 people. Most of these are employed in public administration, trade, education and small manufacturing activities. Demography: Over 80 per cent of the population is rural and close to 86 per cent is tribal. About 98 per cent of the population in West Khasi Hills and 76.6 per cent in West Garo Hills is tribal. The State has 53 per cent of population in the working-age group of years and 42 per cent in the 0-14 year group. Meghalaya has a literacy rate of almost 74 per cent. Government Policy: Thrust areas in the State Industrial Policy, 1997, included horticulture, coal, limestone, electronics & IT, bio-technology, animal husbandry, spices and essential oils, medicinal plants, tea and rubber. However, few sectors have benefitted significantly because of inadequate infrastructure and market linkages, use of old tools and techniques, low mechanisation levels, acquisition of private land, poor post-harvest management facilities, lack of credit facilities and shortage of skilled workforce. Infrastructure: Meghalaya s infrastructure has remained almost stagnant over the years. Roads are the major link. There is an operational airport, but serviced by few airlines. Road infrastructure within the state is poor with some district headquarters yet to be connected by double lane roads. As of 2007, Meghalaya had a total of 9,384 schools, around 60 per cent of which were concentrated in West Garo Hills, East Khasi Hills and West Khasi Hills. The current educational/vocational infrastructure in the state needs to be ramped-up to support the industrial growth in the state as well as for skilling migrant workforce. Employability of students passing out is a concern because of the gap observed between their skill sets and required industry standards. Also, absence of linkages between educational institutions, employment exchanges and industry makes it difficult for them to attract quality students. About 56 per cent of the medical institutions are concentrated in West Garo Hills, East Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills districts only. 47

48 4.6 SWOT Analysis of Meghalaya Source: IMaCS Analysis 48

49 PART II (b): Identification of growth sectors 49

50 5.1 Criteria for selecting growth sectors Resident skills that will continue to be a source of employment generation in next 10 years skill development required for enhancing competitiveness. Sectors with policy support from Central and State Government for expansion, training and marketing. Product is unique to the region or occurs abundantly because of factor advantages, but has just started to be exploited as an economic activity. Infrastructure investment required to support industrial and economic growth; investment which has started or is planned. Common service trades such as electricians, plumbers and repair mechanics those which require service quality enhancement. 5.2 Framework for identifying growth engines Source: IMaCS Analysis 50

51 The above framework has been used to identify potential sectors where economic activities will create employment between 2011 and 2021.The growth engines for a state s economy are driven by the factor advantages within the state, market conditions, industry value chain available and Government policy support. These factors lead to growth in economic output which in turn determines the annual incremental employment opportunities within the state. 5.3 Identified sectors for livelihood opportunities Based on the framework mentioned above, sectors have been identified for skilling and upgrading skills. These sectors are expected to provide employment opportunities in the coming 10 years. Sectors for domestic demand have been identified based on factor endowments, policy thrust, market potential, historical presence, availability of trained manpower, availability and quality of training centre, time taken to train and employment opportunities. TABLE 24: SECTORS FOR LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES AND DOMESTIC DEMAND Sector Factor endowments Policy Thrust Market Potential Historical Presence Livelihood Opportunities Availability and quality of training Centre Time taken to train* Agriculture Low - Fishery Low - Animal Husbandry Low - Sectors for domestic demand Sericulture Medium High Handicrafts Medium Medium Horticulture High High Tea High High Food Processing Low High Hospitality Medium Low IT/ITES High Medium Forest based, bamboo Low High Oil, gas and plastic High High Construction Low to Medium High Employment opportunities** 51

52 Sector Factor endowments Policy Thrust Market Potential Historical Presence Availability and quality of training Centre Healthcare Time taken to train* Medium to High Low Employment opportunities** Other services: Motor Repair Low Low to High *Low: Up to one year; Medium: One to two years; High: More than two years. ** Low: Incremental employment potential of 0 to 1,500 persons; Medium: 1500 to 3,000 persons; High: More than 3,000 persons Source: IMaCS Analysis 5.4 Identified sectors for migration Sectors for migration have been identified based on natural aptitude, youth aspiration, market potential, availability of trained manpower, availability and quality of training centre and time taken to train. TABLE 25: SECTORS FOR MIGRATION Sector Natural aptitude Youth aspiration Market Potential Availability and quality of training Centre Time taken to train* Sectors for Migration Beauty and Wellness Low to Medium Hospitality Medium to High IT / ITES Medium to High Retail Services Low Music Medium to High Sports Medium to High Fashion Designing High Flight attendants Medium to High Ground staff at the airports Low to Medium Healthcare Medium to High Language Skills Low to Medium Trainers Medium to High * Low: Up to one year; Medium: One to two years; High: More than two years. Source: IMaCS Analysis 52

53 5.5 Type of skilling required in identified sectors Skilling requirements have been classified into speciality skills, new skills and skill up-gradation for each of the sectors identified. TABLE 26: TYPE OF SKILLING REQUIRED IN IDENTIFIED SECTORS Sectors Specialty skills New skills Skill up-gradation Livelihood opportunities Agriculture Fishery Animal Husbandry Sectors for domestic demand Handloom and Handicraft Horticulture Food Processing Hospitality IT/ITES Forest based products Mining Construction Healthcare Others including motor repair and beauty culture Specialty skills: technical or specific knowledge base essential New skills: training centres largely non-existent Skill-up-gradation: outdated techniques and knowledge base Source: IMaCS Analysis 53

54 5.6 Type of skilling required in sectors identified for migration For migration related skills as well, skilling requirements have been classified into speciality skills, new skills and skill up-gradation for the identified sectors. TABLE 27: TYPE OF SKILLING REQUIRED FOR MIGRATION Sectors Specialty skills New skills Skill up-gradation Sectors for migration Beauty and Wellness Hospitality IT / ITES Retail Services Fashion Designing Flight attendants Ground staff at the airports Healthcare Language Skills Trainers Specialty skills: technical or specific knowledge base essential New skills: training centres largely non-existent Skill-up-gradation: outdated techniques and knowledge base Source: IMaCS Analysis 54

55 PART II (c): District level Analysis of Meghalaya 55

56 6.1. East Garo Hills East Garo Hills District was upgraded from a sub-division to a full-fledged district in The district is bounded by South Garo Hills on the south, West Garo Hills on the west, East Khasi Hills on the East and the state of Assam on the north. The district headquarters are located at Williamnagar. Commonly used languages in the district are English, Hindi and Garo Economy The GDDP of the East Garo Hills district was Rs 57,516 lakh (as of ). The per capita DDP of East Garo Hills is Rs 21,115. The economy of the East Garo Hills district is basically agrarian and rural based. Agriculture is the mainstay of about 90 percent of the population of East Garo Hills and most earn their livings directly or indirectly from agriculture Demography The district occupies an area of 2603 km². According to the 2011 census East Garo Hills has a population of 250,582 and literacy of 60.6 per cent. The Garos constitute the majority in the East Garo Hills district as is evident from the name of the district. The district also is home for a sizeable population of Rabhas, Hajongs, Koches, Dalus, Banais and Boros Infrastructure Being a land-locked district with hilly terrain and sparse population, means of communication in the district have not developed much. There are no railway heads and airports within the district and the rivers here are also not navigable. The road network too is quite under-developed. 56

57 TABLE 28: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - EAST GARO HILLS Source: Census 2001 Facilities Number of villages Drinking water facilities 862 Safe Drinking water 727 Electricity (Power Supply) 287 Electricity (domestic) 283 Electricity (Agriculture) - Total inhibited villages in East Garo Hills are 864 of which 862 of them have drinking water facilities. However, power supply is available in only 287 villages which indicate the poor power situation prevailing in the district. Education Infrastructure: The educational infrastructure of the district is inadequate. About 716 villages in the district have primary schooling facilities. None of the villages have any colleges. TABLE 29: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE - EAST GARO HILLS. Source: Census 2001 Education Infrastructure in East Garo Hills Primary school 716 Middle schools 134 Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 40 College Employment Pattern There are 111,996 workers in the district. About 70 per cent of them are main workers. The number of non-workers stands at 138,586. About 70.7 per cent of the main workers are cultivators which is highest in the district. About 8.8 per cent of the main workers are agricultural labourers. 57

58 FIGURE 16 : EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN EAST GARO HILLS 140, , , ,000 80,000 78,806 60,000 40,000 33,190 20,000 0 Main Workers Marginal Workers Non- Workers Source: Census Potential sectors in district Based on the factor advantages, following sectors have been identified in the district for skilling: Handloom: Garos are well-known for their handlooms products in North-East India. They produce only for local consumption and not in large scale. In absence of significant economic activity and with establishment of more Handloom Weavers Cooperative Societies in the district, large scale production can be undertaken to for commercialisation. Horticulture: Fruits like papaya, pineapple, orange, pomelo, jack-fruit, litchi, mango, pears, sapota, cashewnuts, bananas, coconut and areca nut are grown widely in the district. District produces more than 20 per cent of papaya, banana and pine-apples in the district. Conducive climate and increasing government focus providing impetus to horticulture growth in the district. 58

59 Fruit Processing: Significant fruit production in the district to support fruit processing industries. Both national and international market (Bangladesh) available for processed products. Government policy support to horticulture and fruit processing industries East Khasi Hills The East Khasi Hills district was carved out of the erstwhile Khasi Hills district, which was divided into East and West Khasi Hills districts. The district is home to the state capital, Shillong. The northern portion of the district is bounded by the plain of Ri-Bhoi District, by the Jaintia Hills District to the east and the West Khasi Hills District to the west. The East Khasi Hills District is mostly hilly with deep gorges and ravines on the southern portion Economy The GDDP of the East Khasi Hills district was Rs 304,630 lakh, as of contributing over 40 per cent of state s GSDP. The per capita DDP of East Khasi Hills district was Rs 42,419 (as of ). The East Khasi Hills district is the major economic centre of the state Demography The district occupies an area of 2752 km². According to the 2011 census East Khasi Hills has a population of 660,923 and literacy of per cent Infrastructure The district headquarter, Shillong is connected to Guwahati and Silchar by NH 44 of 103 km. and 240 km. respectively. The nearest rail head and airport are situated at Guwahati. There is an airstrip suitable for small aircrafts at Umroi which is 35 km. from Shillong. The agricultural and other products are transported by trucks, jeeps and tractors. Shillong is well connected with other parts of the State by motorable road. 59

