Growth analysis of productivity, dispersal and profitability of Pineapple in India

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1 American International Journal of Research in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Available online at ISSN (Print): , ISSN (Online): , ISSN (CD-ROM): AIJRHASS is a refereed, indexed, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary and open access journal published by International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR), USA (An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research) Growth analysis of productivity, dispersal and profitability of Pineapple in India Md. Faiyaz Afzal*, Prof. Shamsul Haque Siddiqui**, Sania Farrukh*** *Senior Research Fellow, **Senior Professor, ***Research Scholar Dept. of Geography, AMU, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA. Abstract: Pineapple, popularly known as Ananas is a very delicious tropical fruit of the Bromeliaceae family. The growing season of pineapple in India is from July - September. India is the sixth largest producer of pineapple, contributing more than 10 percent of the total pineapple producing area of the world. It is a cash crop and hence, it has the capacity to enrich the national economy if cultivated in judicious manner. Thus, the present paper is aimed to highlight the growth and extension of pineapple production in India in last fourteen years. The study incorporates time series data from to The study revealed remarkable increase in area and production from 77 to 109 thousand hectare and 1182 to 1924 metric tonnes respectively. About 40 percent of the total production is contributed by five north-eastern states, while 24 percent of the production comes from only two states of south India. The study also reveals that the total export value of pineapple from India has increased twelve folds from 16 million to 198 million. There is lack of adequate farm management techniques, lack of financial assistance for buying chemical and bio fertilizers, which is hindering the progress of pineapple processing industries, there is an urgent need to adapt and apply modern techniques of pineapple production in India Key words: Pineapple, Production, Export, CAGR, Productivity. I. Introduction Pineapple (AnanasComosus) is a very delicious tropical fruit of the Bromeliaceae family. It is popularly known as Ananas all over the India and it has an excellent flavour as well as high nutritive value. Pineapple is rich in Vitamin C and is a good source of Vitamin A and B. It contains a special enzyme called Bromelin which helps in digestion of protein. According to the USDA nutrient database, each 100 gm of edible pineapple include 50 K cal. A study published in Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine states that pineapple has a therapeutic effect for allergies and asthma. It also alleviates anxiety and calms the heart. Generally, ripen pineapple is consumed by people in India and after extraction of juice the dried waste is used as animal feed. Besides this, pineapple is useful for making pickles, squash, jelly, vinegar, alcohol and syrup (Geocoppens, 2001). Pineapple is highly perishable in nature; it cannot be stored for more than 4-5 days after harvesting. The growing season of pineapple is from July through September. However, minor crop bearing fruit is also grown from September to December. The quality of pineapple varies throughout the season. The optimum temperature required for its cultivation is 15 C to 32 C. High temperature at night is inimical for plant growth and it requires minimum 4 C range of temperature between day and night with an average annual rainfall of cm. It can be grown up to the height of 1000 m above mean sea level. Pineapple plant is drought resistant and sandy loam soil with ph value ranging from 4.5 to 6.5 is suitable for the plant growth (Ubi et al. 2005). The cultivation of pineapple was originally started in areas between Brazil and Paraguay, and then gradually spread over the whole tropical world. The total area under pineapple cultivation in the world is 1.05 million hectare with production around million hectare (FAOSTAT, 2016). The major pineapple producing countries in the world are Costa Rica, Brazil, Thailand, Indonesia, Nigeria, Philippines, China and India.In India pineapple cultivation was introduced by Portuguese in 1548 AD. The agro-climatic and physio-geographical conditions of some parts of India is most suitable for the pineapple plant growth, such as the entire North-Eastern states including Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Manipur, northern part of West Bengal, coastal parts of Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Goa, and some parts of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka. With over 0.11 million hectare area, India stands at second position just after Nigeria (0.18 million hectare) in terms of area under pineapple cultivation by contributing more than 10 percent of the total pineapple producing area of the world. While, in terms of production India is sixth largest producer of pineapple with a production value of 1.74 million tonnes, the first being Costa Rica (2.92 million tonnes). There are more than ninety variety of pineapple cultivated all around the world.however, only three varieties are commercially grown in India, these are; Giant AIJRHASS ; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 76

2 kew- big size fruit with broad and flat eyes and colour varies from yellow to coppery yellow (12-14 orbix);queensmall in size with small and raised eyes and colour is flesh deep golden yellow (15-16 orbix); and Mauritius- fruit size is medium and yellow and red in colour.pineapple is known by so many names throughout India, such as Keehom (Manipur), Ananus (Marathi), Annasahannu (Kannada), Anasipazham (Tamil), Kaitachchakka (Malayalam) and Annasapandu (Telegu). The sunny field of north-east India having pure tropical rain brings peak flavour to our pineapple. They are than packed and sent to store houses, where they are protected for transportation and marketing (pineapplesinindia.com, 2018). II. Review of literature So many works has previously been done related to production, distribution and marketing of pineapple. A review of the research work conductedin the past has been presented here. Husain, A.M.M. et al. (1979) analysed the production and marketing of pineapple in Chittagong