60 TABLE 30: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - EAST KHASI HILLS Source: Census 2001 Facilities Number of villages Drinking water facilities 920 Safe Drinking water 811 Electricity (Power Supply) 682 Electricity (domestic) 661 Electricity (Agriculture) 15 About 920 villages in East Khasi Hills have drinking water facilities. However, power supply is available in only 682 villages. Total number of villages where electricity is available for agricultural use is only 15 indicating power shortage situation in the district. Education Infrastructure: About 758 villages in the district have primary schooling facilities. The number of villages with secondary/senior secondary schools is 65. TABLE 31: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- EAST KHASI HILLS Source: Census 2001 Education Infrastructure in East Khasi Hills Primary school 758 Middle schools 186 Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 65 College Employment Pattern There are 256,562 workers in the district. About 85 per cent of them are main workers. The number of non-workers stands at 404,361. Only 24.1 per cent of the main workers are cultivators indicating shifting of district economy towards services sector. 60

61 FIGURE 17 : EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN EAST KHASI HILLS 450, , , , , , , ,000 50, , ,190 37,372 Main Workers Marginal Workers Non- Workers Source: Census Potential sectors in district Based on the factor advantages, following sectors have been identified in the district for skilling: Hotels: Shillong, also known as Scotland of the East attracts a large number of tourists every year. The district is well connected to Guwahati by all-weather roads. Mesmerizing Meghalaya branding of Meghalaya tourism. Improving perception regarding security in the state in mainland India. Horticulture: Fruits like papaya, pineapple, orange, jack-fruit, litchi, mango, pears, sapota, etc. grown in abundance in the district. District produces more than 50 per cent of citrus fruits in the state. Conducive climate and increasing government focus providing impetus to horticulture growth in the district. 61

62 Fruit Processing: Significant fruit production in the district to support fruit processing industries. Both national and international market (Bangladesh) available for processed products. Well connected with Guwahati which is the major economic hub in the north-east region. Government policy support to horticulture and fruit processing industries. Mining: Contributed almost 60 per cent to the state s limestone production in Almost 70 per cent cement based small scale industries (SSI) are located in East Khasi Hills. Many mining projects in the pipeline. Handicrafts: About 83 per cent of the handicraft SSIs is concentrated in Khasi Hills only. Since the district is well connected to Guwahati and attracts a large number of tourists, it could provide a nodal point for the handicrafts industry in the state. 6.3.Jaintia Hills Jaintia Hills district came into existence on 22 February The district headquarters are located at Jowai. The whole District is full of rugged and undulating terrains with the exception of the deep gorges, steep precipice and narrow valleys carved out by the rivers of Umngot, Myntdu, Lukha, Myntang and a good number of other turbulent streams that drain out all over the District. The Jaintia Hills is richly endowed with natural resources Economy The GDDP of the Jaintia Hills district was Rs 118,488 lakh (as of ). The per capita DDP of Jaintia Hills district was Rs 36,511(as of ). The district is very rich in natural resources. Coal and Limestone mining is the major economic activity in the district. A large number of cement companies are operating in the district. 62

63 6.3.2Demography The district occupies an area of 3819 km². According to the 2011 census Jaintia Hills has a population of 299,108 and literacy rate of per cent Infrastructure Jowai the Headquarter of the District is connected with Shillong and Silchar by NH-44. All five block Headquarters in the district have also been connected by roads. Important places connected by metalled roads are Khanduli, Garampani and Dawki. Recently, Jowai-Amlarem-Dawki road has been declared as National Highway. Jowai town is well connected with the rest of the country by the S.T.D. facilities availed by the telecom company BSNL. TABLE 32: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - JAINTIA HILLS Facilities Number of villages Drinking water facilities 462 Safe Drinking water 415 Electricity (Power Supply) 291 Electricity (domestic) 258 Electricity (Agriculture) 2 Source: Census 2001 Total inhibited villages in the district are 467 out of which about 462 villages have drinking water facilities. Power supply is available in only 291 villages. Education Infrastructure: There are 383 villages with primary schooling facilities in the district. The number of villages with college is three. 63

64 TABLE 33: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- JAINTIA HILLS Source: Census 2001 Education Infrastructure in Jaintia Hills Primary school 383 Middle schools 124 Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 47 College Employment Pattern There are 126,877 workers in the district with nearly 75 per cent of them main workers. The number of non-workers stands at 172,231. About 54.6 per cent of the main workers are cultivators and 17.9 per cent are agricultural labourers. FIGURE 18 : EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN JAINTIA HILLS 180, , , , ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20, ,231 95,635 31,242 Main Workers Marginal Workers Non- Workers Source: Census

65 6.3. 5Potential sectors in district Based on the factor advantages, following sectors have been identified in the district for skilling: Hotels: Significant mining activity in the district will attract business tourists. Presence of plenty of tourists spots in and around the district. Mesmerizing Meghalaya branding of Meghalaya tourism. Improving perception regarding security in the state in mainland India. Horticulture: Major producer of citrus fruits after East Khasi Hills district. Conducive climate and increasing government focus providing impetus to horticulture growth in the district. Mining: Contributed almost 39 per cent to the state s limestone production in Almost 40 per cent of installed capacity of cement plants concentrated in Jaintia Hills district. Many mining projects in the pipeline. Contributed about 65 per cent to the state s coal production in However most of it is done illegally. 6.4.Ri Bhoi Ri Bhoi district is one of the youngest districts of Meghalaya which came into existence on the 4th June The district was carved out from the erstwhile East Khasi Hills district. The district is bounded on the North by the Kamrup, Morigoan and Nagoan districts of Assam, on the East by the Karbi Anglong district of Assam, on the South by East Khasi Hills & West Khasi Hills districts and on the West by the West Khasi district. Nongpoh is the district headquarters. 65

66 6.4.1 Economy The GDDP of the Ri Bhoi district was Rs 55,093 lakh (as of ). The per capita DDP of Ri Bhoi district is Rs 26,314(as of ). In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named Ri Bhoi one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640) Demography The district occupies an area of 2448 km². According to the 2011 census Ri Bhoi has a population of 192,790 and literacy of per cent Infrastructure The headquarters of the District, Nongpoh is located 53 km away from the state capital Shillong and 50 km from Guwahati. This district is characterized by rugged and irregular land surface. The nearest Rail head and airport are situated at Guwahati. There is an airstrip suitable for small aircrafts at Umroi. The agricultural and other products are transported by trucks, jeeps and tractors. Ri Bhoi is well connected with other parts of the State by motorable road. TABLE 34: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - RI BHOI Source: Census 2001 Facilities Number of villages Drinking water facilities 543 Safe Drinking water 455 Electricity (Power Supply) 359 Electricity (domestic) 350 Electricity (Agriculture) - All inhibited villages in Ri Bhoi have drinking water facilities. However, power supply is available in only 455 villages. Education Infrastructure: About 457 villages in the district have primary schools, 99 villages have middle schools and 23 villages have secondary/senior secondary schools in the district. 66

67 TABLE 35: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- RI BHOI Source: Census 2001 Education Infrastructure in Ri Bhoi Primary school 457 Middle schools 99 Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 23 College Employment Pattern There are 89,407 workers in the district. Almost 80 per cent of them are main workers. The number of non-workers stands at 103,383. Almost 60 per cent of the main workers are cultivators indicating that agriculture is the mainstay of the district economy. FIGURE 19: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN RI BHOI 120, , ,000 80,000 71,237 60,000 40,000 20, ,170 Main Workers Marginal Workers Non- Workers Source: Census

68 6.4. 5Potential sectors in district Based on the factor advantages, following sectors have been identified in the district for skilling: Horticulture: Strawberry cultivation becoming popular in the district. Abundance and variety of fruits produced in the district. Favourable climate and diverse agro climatic situations suitable for tropical and temperate flowers Greenhouse floriculture units for development of floriculture established with the aid of Directorate of Horticulture. Fruit Processing: Significant fruit production in the district to support fruit processing industries. Both national and international market (Bangladesh) available for processed products. Well connected with Guwahati which is the major economic hub in the north-east region. Bamboo based industry: Market connectivity. Umiam Industrial Area housing other forest based industries. Handicrafts: Traditional activity in the district. Good connectivity with Guwahati. 68

69 6.5.South Garo Hills The South Garo Hills district lies in the southern part of the state of Meghalaya, and was created on 18th June, The district is hilly with difficult terrain with its headquarter at Baghmara, the only town in the district Economy The GDDP of the South Garo Hills district was Rs 43,543 lakh (as of ), minimal contribution by any district in Meghalaya s GSDP. The per capita DDP of South Garo Hills district is Rs 39,473(as of ), second highest after East Khasi Hills district. In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named South Garo one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640) Demography The district occupies an area of 1850 km². According to the Census 2011, South Garo Hill district has a population of 100,980 and literacy rate of 55 per cent. The Garos constitute the majority in the East Garo Hills district as is evident from the name of the district. The Garos have a matrilineal society where children adopt their mother clan Infrastructure The headquarters of the District, Baghmara is located 350 km away from from Guwahati. The nearest Rail head and airport is situated at Guwahati. The agricultural and other products are transported by trucks, jeeps and tractors. TABLE 36: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - SOUTH GARO HILLS Source: Census 2001 Facilities Number of villages Drinking water facilities 595 Safe Drinking water 363 Electricity (Power Supply) 117 Electricity (domestic) 108 Electricity (Agriculture) 1 69

70 All inhibited villages in South Garo Hills district have drinking water facilities. However, power supply is available in only 363 villages. Education Infrastructure: Out of total 595 inhibited villages, there are about 416 villages with primary schooling facilities in the district. TABLE 37: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- SOUTH GARO HILLS Source: Census 2001 Education Infrastructure in South Garo Hills Primary school 416 Middle schools 71 Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 22 College Employment Pattern There are 47,848 workers in the district. Almost 65 per cent of them are main workers. There are 53,132 non-workers in the district. About 63 per cent of the main workers are cultivators indicating that it is a predominantly agrarian economy. FIGURE 20: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN SOUTH GARO HILLS 60,000 50,000 40,000 30,000 20,000 10, ,132 31,351 16,497 Main Workers Marginal Workers Non- Workers Source: Census

71 6.5.5Potential sectors in district Based on the factor advantages, following sectors have been identified in the district for skilling: Horticulture: Favourable climate. Abundance and variety of fruits produced in the district. Handloom: Garos are well-known for their handlooms products in North-East India. They produce only for local consumption and not in large scale. In absence of significant economic activity and with establishment of more Handloom Weavers Cooperative Societies in the district, large scale production can be undertaken to for commercialisation. 6.6.West Khasi Hills West Khasi Hills, presently the largest district of Meghalaya, was carved out of the erstwhile Khasi Hills District on the 28th October, It lies in the central part of Meghalaya. It is bounded on the north-west by Kamrup district of Assam, on the north-east by Ri Bhoi district, on the east by East Khasi Hills district, on the south by Bangladesh, on the west by East Garo and South Garo Hills districts. Nongstoin is the Headquarter of the District Economy The GDDP of the West Khasi Hills district was Rs 54,882 lakh (as of ). The per capita DDP of West Khasi Hills district is Rs 17,108(as of ), lowest in the state. The economy is predominantly agrarian. 71

72 6.6.2Demography The district occupies an area of 5247 km² which is about 23 per cent of the area of the state. According to the 2011 census West Khasi Hill district has a population of 296,049 and literacy rate of 65.1 per cent. The people of the District have their distinct dialects of about 23 in number. Majority of these dialectical groups, understand Khasi, which is common or link language of the people Infrastructure The nearest Rail head and airport are situated at Guwahati. TABLE 38: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - WEST KHASI HILLS Source: Census 2001 Facilities Number of villages Drinking water facilities 923 Safe Drinking water 719 Electricity (Power Supply) 326 Electricity (domestic) 320 Electricity (Agriculture) 2 Almost all inhibited villages in West Khasi Hills district have drinking water facilities. However, power supply is available in about only one-third of villages. Education Infrastructure: About 877 villages in the district have primary schooling facilities. Secondary/senior secondary schools are present in 59 villages. TABLE 39: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE- WEST KHASI HILLS Source: Census 2001 Education Infrastructure in West Khasi Hills Primary school 877 Middle schools 185 Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 59 College 1 72

73 6.6.4Employment Pattern There are 129,095 workers in the district. More than 75 per cent of them are main workers. There are 166,954 non-workers in the district. Almost 67 per cent of the main workers are cultivators. FIGURE 21: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN WEST KHASI HILLS 180, , , , ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20, ,954 97,784 31,311 Main Workers Marginal Workers Non- Workers Source: Census Potential sectors in district Based on the factor advantages, following sectors have been identified in the district for skilling: Bamboo and Cane: Bamboo and cane available in abundance from forest. Horticulture: Fruit production in abundance in the district. Conducive climate and increasing government focus providing impetus to horticulture growth in the district. 73

74 Mining: Very rich in mineral resources. Important minerals in the district are Sillimanite, Coal, limestone and Uranium Handicrafts: About 83 per cent of the handicraft SSIs is concentrated in Khasi Hills only. 6.7.West Garo Hills West Garo Hills is one of the largest districts of Meghalaya. The West Garo Hills district lies on the western part of the state of Meghalaya bounded by the East Garo Hills district on the east, the South Garo Hills on the south-east, the Goalpara district of Assam on the north and north-west and Bangladesh on the south. The district headquarters of West Garo Hills is Tura, which is the second largest town in the State after Shillong Economy The GDDP of the West Garo Hills district was Rs 126,375 lakh (as of ), highest after East Khasi hills district. The per capita DDP of West Garo Hills district is Rs 22,454(as of ). In 2006 the Ministry of Panchayati Raj named West Garo one of the country's 250 most backward districts (out of a total of 640) Demography The district occupies an area of 3714 km². According to the 2011 census South Garo Hill district has a population of 518,390 and literacy rate of per cent. The population is pre-dominantly inhabited by the Garos, a tribe with a matrilineal society belonging to the Bodo family of the Tibeto-Burman race tribes. Other indigenous inhabitants are the Hajongs, Rabhas, Koches, Rajbansis, Meches, Kacharis and Dalus. 74

75 6.7.3 Infrastructure Tura, the headquarters of the district, is well connected by road with other places in the district as well as with the rest of the Meghalaya and Assam. The nearest railhead and airport are located in Guwahati which is about 220 km. TABLE 40: AMENITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES - WEST GARO HILLS Source: Census 2001 Facilities Number of villages Drinking water facilities 1,465 Safe Drinking water 1,314 Electricity (Power Supply) 536 Electricity (domestic) 488 Electricity (Agriculture) 6 Almost all inhibited villages in West Garo Hills district have drinking water facilities. However, power supply is available in nearly 36 per cent of the villages indicating the poor state of power in the district. Education Infrastructure: There are 1,118 villages with primary schools in West Garo Hills district. About 286 of the villages have middle schools. TABLE 41: EDUCATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE - WEST GARO HILLS Source: Census 2001 Education Institutions in West Garo Hills Primary school 1,118 Middle schools 286 Secondary/Sr Secondary schools 97 College 2 75

76 6.7.4Employment Pattern There are 208,361 workers in the district. About 78 per cent of them are main workers. There are 310,029 non-workers in the district. About 56 per cent of the main workers are cultivators. FIGURE 22: EMPLOYMENT PATTERN IN WEST GARO HILLS 350, , , , , , , ,000 50, ,353 Main Workers Marginal Workers Non- Workers Source: Census Potential sectors in district Based on the factor advantages, following sectors have been identified in the district for skilling: Horticulture: Conducive climate and increasing government focus providing impetus to horticulture growth in the district. Abundance and variety of fruits produced in the district. Handloom: Garos are well-known for their handlooms products in North-East India. They produce only for local consumption and not in large scale. 76

77 In absence of significant economic activity and with establishment of more Handloom Weavers Cooperative Societies in the district, large scale production can be undertaken to for commercialisation. Hotels: Presence of plenty of tourists spots in and around the district. Mesmerizing Meghalaya branding of Meghalaya tourism. Improving perception regarding security in the state in mainland India. 77

78 PART II (d): Skill Gap Analysis 78

79 6.1 Tourism Tourism in Meghalaya has gained momentum in the last few years. It has immense untapped potential for further growth. Currently, it is mainly concentrated in the East Khasi Hills. However, Garo Hills also have huge potential. The State Government is undertaking a number of schemes for the development of this sector for revenue and employment generation. It has branded tourism in state by coining the term Mesmerizing Meghalaya. FIGURE 23: DOMESTIC TOURIST ARRIVALS 600, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,954 Source: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract, 2009 In , Meghalaya attracted 554,973 tourists. Of these, 99 per cent were domestic. The tourist arrivals have increased at a CAGR of 14 per cent between 2000 and As of , there were 70 tourist spots in Meghalaya. Of these, almost half were located in East Khasi Hills. To boost tourism sector in the state, a New Tourism Policy has come into effect in February

80 FIGURE 24: FOREIGN TOURIST ARRIVALS 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000-12,707 6,304 5,099 5,267 4,259 4,919 2,327 2,390 3,191 Source: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract, 2009 Meghalaya Tourism Policy, 2011, focuses on a diverse range of services. Strategies for tourism development identified under the policy are as under: To develop destinations and circuit development. To create and improve infrastructure along with better management of mega tourism projects. A well-designed plan for capacity building and manpower training will help make tourism development successful. Joint venture in cases where unique products involving special proprietary information or brand image are needed to be introduced to a location. To include tourism as an industry so that stake holders can take advantage of the various incentives under the North East Industrial and Investment Promotion Policy (NEIIPP). To identify and promote new opportunities and products for the future development of tourism in Meghalaya. To develop an effective marketing strategy so as to project a positive image for Meghalaya in the international and national market as a unique and preferred destination to visit. 80

81 To upgrade visitor facilities. Potential area for future development identified under the policy is as under: Adventure / sports tourism Wildlife / Eco-tourism Cultural tourism Meetings, Incentives, Conventions & Exhibition Tourism (MICE) Wellness, health and herbal tourism Unique lodging products Local souvenir tourism Golf tourism Pilgrimage tourism Legend tourism Heritage tourism Music tourism Strawberry tourism Premium tourist destinations Package tours Cuisine tourism Film tourism Weekend / day tourism 81

82 6.1(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Tourism sector Entity Role Expected competencies Skill gaps Tour operators / travel guides Ability to create attractive local tourist package Ability to network with outside (both domestic and abroad) tour operators Market understanding Ability to brand Event management Route planning and optimisation Excellent sales and marketing Ability to develop attractive pricing strategy Ability to liaison with airline, hotels and local community Ability to manage tourist expectations Man management skills Customer Relationship Management Computer skills Ability to speak in English Lack of market understanding Lack of skills on route planning and optimisation Inability to develop attractive pricing strategy Lack of soft skills Inability to network with customers and allied entities Poor customer service quality Lack of computer skills Inability to speak in English Logistics providers Ability to provide uninterrupted logistics support Ability to relate with domestic and foreign tourists Understanding of local and English speaking skills Time management Route planning and optimization Customer relationship management Excellent trouble shooting skills Ability to follow standard operating procedure Ability to maintain business etiquette Inability to speak in English Lack of skills on route planning and optimisation Lack customer relationship management Inability to follow standard operation procedures Inability to provide uninterrupted support Lack of uniform pricing 82

83 Hotels Ability to provide customer service Ability to perform multi-functions Understanding of local language and English speaking skills Customer relationship management Excellent trouble shooting skills Understanding of cultural differences Understanding of hotel functions, including procurement of raw material, cooking etc. Computer skills Ability to maintain financial records Ability to maintain business etiquette Poor English speaking skills Lack of computer skills Lack of soft skills Lack of customer relationship management and allied services Source:IMaCS Survey and Analysis 6.2 Mining Meghalaya has large limestone reserves estimated at 15,100 million tonnes. Of these, 63 per cent are proven, 26 per cent are inferred and 11 per cent are indicated reserves. The types of limestone found in the State vary from cement to chemical grade. These are suitable for steel, fertilizer and cement industries. As of 2008, there were 10 functional cement plants in the state, having a total installed capacity of 6,240 TPD. About 40 per cent of these were concentrated in Jaintia Hills. As of 2008, about 24 more plants were in pipeline. As of , the state also had 166 cement based small scale industries (SSIs). About 70 per cent of these were in East Khasi Hills. FIGURE 25: LIMESTONE PRODUCTION ( 000 Metric Tonnes) 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1, ,044 2,133 2,153 3,876 3,882 Source: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract,

84 FIGURE 26: DISTRICT-WISE LIMESTONE PRODUCTION ( , 000 MT) South Garo Hills, 1.1% Jaintia Hills, 38.6% East Khasi Hills, 60.4% Source: Department of Mining and Geology Meghalaya Meghalaya exports large quantities of limestone and coal to Bangladesh. There exists a complementarily between the resources of Meghalaya and Bangladesh. For instance, a cement factory at Chhatak in Bangladesh, fully depends on Meghalaya for limestone. Likewise, the tea gardens, jute mills, and brick making units in Bangladesh largely depend on coal mined in Meghalaya. FIGURE 27: EXPORTS TO BANGLADESH ( 000 MT) 2,000 1,500 1, Limestone Coal , (till Jan 09 Sources: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract,

85 Coal is available in abundance in the state. The estimated reserves are million tonnes. Of these, 23 per cent are proven and 77 per cent are inferred reserves. The grade found in the state is sub-bituminous, with medium to high sulphur. These are suitable as fuel for power generation, in producing iron, steel and gas and to make coke for metallurgical purposes. Most of the coal reserves are on private lands. Private individuals control the mining activities. Due to small scale mining activity, age-old rat-hole method is employed for mining, which is highly unscientific. It is leading to health hazards for the labourers along with environmental degradation. FIGURE 28: COAL PRODUCTION ( 000 MT) 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000-6,541 5,149 5,439 5,345 5,629 5,787 5,489 5,767 4,406 3, Sources: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract, 2009 FIGURE 29: DISTRICT-WISE COAL PRODUCTION ( , 000 MT) Garo Hills, 27.1% Khasi Hills, 8.4% Jaintia Hills, 64.5% Sources: Department of Mining and Geology Meghalaya Most of the upcoming projects in Meghalaya are either coal or limestone based. 85

86 TABLE 42: LIST OF PROJECTS ANNOUNCED Projects announced in 2011 Promoter Status Ferro Alloys Unit, 53,000 tpa at Shallang, Nongstoin, West Khasi Hills district Brijraj Power & Metallics Project underway. Lafarge Mining Project - supply of limestone to the cement plant at Chhatak in Bangladesh from the quarry located at Nongtrai, East Khasi Hills. Lafarge Umiam Mining Private Ltd (LUMPL) Environmental clearance received. 500 MW East Garo Hills Coal Based Power Project NEEPCO In planning stage. 240 MW Coal Based Power Project in West Khasi Hills District NEEPCO In planning stage. 12 MW Coal Based Project in Jaintia Hills District Ferro Alloy Production Project in West Khasi Hills Source: IMaCS Research Amrit Cement Industries Limited Meghalaya Ferrous Limited Civil work under progress. Civil work under progress. 6.2(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Mining Entity Role Expected competencies Skill gaps Limestone and coal mining Extraction of limestone and coal from the mines Ability to operate mining machines like dumpers, loaders and excavators Ability to drill using the drilling machine Blasting skills Skills for doing jobs of a foreman Ability to break coal / limestone into smaller pieces for supplying to the industry Knowledge of scientific methods of mining, especially for coal mining Lack knowledge of scientific methods for mining Mainly using rat hole method for coal extraction Locals lack specialised skills, so personnel have to be imported from other states. 86

87 Cement plants Plant processing, grinding, packing and transporting Knowledge of crushing and grinding Understanding of the process of clinkerisation Ability to maintain quality Maintain corporate discipline and culture Quality control engineer Mechanical, process, chemical, electrical and instrumentation engineers Packaging and transportation Marketing Maintenance: Fitters, welders, electricians, drivers, etc. Most of the workers hired by the cement plants are not employable and have to be trained on the job For higher skill set, engineers are hired from outside the state Lack of corporate culture is prevalent Lack of maintenance skills Sources: IMaCS Survey and Analysis 6.3 Horticulture Meghalaya has suitable climate for cultivation of wide variety of horticulture crops such as fruits, vegetables, spices, aromatic and ornamental plants, medicinal plants and plantation crops. The key fruits grown in the state are pineapple, citrus fruits, banana, papaya and strawberries. Other potential fruits include plums, peaches, guava, mango, litchi, lemon, etc. There is lot of potential for spices like ginger, chillies, and turmeric. The Lakadong turmeric is world famous and exported. Tea, cashew nut, areca nut and rubber are also grown. Floriculture has immense potential with climate conducive for flowers like orchids, bulbous plants, chrysanthemum, gerbera, gladiolus, marigold, carnations, birds of paradise, etc. 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 - FIGURE 30: AREA HARVESTED (HECTARES) Pine-apples Citrus fruits* Banana Papaya Sources: State Development Report of Meghalaya

88 120, ,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 - FIGURE 31: HORTICULTURE PRODUCTION (TONNES) Pine-apples Citrus fruits Banana Papaya Sources: State Development Report of Meghalaya FIGURE 32: DISTRICT-WISE PRODUCTION OF KEY FRUITS IN MEGHALAYA ( ) East Khasi Hills 6% West Khasi South Garo Hills 7% East Garo Hills 20% Pine-apples Hills 4% Jaintia Hills 1% West Garo Hills 23% Ri Bhoi 39% West Khasi Hills East Khasi 6% Hills 11% Ri Bhoi 20% South Garo Hills 5% Banana Jaintia Hills 2% West Garo Hills 31% East Garo Hills 25% 88

89 West Khasi Hills 13% East Garo Citrus fruits Hills Ri South 3% West Garo Bhoi Garo Hills Hills 9% 4% 1% Jaintia Hills 17% East Khasi Hills 53% West Khasi Hills 5% East Khasi Hills 14% South Papaya Garo Hills 2% Jaintia Hills 1% West Garo Hills 25% East Garo Hills 28% Ri Bhoi 25% Sources: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Meghalaya; IMaCS Analysis Presently, Meghalaya has three fruit processing units: One is at Shillong with an installed capacity of 60 metric tonnes. Second is at Dainadubi in East Garo Hills with an installed capacity of 40 metric tonnes. Third is at K.D. Industry at Chibinang Village, West Garo hills. These processing plants produce squashes, canned fruits, juices, jams, jellies, marmalades and pickles. In addition, there are a few Self Help Groups (SHGs) also running small processing units. Given the horticulture abundance in the State, there is immense potential for setting up processing units. However, the state is facing some of the constraints in development of this sector. These include: Inadequate infrastructure for post-harvest management Land use and tenure system Poor transport infrastructure Lack of a robust distribution and marketing infrastructure for horticulture produce Lack of well-established processing infrastructure to manage the horticultural produce, etc. Supply chain and branding issue. Credit availability is also a serious concern. 89

90 6.3(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Horticulture Entity Role Expected competencies Skill gaps Grower To grow the crop with best possible productivity and quality Knowledge of growing pattern of different crops, seasons fore harvesting and planting Knowledge about high quality seeds Knowledge about pest control, which includes management of weeds, insects / mites, and diseases Good understanding of cultural practices which include crop rotation, culling, cover crops, intercropping, double cropping, composting etc. Understanding of international standards to ensure best quality and higher production Lack of knowledge about high quality seeds Lack understanding of cultural practices like crop rotation, inter cropping, double cropping etc. Lack understanding of international standards Lack of knowledge on new techniques in agriculture Lack of knowledge on soil conservation / preservation techniques Growers / Labourer Harvesting and Post harvesting management of the crops Awareness on appropriate methods and time of harvesting Prevention of microbial contamination of fresh produce Understanding of sanitization of vegetables and fruits by dipping and flowers by spraying Understanding of best practices of sorting, grading and packaging Ensuring worker hygiene and sanitation practices Cold storage Lack understanding of best practices of sorting, grading and packaging* Lack understanding of cold storage system Lack mechanisation and technical skills at all levels Marketing agents Marketing of crops in raw or processed forms Understanding of basic processing technologies, like processing fruits into pulp, juice, jam, jelly, pickle etc. for sale in local market and even outside the state Capability to establish market linkages Understanding of market demand Understanding of pricing methodology Capability to strike good bargains with the potential buyers both in domestic and international markets Ability to ensure timely transportation of cost to prevent it from getting perished and wasted Soft skills to deal with clients Lack the capability to establish market linkages Lack understanding of market demand Lack understanding of pricing methodology Not capable to strike bargains Unable to ensure timely transportation Lack of managerial skills Lack of report writing skills Lack soft skills 90

91 Entity Role Expected competencies Skill gaps Fruit processing entrepreneur Processing of fruits and vegetables Sources: IMaCS Survey and Analysis Ability to visually examine fruits / vegetables and separate rotten fruits / vegetables Ability to differentiate between different quality grades based on size and other normative approaches Ability to appropriately size / dice as well as the ability to make end produce visually appealing Knowledge of latest preservation and processing technologies Ability to adapt to newer storage technologies Sensitisation to quality control Branding knowledge Strong negotiation skills Packing, selling and marketing skills Lack of knowledge of latest preservation and processing technologies Lack if ability to adapt to newer storage technologies Lack of branding knowledge Lack of strong negotiation skills Lack of understanding of latest packaging techniques Lack of marketing skills Lack of soft skills 6.4 Handloom and Handicraft Handloom weaving is an important rural cottage based industry in the state. The sector is basically a women oriented activity providing self-employment. As of 2008, there were 25,000 weaver households, working primarily with traditional looms and designs and catering to households and vicinity markets. Over 91 per cent of handloom SSIs are concentrated in Garo Hills. As of 2008, the state had 24 weaving training centres, 21 weaving demonstration centres, 24 handloom demonstration cum production centres, and eight handloom production centres. There is also a state level handloom training centre at Mendipathar in East Garo Hills. 91

92 FIGURE 33: SSIS IN HANDLOOM 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, ,081 1,417 1,662 1,863 1,975 1, No. of SSIs No. of persons employed Sources: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract, 2009 FIGURE 34: DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF HANDLOOM SSIS West Garo Hills 23% No of SSIs South Garo Hills West Khasi Hills 2% Others 3% 3% East Garo Hills 69% Sources: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract, 2009 Meghalaya is also known for its traditional handicrafts. Local artisans use cane, bamboo, dry flowers, pine corns, etc., to make handicraft products. Some SHGs and NGOs are also engaged in candle making. Most of these products are either sold locally or in neighbouring states. As of 2008, the state had 53 SSIs engaged in handicrafts, employing 202 persons. About 83 per cent of the handicrafts SSIs are concentrated in Khasi Hills only. 92

93 FIGURE 35: SSIS IN HANDICRAFT No. of SSIs No. of persons employed Sources: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract, 2009 FIGURE 36: DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF HANDICRAFTSSIS Ri Bhoi 11% No of SSIs Garo Hills 6% West Khasi Hills 11% East Khasi Hills 72% Sources: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract, 2009 Rearing of worms for Eri, Mulberry and Muga silk is traditionally practiced in rural areas as a cottage industry. As of 2008, there were 1,812 villages involved in sericulture with 28,923 families engaged in it. There are 12 sericulture farms, four mulberry silk reeling units and four muga silk reeling units. There is also a state-level sericulture training institute at Ummulong. The sector is facing infrastructure inadequacy. No new assets have been created in the last 10 years. The farms are ageing and underdeveloped. Ancient practices are being used for rearing of cocoons and silk production. About 70 per cent of the cocoon production is transported to Assam for conversion. 93

94 TABLE 43: PRODUCTION OF COCOONS AND SILK IN MEGHALAYA Year Mulberry, '000 kgs Eri, '000 kgs Muga, lakh numbers Quantity of raw silk produced, kg , , , , , , ,032 Sources:Meghalaya Statistical Abstract, (a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Handloom and Handicraft Entity Role Expected competencies Skill gaps Handloom weaver Produce quality handloom products Knowledge of pre loom processing, including dyeing Knowledge of spinning and weaving Knowledge of post loom processing Lack of knowledge of new technology, market developments, and customer preferences Knowledge of new technology Lack of ability to create new Understanding of market developments designs and create new product Understanding of customer preferences differentiation Ability to create new designs Lack of ability to manufacture Ability to create new product differentiation consistent quality products and Ability to manufacture consistent quality to market products products Lack of ability to reduce lead Ability to reduce lead-time time Ability to market products Lack of knowledge to create Create market oriented products market oriented products 94

95 Entity Role Expected competencies Skill gaps Handicraft - craftsperson Manufacture handicrafts using cane, bamboo and wood Knowledge of use of tools and materials Ability to perform intricate work / finishing Hand control to preserve intricate designs Knowledge and skills for design Ability to transfer skills to inexperienced Lack of ability to perform intricate work / finishing Lack of knowledge and skills for designs and ability to conceptualise and create new craftsman designs Ability to conceptualise and create new Inability to market products designs and create market oriented Ability to market products and create market products oriented products Lack of packaging skills Lack of uniformity in products Sources: IMaCS Survey and Analysis 6.5 Forest based industry Cane and bamboo are available in abundance in Meghalaya. The coverage of natural bamboo forests in Meghalaya has been estimated to be about 3,108 sq. km., which is about 14 per cent of State s geographical area. About 36 species of bamboo are found in Meghalaya. It finds varied uses in household, for handicrafts, as poles in the villages and cities, as raw material to the paper mills located in Assam. As of 2008, there were 486 small scale industries making cane and bamboo products, employing 1,799 persons.over 70 per cent of these were located in Khasi Hills only.there are also a few medium scale industries also, manufacturing bamboo dust panels, bamboo mat boards, etc. FIGURE 37: SSI - CANE AND BAMBOO 2,000 1, ,115 1,213 1,358 1,573 1, No. of SSIs No. of persons employed Source: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract,

96 FIGURE 38: DISTRICT-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF BAMBOO AND CANE SSI S South Garo Hills, 6.8% West Garo Hills, 7.4% Jaintia Hills, 3.9% Ri Bhoi, 2.7% East Khasi Hills, 36.6% East Garo Hills, 8.2% West Khasi Hills, 34.4% Sources: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract, 2009 Meghalaya has abundant forest resources. Based on which, many large, medium and small scale industries have come up. These include saw mills (all scales) and wooden furniture units (mainly small scale). There are 12 saw and saw cum veneering mills in the Umiam Industrial Area (Ri-Bhoi), five saw mills in Jaintia Hills industrial area and nine saw mills in Nongstoin industrial area.in addition, there are 87 SSIs in saw mill units. About 60 per cent of these are concentrated in Khasi Hills, followed by 19.5 per cent in Jaintia Hills. Plywood sheets made at the saw mills are sold in neighbouring states like Nagaland, Bihar, Kolkata and Assam. As of 2008, there are 604 SSIs manufacturing wooden furniture, employing 3,018 persons. Over 60 per cent of these are concentrated in Khasi Hills, followed by 11 per cent in Garo Hills. FIGURE 39: SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY IN WOODEN FURNITURE 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000-2,521 2,647 2,764 2,907 3,018 2, No. of SSIs No. of persons employed Source: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract,

97 FIGURE 40: SSI SAW MILLING UNITS 1,500 1,000 1,175 1,265 1,265 1,328 1,328 1, No. of SSIs No. of persons employed Source: Meghalaya Statistical Abstract, (a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Forest based industry Entity Role Expected competencies Skill gaps Small scale industries and artisans Manufacturing of bamboo diversified products Ability to cut cane and bamboo and split longitudinally into various sizes. Ability to do coiling for baskets and weaving for mats. Ability to cut bamboo into sizes of desired length with the help of cutting tools called Dao. Ability to cut further as per thickness with the help of different kinds of knives. Ability to make different products with cane and bamboo. Ability to clean the ready items with sand paper and polishing with varnish. Lack of marketing skills Lack of product finishing skills Lack of standardisation in process Lack of quality control Inability to do any value addition Lack of pricing skills Lack of standard procedures Saw mills, labourers Manufacturing of wooden furniture and ply wood sheets Ability to transport logs to the saw mills Ability to cut logs into different shapes and sizes for making ply wood sheets / wooden furniture Ability to process wood through different machineries Ability to use chemicals, adhesives and paints for making furniture Ability to do finishing using sand paper and varnish This doesn t require any specialised skills. Some basic skills are only required, which are imparted on the job Gaps are few, which include lack of marketing skills and soft skills Sources: IMaCS Survey and Analysis 97

98 6.6 Construction Meghalaya has many on-going construction projects in sectors like water supply, roads, schools, bridges, etc. It also has some upcoming coal and hydro based power projects, which are expected to generate employment for the locals. TABLE 44: PLANNED PROJECTS IN MEGHALAYA Project Promoter Cost, Rs crore 132 kv Single Circuit Line on double circuit towers from Meghalaya Energy kv Rongkhon substation to Ampati Cement Plant of 1.1 mtpa at Nongkhlei Lafarge India 1,000 Cement Unit, capacity of 0.31 mtpa, Badapani, Ri-Bhoi RKB Cement Pvt Ltd - district Solid Waste Disposal Facility facility at Tura and Meghalaya Urban Devp. 1.7 Nongpoh in East Garo Hills and Ri-Bhoi districts Authority Hotel with 160 rooms, at Khanapara in Ri-Bhoi district Meghalaya Infratech Pvt Ltd - Bamboo Technology Park in Ri Bhoi district. Cane & Bamboo - Technology Centre 500 MW Thermal Power Plant in East Garo Hills NEEPCO - Cement manufacturing expansion project in Upper Ballan, HM Cement Ltd - Ri Bhoi Uranium Ore Mining Project in West Khasi Hills, capacity Uranium Corporation of TPD. India Hotel project Taj GVK Hotels & Resorts - State Wide Area Network (SWAN) in Meghalaya Tata Consultancy Services 25 Cement unit, capacity mtpa in East Khasi Hills. Jai Umadutt Cement Ltd 220 Bridge (165 m) along the international border in Ministry of Road Transport Meghalaya's Jaintia Hills district for linking India and & Highways 900 MW Kynshi H.E. Project in West Khasi Hills district Phase 1 by Athena Energy 7,000 Ventures and Phase 2 by Jay The Mawhu H.E. Project, 90 MW, in East Khasi Hills NEEPCO 408 district Sources: IMaCS Research 98

99 6.6(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: Construction Entity Role Expected competencies Skill gaps Skilled workmen Follow standard operating procedure to achieve required productivity Ability to coordinate with unskilled workmen Ability to operate key equipment such as cranes, and also mechanisms for loading and unloading of cranes Ability to deliver quality output Need to be adept in their own trades e.g. masonry, plastering, painting, plumbing, etc. Need to understand machine operations and basic machine troubleshooting Ability to comply with safety and quality measures Need to have basic knowledge of construction Engineering Most of the workforce for construction works is sourced from Assam and Bihar, as locals lack both the skills and the inclination to work in such projects. Unskilled workmen Follow standard operating procedure to achieve required productivity Ability to perform the operations of excavation, carrying, cutting, helping of mason, mixing, spreading of stones, packing Ability to be involved in and perform manual labour intensive work thus need to be medically fit Need to have an orientation towards safety requirements and basic workplace practices Need to be able to move material as required using carts / manually, and thus also need to be physically strong Ability to take instructions from skilled workmen / supervisors / engineers and execute them appropriately Material preparation / Concrete mixing Most of the workforce for construction works is sourced from Assam and Bihar, as locals lack both the skills and the inclination to work in such projects Sources:IMaCS Survey and Analysis 6.7 IT/ITES IT services are in demand in the state, as the youth trained in IT is able to find employment outside Meghalaya. In , about 6,000 youth from Meghalaya moved to find jobs in IT sector in Bangalore, Delhi, Mumbai and Pune. 99

100 The Department of Information Technology in Meghalaya is responsible for development of this sector. Training is provided by the department in collaboration with the private players, like NIIT, Symantec, SofTech Computer Centre, CADD Centre Training Services, Arctech Groups, Aptech, Tata Info Tech etc. The Department s target is to train 3,000 people per annum. However, limited opportunities are available locally, making it essential to migrate to find jobs in IT. 6.7(a) Skill mapping and gap analysis: IT/ITES Entity Role Expected competencies Skill gaps IT / ITES Executive IT staff in hotels / govt depts or private entities Reasonable command over English language Ability to learn and adhere to processes and workflows Exposure to software such as Microsoft Office Problem solving skills Soft skills including willingness to work night shifts, good listening skills, and aptitude to do repetitive tasks Analytical skills Data entry Maintenance of IT infrastructure Lack of trouble shooting skills Lack of IT infrastructure Problem with the English speaking accent Lack of analytical skills Lack of maintenance skills for IT infrastructure Sources: IMaCS Survey and Analysis 100

101 PART II (c): Forecasting of Human Resource Requirement 101

102 7.1 Human resource forecasting model IMaCS has developed a model for estimating human resources requirement for the state based on growth of potential industries at district level. FIGURE 41: HUMAN RESOURCES FORECASTING MODEL Source: IMaCS Analysis 102

103 7.2 Incremental demand in Meghalaya Based on the above forecasting model, incremental human resource requirement in Meghalaya is estimated to be around 2.49 lakh persons between 2011 and Another 10 per cent demand may come from replacement of persons employed at the age of years who would retire during this phase. Major demand industries for human resources will be handicrafts, horticulture, construction and mining. Some industries such as construction, IT/ITES and hospitality are expected to grow significantly over the next decade, thus fuelling the demand for human resources in the State. FIGURE 42: HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT IN MEGHALAYA Source: IMaCS Analysis 103

104 Total incremental supply between 2011 and 2021 will be 6.51 lakh. Domestic demand is estimated to be 2.49 lakh which indicates that domestic growth in the State will not be able to absorb the supply of human resources. This translates into excess supply of 4.02 lakh in the state. This excess supply of human resources has to be skilled for migration so that they look for job opportunities outside the state. According to the IMaCS skill pyramid, the total incremental supply and demand are distributed at various levels of skill pyramid. These skill levels and the corresponding skill profiles are defined as follows: Specialised skills Highly qualified and specialized personnel Skill Category Level 2 Engineers, Arts and Science and other professionals with some experience Skill Category Level 1 Vocationally trained Basic Skills Minimal qualification or 5 th -8 th class pass The total demand at the basic skills level is 1.92 lakh which constitutes bulk of the demand in the next 10 years. This also indicates that most of the industrial activity in the state for the next 10 years is not expected to be highly technology intensive. Most of the human resources required at this level will be in handloom, handicrafts, construction and manufacturing enterprises. As compared to domestic demand of 1.92 lakh, the total supply at this level is estimated to be 1.23 lakh indicating a shortfall of about 69,301 resources. At skill category level 1, the total supply is estimated to be 29,440 as compared to demand of about 69,431 resources indicating excess supply of about 40,000 resources. These resources need to be skilled in the state so that they can benefit from job opportunities emerging from outside the state. Similarly, at skill category level 2 there is excess supply of 4.06 lakh resources which needs to be skilled for migration. Considering such huge numbers, policy interventions at the state government level are also required to set-up infrastructure for skilling and generating employment opportunities for the youth. At the top of the pyramid, for the specialised skill level, the excess supply is estimated at 25, 820. Human resources at this level include master weavers, food technologist, PhDs, Designers, etc. 104

105 FIGURE 43: HUMAN RESOURCES DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO IN MEGHALAYA ( ) Source: IMaCS Analysis 7.3 District-wise human resource requirement in Meghalaya East Khasi hills, home to the state capital and economic centre of the State. It is expected to generate maximum share of demand for human resources in the next ten years. Most of the demand is expected to be arising out of sectors like handicrafts, construction, horticulture and tourism & hospitality. More than 50 per cent of IT/ITES demand in the state is likely to be arising out of East Khasi Hills alone. 105

106 FIGURE 44: DISTRICT-WISE INCREMENTAL HUMAN RESOURCES REQUIREMENT IN MEGHALAYA ( ) Districts / sectors Handloom Handicrafts Horticulture Food processing Incremental Human Resource Requirement in 2011 and 2021 Tourism & hospitality IT/ITES Healthcare Education Mining Motor Repair Forest based industry Construction State East Garo Hills 3,070 1,157 8, ,757 East Khasi Hills 62 43,949 9, ,115 2,287 1,368 1,729 3,326 2, ,231 90,149 Jaintia Hills 37-9,154-2, ,300 17,934 1, ,152 57,813 Ri Bhoi 62 6,939 6, ,341 South Garo Hills 86 2,313 3, ,850 13,282 West Garo Hills 1,023-14, , , ,776 27,285 West Khasi Hills 123 6,939 10, ,578 2, ,569 27,327 Meghalaya 4,463 61,297 60,858 1,504 23,421 4,193 3,005 8,753 23,698 6, , ,954 Source: IMaCS Analysis

107 After East Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills is expected to be the source of major incremental demand in the human resources in the next ten years estimated demand exceeding 90,000. Most of the demand is likely to be arising out of sectors like mining and horticulture. Many large cement players are already operating in Jaintia Hills and East Khasi Hills. A large number of cement projects are already in pipeline for either for expansion of existing capacity or for setting up of new cement plants. 7.4 Stakeholder feedback IMaCS has interacted with different stakeholders in the State, to gauge their views on skill requirements in Meghalaya. The Stakeholder feedback is given in the table below. Stakeholder Handloom and Handicrafts Horticulture and fruit processing TABLE 45: STAKEHOLDER FEEDBACK Key findings Industry specific feedback Working in cluster/shg approach Training provided locally using primitive tools. Younger generation not interested in working in traditional sectors. Better organised handloom sector in Assam impacting demand for local products. Lack of cold storage facilities. Interest in investors to explore area like floriculture, specially for anthuriums, rose etc. These flowers are also getting exported to other states. Need better infrastructure. In Ri-Bhoi, increasing households are engaging in cultivation of strawberries. Lack of grading facilities. Market linkage missing for most horticulture products Hotels Infrastructure issues deterring investments in areas remote locations which have high tourism potential Poor customer experience Majority of the tourism activity concentrated in the state capital,

108 Stakeholder Shillong. Key findings IT / ITES Lack of human resources with computer efficiency for IT / ITES Forestry / Bamboo based industry Lack of IT infrastructure Training provided by small entrepreneurs to the village artisans. Skilling required for value addition to the products. Mining Most of the coal mining is done illegally for which still rat hole method is used for extraction. Lack of local manpower which can operate advanced machinery in cement plants. Market for cement mostly limited to North-East region. Construction Construction activity undergoing in areas like roads, bridges, hydro power, building construction Locals not interested in working in construction jobs as they consider it inferior. Larger projects execution by construction companies located outside of state. Others There is shortage of good quality personnel in area like healthcare, Industry feedback (overall) education and motor mechanics Need to create infrastructure (like roads, electricity, telecom) to attract skilled employees. Locals are not inclined to work in blue collared jobs as they have a preference for government jobs only. Not enough skilled people available locally therefore skilled manpower has to be imported from outside the state. Educational institutions and industry need to work more closely to industry specific sets and courses to meet industry demand. Majority of the workforce passing out of educational/vocational institutes not employable. Absenteeism in the workforce Government feedback Focus on factor endowments and resident skills. 108

109 Stakeholder Educational Institutions feedback Students / Unemployed youths feedback Source: IMaCS Analysis Key findings Strengthening of existing infrastructure facilities. Reclaiming private lands to provide impetus to the developmental activities. Environmental concerns due to increasing mining activity. Absence of linkages between educational institutes, employment exchanges and industry. Facilitate employment market information of other states Focus on providing good quality training Lack of trainers, thus focus on training the trainers Need for better infrastructure Open to explore opportunities outside the State, as locally opportunities are scarce After getting exposure outside, willingness to come back if opportunities are presented Preference for Government jobs Lack of industrial exposure 109

110 PART III: Recommendations 110

111 8.1 Interventions for human resource demand-supply gap management The total domestic supply of human resources for the next ten years in Meghalaya is estimated to be 6.51 lakh as against the total demand of 2.49 lakh. The actual human resource requirement may be slightly higher as people in the age group of who are currently working, are expected to retire during this period, leaving unoccupied vacancies. Overall, however, an excess human resource supply of 2.49 lakh is expected. Since the domestic demand is expected to be insufficient to absorb the total supply of human resources in the next 10 years, the excess manpower would have to be skilled for migration so as to benefit from the job opportunities arising in other parts of the country or overseas. FIGURE 45: DEMAND-SUPPLY SCENARIO FOR HUMAN RESOURCES IN MEGHALAYA (2011 TO 2021) Source: IMaCS Analysis The demand at the basic skills level outstrips the supply which indicates a need for capacity creation at the bottommost level of skill pyramid. For the other levels of skill pyramid i.e. Skills category level I,II and specialised skills, the total supply exceeds the total domestic demand which indicates a need to imparting skills to people enabling them to migrate and hunt for better job opportunities outside the state. 111

112 8.2 Areas for skilling within state This section covers the sectors which will generate domestic demand and skilling of people at various levels to cater to the industry demand. Most of the industry demand is concentrated at the bottom of the pyramid i.e. manpower with basic skills which needs to be addressed through capacity creation. FIGURE 46: DEMAND SCENARIO - SKILL PYRAMID Specialised skills include: master weavers, food technologist, PhDs, Designers, etc. Source: IMaCS Analysis 112

113 TABLE 46: AREAS FOR SKILLING WITHIN STATE BETWEEN 2011 AND 2021 Human resource pool required for demand sectors identified within Meghalaya 2.49 lakh Sector Handloom Handicraft Horticulture Fruit Processing Hospitality Basic Skills: 1.92 L Basic weaving working with looms Basket making, furniture making, making different crafts using bamboo, cane and wood Fruit, flower and spices growing Drying and processing of food and fruits into jams, jelly, juice, pickles etc. Housekeeping, cleaning rooms and furnishings Skill Category Level-II: 29,440 Weaving with some experience deciding patterns, colours and designs Craftsman with some experience in intricate and complex designs Farm extension services providing, Packaging Distributing, Packaging Chefs, Attendants, Computer Operators IT / ITES - Data entry in hotels, hospitals and offices (govt. and private), Call centre: customer service and helpline Healthcare Housekeeping staff in hospitals and clinics Skill Category Level- I: 24,584 Entrepreneurship, managing working capital, overseeing the weaving process, and establishing market linkages Entrepreneurship, managing working capital, overseeing the crafting process, and establishing market linkages Co-operative management SHG operations management Hotel Management, Entrepreneurship IT Entrepreneurship, hardware maintenance Specialised Skill: 2,490 Master weaver, Designing Master craftsperson Managing marketing Food technologist, Management Tourism package development planning IT system specialisation Paramedics Nursing, Doctors Specialisation 113

114 Sector Basic Skills: 1.92 L Skill Category Level-II: 29,440 Skill Category Level- I: 24,584 Specialised Skill: 2,490 Education - - Teaching, Principals Research, Trainer Motor Repair Attending basic issues Attending complex repair issues Entrepreneurship, running the repair shop Mining Operating machines like Excavators, Dumpers, Loaders, Fitting, Driving Technical and supervisory skills like Foremanship, Welding, Electricians, Blasting, Drilling Engineering, contracting with mining planning skills Quality control management Construction Basic construction activities Masonry, Welding, Machine operating, Electric Works Agent, Contracting Project Management Forest based / Bamboo Growing, cutting, collecting Craftsman, bamboo mat and roof making, packaging Entrepreneurs, Agent Master Craftsman Source: IMaCS Analysis In addition to the areas identified above, there will also be continued demand in livelihood activities like agriculture, fishery and animal husbandry. TABLE 47: LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES IN MEGHALAYA FOR SKILL UP-GRADATION Activity Description Skill level 2011 employment Agriculture (Cultivation) 81% of the population is dependent on agriculture for livelihood. Major food crops are rice and maize. Mostly, unscientific methods of cultivation used. 467,010 Fishery Fishery has been practiced in the State for a very long time largely through the traditional methods. The State is yet to attain self-sufficiency in fishes despite its potential. Outdated fish farming techniques used. Modern techniques slowly becoming popular. 1,212 Animal Husbandry Majority of the people in the State are nonvegetarian. However, huge supply gap Household activity with primitive rearing, 5,

115 Activity Description Skill level 2011 employment exists. The extent of piggery, poultry or dairy as a large scale commercial activity is currently limited. However, there is tremendous scope for generation of stable employment in this sector. feeding and processing skills. 8.3 Skilling for migration The domestic demand in the state will be inadequate to generate sufficient employment opportunities for the people passing out of state s educational and vocational infrastructure. This excess supply is estimated to be about 40,244 people per year for the next ten years. This excess supply needs to be trained across various trades keeping mind the kind of demand arising for the local resources outside the state. Sectors for migration have been identified based on natural aptitude, youth aspiration, market potential, availability of trained manpower, availability and quality of training centre and time taken to train. TABLE 48: AREAS FOR SKILLING FOR MIGRATION TO OTHER STATES OR OVERSEAS Excess human resource pool available for employment outside state 40,244 per year Sectors/Skills Beauty and wellness Areas for skilling Attendants in beauty salons, hair cutting and styling, dress styling, spa services, salon / spa management, hair and skin specialisation Hospitality Housekeeping - cleaning rooms and furnishings, Chefs, Attendants, Hotel Management, Entrepreneurship, Tourism package development planning IT / ITES Retail services Fashion Designing Data entry in hotels, hospitals and offices (govt. and private), Call centre: customer service and helpline, IT Entrepreneurship, hardware maintenance, IT system specialisation Sales activities, customer relationship management, front desk management, Entrepreneurship Fashion designing, fashion critic, column writing on fashion, models 115

116 Sectors/Skills Flight attendants Ground staff at the airports Areas for skilling Air hostesses, stewardship Handling of baggage and cargo, aircraft cleaning, ticketing, addressing passenger needs and queries Healthcare Language skills Trainers Housekeeping in hospitals and clinics, Paramedics, Nursing and Doctors English speaking skills Dance, Music and sports trainers Source: IMaCS Analysis 8.4 Capacity creation within State The human resource needs to be skilled across the sectors which present employment opportunities and the capacity needs to be created to achieve the same. FIGURE 47: INTERVENTION FOR CAPACITY CREATION WITHIN THE STATE Source: IMaCS Analysis 116

117 8.5 Private sector skilling opportunities at district level East Khasi Hills TABLE 49: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN EAST KHASI HILLS Sectors Areas for skilling Hotels Technical skills like housekeeping, front office management Soft skills like communication skills, client relationship, time management etc. Culinary Skills Customer Relationship Management Understanding of cultural differences Mining Knowledge of latest limestone mining techniques. Mining machines operators like dumpers, loaders and excavators. Drilling & Blasting skills. Quality Control Clinkerisation Developing market linkages Maintenance: Fitters, welders Handicrafts Design and development of new tools and designs Developing market linkages Introduction to new technology Knowledge of intricate work and providing finishing to the products Horticulture Awareness of latest farming techniques Drying, Grading, Sorting and Packaging. Developing market linkages Post- Harvest Management. Agri-entrepreneurialskills 117

118 Sectors Fruit Processing Areas for skilling Making jams, jelly, pickles, juices etc. Drying, grading, sorting and packaging Developing market linkage Creating facilities for juice and jam making co-operatives societies and units TABLE 50: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT EAST KHASI HILLS Source: IMaCS Analysis 118

119 8.5.2 East Garo Hills TABLE 51: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN EAST GARO HILLS Sectors Areas for skilling Horticulture Awareness of latest farming techniques Drying, Grading, Sorting and Packaging. Developing market linkages Post- Harvest Management. Agri-entrepreneurialskills Handloom Basic skills like Pre loom processing, spinning, weaving, dyeing and post loom processing. Knowledge of new technology Developing market linkage Specialised skills like designing for contemporary designs either taught or with support from agencies such as NIFT Tracking of market developments, and customer preferences Fruit Processing Making jams, jelly, pickles, juices etc. Drying, grading, sorting and packaging Developing market linkage Creating facilities for juice and jam making co-operatives societies and units Source: IMaCS Analysis 119

120 TABLE 52: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT EAST GARO HILLS Source: IMaCS Analysis Jaintia Hills TABLE 53: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN JAINTIA HILLS Sectors Areas for skilling Mining Knowledge of latest mining techniques. Mining machines operators like dumpers, loaders and excavators. Drilling & Blasting skills. Quality Control Developing market linkages Maintenance: Fitters, welders Coal Beneficiation, Clinkerisation 120

121 Sectors Areas for skilling Hotels Technical skills like housekeeping, front office management Soft skills like communication skills, client relationship, time management etc. Culinary Skills Customer Relationship Management Understanding of cultural differences Horticulture Awareness of latest farming techniques Source: IMaCS Analysis Drying, Grading, Sorting and Packaging. Developing market linkages Post- Harvest Management. Agri-entrepreneurial skills TABLE 54: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT JAINTIA HILLS Source: IMaCS Analysis 121

122 8.5.4 Ri Bhoi TABLE 55: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN RI-BHOI Sectors Areas for skilling Horticulture Awareness of latest farming techniques Drying, Grading, Sorting, and Packaging. Strawberry cultivation techniques. Basic processing technologies, like processing fruits into pulp, juice, jam, jelly, pickle Developing market linkages Post- Harvest Management. Agri-entrepreneurial skills Bamboo Based Industry Food Processing Bamboo cutting & coiling. Bamboo diversified products like bamboo mat, bamboo ply etc. Polishing skills Developing market linkages Making jams, jelly, pickles, juices etc. Drying, grading, sorting and packaging Ginger and turmeric processing Developing market linkage Creating facilities for juice and jam making co-operatives societies and units Handicrafts Design and development of new tools and designs Developing market linkages Introduction to new technology Knowledge of intricate work and providing finishing to the products Source: IMaCS Analysis 122

123 TABLE 56: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT RI BHOI Source: IMaCS Analysis South Garo Hills TABLE 57: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN SOUTH GARO HILLS Sectors Areas for skilling Handloom Basic skills like Pre loom processing, spinning, weaving, dyeing and post loom processing. Knowledge of new technology Developing market linkage Specialised skills like designing for contemporary designs either taught or with support from agencies such as NIFT Tracking of market developments, and customer preferences 123

124 Sectors Areas for skilling Horticulture Awareness of latest farming techniques Source: IMaCS Analysis Drying, Grading, Sorting, and Packaging. Basic processing technologies, like processing fruits into pulp, juice, jam, jelly, pickle Developing market linkages Post- Harvest Management. Agri-entrepreneurial skills TABLE 58: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT SOUTH GARO HILLS Source: IMaCS Analysis 124

125 8.5.6 West Garo Hills TABLE 59: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN WEST GARO HILLS Sectors Areas for skilling Handloom Basic skills like Pre loom processing, spinning, weaving, dyeing and post loom processing. Knowledge of new technology Developing market linkage Specialised skills like designing for contemporary designs either taught or with support from agencies such as NIFT Tracking of market developments, and customer preferences Horticulture Awareness of latest farming techniques Drying, Grading, Sorting, and Packaging. Basic processing technologies, like processing fruits into pulp, juice, jam, jelly, pickle Developing market linkages Post- Harvest Management. Agri-entrepreneurial skills Hotels Technical skills like housekeeping, front office management Soft skills like communication skills, client relationship, time management etc. Culinary Skills Customer Relationship Management Understanding of cultural differences Source: IMaCS Analysis 125

126 TABLE 60: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT WEST GARO HILLS Source: IMaCS Analysis West Khasi Hills TABLE 61: SKILLING INTERVENTIONS IN WEST KHASI HILLS Sectors Bamboo and Cane Areas for skilling Bamboo cutting & coiling. Polishing skills Cane furniture making Developing market linkages 126

127 Sectors Areas for skilling Horticulture Awareness of latest farming techniques Drying, Grading, Sorting, and Packaging. Basic processing technologies, like processing fruits into pulp, juice, jam, jelly, pickle Developing market linkages Post- Harvest Management. Agri-entrepreneurial skills Mining Knowledge of latest coal mining techniques. Mining machines operators such as dumpers, loaders and excavators. Drilling & Blasting skills. Quality Control Developing market linkages Maintenance: Fitters, welders Coal Beneficiation Handicrafts Design and development of new tools and designs Developing market linkages Introduction to new technology Knowledge of intricate work and providing finishing to the products Source: IMaCS Analysis 127

128 TABLE 62: DISTRICT WISE, SKILL-LEVEL WISE HUMAN RESOURCE REQUIREMENT WEST KHASI HILLS Source: IMaCS Analysis 8.5.8Meghalaya- Skilling interventions in sectors across all districts Sectors Areas for skilling Construction Plumbers, Fitters, Turners, Welders, Electricians Foreman and Supervisors Quality and Process Executives Masonry Machine Experts Health and Education Para-medics, Nurses & Assistants Teachers Trainers for vocational education 128

129 Sectors Areas for skilling Motor Repair Knowledge of various electrical and mechanical components of a car. Diagnostic abilities. Awareness of new technology in motor repair like computerised wheel balancing and alignment. Soft Skills Source: IMaCS Analysis 8.6 Key interventions for Meghalaya Existing vocational institution set-up needs to be ramped up in order to enhance employability skills of students. Close interaction with industry is essential for its success. Setting up of specialist institute focusing on mining operations will facilitate use of advanced technology in existing and future mining projects thereby minimizing the damage caused to environment and enhancing safety of the mine workers. Local demand exceeds supply at the basic skills level. Capacity creation would be required for skill matching with demand sectors for about 7,000 persons per year up to Between 2011 and 2021, each year, around 1.7 lakh persons will be available for skilling for the purpose of migration. Areas for capacity creation for skilling of migrant workforce include Beauty and Wellness, Hospitality, IT/ITES, Retail services, Fashion Designing, Flight attendants, Ground Staff at the airports, Healthcare, Trainers and Language Skills. Advanced factor conditions required Roads connecting to the interiors of the districts and villages Airport expansion Increased telecom penetration. Post-harvest management infrastructure for success of horticulture and food processing Realising the hydroelectric potential of the state. Last mile banking connectivity in across state. Educating locals to orient them towards blue collar job opportunities such as construction. 129

130 Annexure 130

131 1. Methodology used for Demand projections The following methodology has been adopted for making demand side projections of human resources: Identification of key economic activities in each district. Estimation of current employment numbers in each district, based on information available from Government publications and IMaCS primary survey. Forecasting of future employment requirements, using different assumptions (explained in the slide on assumptions) for each industry. Different assumptions have been used because of differences in nature, demand and growth potential, factor endowments, commercialisation status, policy thrust, past growth trends, past and expected investments, employment pattern and opportunities for migration of all economic activities. Forecasts have been done for all existing and potential industries identified by us. District wise distribution of employment in 2021 is assumed to remain same as it was in List of Abbreviations List of Abbreviations BRO BSNL CAGR DDP DoNER GDP GI GSDP HEP HRD IID IIT IT ITI LMIS mn Border Roads Organisation Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited Compound Annual Growth Rate District Domestic Product Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region Gross Domestic Product Geographical Indication Gross State Domestic Product Hydro-electric Power Human Resource Development Integrated Infrastructure Development Indian Institute of Technology Information Technology Industrial Training Institute Labour Market Information Systems Million 131

132 List of Abbreviations MU NABARD NEC NEDFi NER NES NGO NIT No. NSDC O&M PPP PWD SHG SIDO NEEPCO KVIC MIDC NH MECL VPN NEHU DIET NEIGRIMS NIFD RVTI Million Units National Bank of Agriculture and Rural Development North Eastern Council North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Limited North Eastern Region North Eastern States Non-Governmental Organisation National Institute of Technology Number National Skill Development Corporation Operation and Maintenance Public Private Partnership Public Works Department Self Help Group Small Industries Development Organisation North Eastern Electric Power Corporation Khadi and Village Industries Commission Meghalaya Industrial Development Corporation National Highways Meghalaya Energy Corporation Limited Virtual private network North- Eastern Hill University District Institute of Educational Training The North Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health & Medical Science National Institute of Fashion Design Regional Vocational Training Institute 3. List of Stakeholders met Name Designation Organization Mr. Sanjay Goel Deputy Commsioner District Admiistration, West Garo Hills District Mr. N.W. Momin Principal ITI, Tura Mr. D.F.R. Marak Functional Manager Directorate of Industries Mr. P.S. Verma Principal RVTI Dr. R.P. Singh Senior Scientist Rubber Board Mr. J.R. Myrboh Managing Director Komorrah Limestone Mining Company Ltd. 132

133 Name Designation Organization Mr. Lambha Roy Registrar NEHU Mr. I. Jyrwa Director Directorate of Employment & Craftsmen N.S. Samant Principal Secretary Labour, Finance and Social Welfare H.L. Pyrtuh Secretary Agriculture Dr. C. O. Rangad Director Horticulture Department A. Marbaniang Director Economics & Statistics G. Lyngdoh Director Industries Kharlyngdoh Secretary Rural Development Mr Vijay Kumar Principal IHM - Shillong Mr Rajiv Kumar Chatterjee Staff IHM - Shillong DHO Department of Horticulture Mr Michael DHO Department of Horticulture Mr Savio Chisin DHO Department of Horticulture Mr James Warren DHO Department of Horticulture Mr J R Sangma DHO Department of Horticulture DHO Department of Horticulture DHO Department of Horticulture Mr B K Sohliya DHO Department of Horticulture Mr ML Langstang GM Industries Mr Inderpal singh Manager Timepack Private Limited Sr Judith Shadab Head WISE Mr Avegail Sohkhlet Head Roilang vocational Training institute Fr Benny Alex Principal Don Bosco Technical School Fr Joby Joseph Vice Principal St Anthony's college Mr Devendar bansal Manager Star Cement Mr Niroj Mohanty Manager Hotel Polo Towers Mr Pascal Dkhar Administration officer Bosco Pnar Mr J Dkhar DC Jaintia hills District Ms Kara Propreiter Karas Food Processing Vice Principal ITI Shillong Ms Judy staff Women ITI Shillong Mr Kumar Special officer IGNOU Mr E Yeolekar Director NEIGRIHMS Mr K Singh Manager Reliance call center Ms Arkimi Sumer Instructor District handloom center-east khasi hills Ms Momia lewai Instructor District handloom center-jaintia Mr A K Pran Head Sericulture department 133

134 Name Designation Organization Ms Belores Propreiter Light Green nursery Mr P Khongbuh Vice principal ITI Jowai Mr M Kharmijai DC Ri Bhoi district Mr A Lynshing Vice Principal ITI Nongpoh Administrative officer Manager RRTC Rapsang Group of industries Mr Surojit Singh Manager Eastern saw Mill 4. Training Capacity for Vocational Education in Meghalaya Type of institution No. of institutions Seating capacity District ITI 1 44 Jaintia Hills ITI East Khasi Hills ITI 1 44 Ri Bhoi ITI 1 40 East Garo Hills ITI West Garo Hills ITI 1 20 South Garo Hills Polytechnic East Khasi Hills Polytechnic 1 90 Ri Bhoi Polytechnic 1 90 West Garo Hills RVTI West Garo Hills Don Bosco Jaintia Hills Don Bosco East Garo Hills Don Bosco 2 1,630 East Khasi Hills Don Bosco Ri-Bhoi Engineering Colleges Ri-Bhoi Engineering Colleges East Khasi Hills Medical Colleges 2 80 East Khasi Hills Nursing Training Institutes East Khasi Hills Computer Education East Khasi Hills Fashion 1 60 East Khasi Hills IIM East Khasi Hills Hotel Management 1 49 East Khasi Hills 134

135 5. Meghalaya List of Handicrafts Clusters Location District Product Details Mendal town, Williamnagar East Garo Hills Woodwork Idols, panels and birds figure etc Multiplelocations Bamboo craft winnowing trays, hand fans, head gear, fish traps Cane and Basket, mats, moorahs, kurup, umbrellas, East Khasi Hills Shillong East Khasi Hills Clay pottery Earthern ware pottery and figures Shillong East Khasi Hills Leather Products Animal and bird skin stuffing Shillong East Khasi Hills Metal craft Brass and copper artware, aluminium artware and gift items Shillong East Khasi Hills Traditional embroidery Traditional dresses Shillong East Khasi Hills Woodwork Idols, panels and birds figure etc Mawlong Ri Bhoi Cane and Basket, mats, moorahs, kurup, umbrellas, Bamboo craft winnowing trays, hand fans, head gear, fish traps Mowkyrwat West Khasi Hill Cane and Basket, mats, moorahs, kurup, umbrellas, Bamboo craft winnowing trays, hand fans, head gear, fish traps Nongstoin town West Khasi Hill Stone carving Panels and decorative items Sokhymphor Cane and Basket, mats, moorahs, kurup, umbrellas, Bamboo craft winnowing trays, hand fans, head gear, fish traps 135

136 About ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited IMaCS - An introduction ICRA Management Consulting Services Limited (IMaCS) is a multi-line management consulting firm headquartered in India. It has an established track record of 17 years in management and development consulting across various sectors and countries. IMaCS has completed more than 1,200 consulting assignments with about 600 clients and has worked in over 40countries across the globe. IMaCS is a wholly-owned subsidiary of ICRA Limited (ICRA), one of India s leading credit rating agencies. IMaCS operated as an independent division of ICRA till March , when it was de-merged from ICRA and became a standalone company in its present form. Through the process of carrying out several assignments over the past 17 years, IMaCS has accumulated considerable analytical and consulting expertise, backed by the following organisational capabilities: An extensive and organised database on several sectors. Knowledge of key factors of success in different projects and program. An ability to research emerging global trends, both in specific countries as well as in different sectors, based on primary and secondary data. Performance benchmarking Quantitative and financial modelling Ability to identify the various types of risks and suggest appropriate strategies to mitigate the same Ability to work in different geographies on its own and through affiliate partners 1 Under the name ICRA Advisory Services 136

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