hill tracts. Their study revealed that large number producers were compelled to sell their immature fruit because of lack of money, storage and transportation facility. Similar problems were also identified by Baten (1992), and Hiremath (2005). Sarkar (1996) attempted to study the pineapple marketing in some selected areas of Moulavi Bazar district. He found that production of pineapple is governed by capital, adequate farm management techniques, scientific knowledge and supply of fertilizers. Malcom (1999) in his study found that the perishable nature, seasonality and bulkiness of pineapple are the major concern in marketing and production of pineapple. Padmini (2002) in her investigation identified that lack of financial assistance for buying chemical and bio fertilizers and inadequacy of fertile land were the major problems faced by the pineapple cultivators in Kerala. Olainka (2013) has found similar kind of constrains for pineapple production in Nigeria. Singh et al. (1990) identified different marketing channels of pineapple in north Tripura. He found that majority of the farmers follows the channel of producer > local bodies > wholesaler > retailers > consumers.sandhya, R. et al.(2005) also examined the marketing aspects of pineapple in Vishakhapattanam district of Andhra Pradesh and identified two marketing channels of pineapple fruit.hasan, S. S. et al. (2010) found a positive correlation of education, farm size, annual income, knowledge and attitude with the increased income from per unit area of pineapple cultivation in Madhupurupazila under Tangail district. A study conducted by Jha, K. K. (2012) revealed that in terms of entrepreneurial attributes, majority of the pineapple growers in Nagaland possessed high level of self-confidence, low level of scientific orientation and medium level of economic motivation, farm decision making and risk orientation.roy, D. et al. (2013) identified technological gaps in pineapple cultivation among the farmers of some selected area of West Bengal and they encountered that lack of knowledge about updated technologies of pineapple cultivation is hindering the production of pineapple in the state. III. Objectives The present paper is undertaken 1) To study the growth and performance of pineapple cultivation in India. 2) To highlight the trend and pattern of pineapple export from India. IV. Database and methodology The study is based on time series data from to The data has been obtained from electronic database of Food and Agricultural Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT), Commodity Trade Statistics of United States (COMTRADE), Horticultural Statistics Division, Department of Agriculture, cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Agriculture and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA), and Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India. Besides this, various reports, projects and research articles have also been used to generate adequate information regarding the performance of pineapple cultivation in India as well as in abroad. The collected data than generalised and tabulation have been done by manually. For the analysis of data suitable statistical techniques have been used. To show the composition of production, productivity and export values statistical tools like percentage share, average values and growth rates is used. The following are the equations used in this paper CAGR= [( 1 End value ) Starting value N 1 ] AAGR= value Starting value [End ] X 100 Starting value N Where, CAGR = Compound Annual Growth Rate, AAGR = Average Annual Growth Rate N = Number of years or time period. V. Result and discussion Distribution means the way a particular commodity is spread across the space. As per the 2016 report of Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), India is the sixth largest producer of pineapple in the world and stands at second AIJRHASS ; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 77

3 position in terms of area under pineapple cultivation (FAOSTAT, 2016). It is very interesting to note that the total area of pineapple cultivation in India is thousand hectare, which is concentrated in only 33 percent area of the country. The area under pineapple cultivation has increased from 77.2 thousand hectare to thousand hectare in last fourteen years. The production hasremarkably grown from metric tonnes to metric tonnes and the productivity has also increased steadily from 15.3 metric tonne per hectare to 17.5 metric tonne per hectare from 2001 to The compound annual growth rate of area andproduction is 0.03,and0.04, which is increasing with average annual growth rate of 3.02 and 4.48 respectively for the year (See Table-2). However, the growth of area under pineapple cultivation has remained more or less constant during the last fourteen years, with a slight increase of only 32.6 thousand hectare. Negative growth has been observed during 2006, 2008, 2011 and 2016 (See Fig. 1 & 2). The linear growth of area and production indicates that there have been continuous fluctuations in the growth rates. Highest negative growth was recorded in 2008 for both area and production, while highest positive growth for area was in 2012 and for production was in In terms of productivity, highest growth rate was observed in the year 2015.At present the growth rate of productivity is higher than the production. As evident from table 2, the growth rate of productivity is 1.16 in , which was earlier at in Thus, there has been a drastic change in the productivity growth of pineapple in India. At present, the compound annual growth rate of productivity is 0.01, which is increasing with an average annual growth rate of 1.01 (See Table-2). VI. Pineapple production in India: Inter-state growth analysis Pineapple is grown in few pockets in India rather than in continuous patches. The top ten pineapple producing states in India are West Bengal, Kerala, Assam, Tripura, Karnataka, Manipur, Nagaland, Meghalaya, Bihar, and Andhra Pradesh (See Fig.3). Besides this, Mizoram, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Himachal Pradesh are few other states where the geo-climatic condition are favourable for pineapple cultivation, more specifically in certain districts under these states (See Table-3). The state-wise data reveals that in Assam (14 Th. Hac.) had the highest area under pineapple cultivation followed by West Bengal (11.5), Manipur (10.3) and Kerala (9.8), while Nagaland (3.0) had the lowest area under pineapple cultivation. The production was highest in West Bengal (322 MT) followed by Assam (220) and Bihar (101.3), while Kerala recorded the lowest production of only 68.3 tonnes (See Table-4). Karnataka had the highest productivity with 40 tonnes per hectare, followed by Nagaland (28.2), West Bengal (28.0), and Bihar (25.0), while Kerala recorded the lowest productivity with only 7.2 tonnes per hectare (See Table-5). In , Assam (11 Th. hectare) still has the highest area under pineapple cultivation followed by Manipur (13.6), Tripura (12.6) and West Bengal (11.0), while Karnataka (2.4) has the lowest area under pineapple cultivation. The production is continued to be highest in West Bengal (330 tonnes) followed by Kerala (305.6), Assam (285.1) and Tripura (180.2), while Bihar recorded the lowest production of only tonnes in (See Table-4). Karnataka has maintained the highest productivity with 62.7 tonnes per hectare, followed by West Bengal (30.0), Kerala (27.8) and Bihar (27.0), while Manipur has recorded the lowest productivity with only 9.4 tonnes per hectare (See Table-5). From to , highest positive change in area has been observed in almost all the states except West Bengal, where the area has decreased by 4.3 percent. Tripura with 8.99 thousand hectare (242.9 percent) area increase over the base year has recorded the highest change of area under pineapple cultivation, followed by Nagaland (199.6 percent) and Manipur (32.6 percent).a striking feature of area change is that 95 percent of the area under other states has decreased drastically;it is the outcome of crop specialization in several states that the farmers are adopting cost-benefit approach by cultivation only economically viable crops. The highest change of production has been observed for Kerala, which set a land mark in the history of production growth in India by an increase of metric tonnes in last fourteen years, followed Tripura (117.9 percent) and Karnataka (91.3 percent). In terms of productivity, the highest positive growth rate of 4.3 is recorded by Karnataka, while Nagaland (-3.8) recorded highest negative growth rate of productivity over the base year followed by Tripura (-2.7) (See Fig.4). VII. Export of Pineapple from India (2001 to 2016) Besides being one of the favourite fruit, pineapple is also one of the commercially important fruit crops of India. Our pineapples are consumed world-wide due to its rich taste, flavour and size. A major chunk of our pineapple production specifically exported to the middle-eastern countries; including UAE, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Bahrain, and Qatar. The other major countries where India exports pineapples are U.K, Russia, Nepal, and Maldives etc. Though India is the sixth largest producer of Pineapple in World, the position of India in pineapple export is insignificant. The total value of pineapple export from India in was about lakh, obtained through exporting about 4.19 thousand Metric Tonnes of fresh and dried pineapples. About 55 percent of the total export value comes from middle-east countries. Qatar, with Rs lakhs holds the top position contributing about 26 percent of the total export value, followed by Maldives (Rs lakh) and Nepal (Rs lakh) (See Table-6). Besides being suffering from many constrains, the export value of pineapple is at its rise from past few AIJRHASS ; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 78

4 years. A total of Rs lakh has increased from about Rs. 160 lakh in to the present value of lakh. It means there has been steep growth in the export value of pineapple in last fourteen years (See Fig.5).The production value has also significantly increased from MT in to MT in However, the total quantity of pineapple exported from India is negligible if we consider the global export scenario. VIII. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that the production and productivity of pineapple is growing considerably in India to cop up the growing demand of pineapple in local as well as global market. It is highly appreciable that though the agro-climatic condition for pineapple cultivation is limited to a certain specific area that can hardly be increased, but despite of the fact the production has increased many folds and the productivity is also showing a high positive growth. The performance of north-eastern states is comparatively lower than the southern states of Kerala and Karnataka. About 40 percent of the total production is contributed by five northeastern states, while 24 percent of the production comes from only two states of south India. The areas of high productivity include Karnataka, West Bengal, and Kerala, whilemanipur and Meghalaya come under low productivity area. Thus, there is productivity contrast among the states. As evident from the different studies conducted by various scholars that there is lack of adequate farm management techniques, lack of financial assistance for buying chemical and bio fertilizers, lack of knowledge about updated technologies of pineapple cultivation to the farmers specially in Nagaland, Manipur and Meghalaya. Besides this, there is lack of financial assistance to the pineapple growers in states like West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. Therefore, there is an urgent need to adapt and apply modern techniques of pineapple production in India. There is growing demand of processed pineapple retain with nutritious quality worldwide by the processing industries. Thus, the production should be increased along with the increase in pineapple processing industries. So that this commercial crop can enrich our national wealth and India can make its presence felt at international export market. IX. References [1] Geocoppens. (2001). Retrieved from [2] FAOSTAT. (2016). Retrieved August 2018, from [3] (2017). Horticulture at a glance. Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Department of Agricuture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare. Government of India. [4] Baten, M. A. (1992). An economic analysis of the production and marketing of pineapple in selected areas of Tangail district. M.Sc. Thesis, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. [5] Hasan, S. S., Ali, M. A., & Khalil, M. I. (2010). Impact of pineapple cultivation on the increased income of pineapple growers. The Agriculturists, 8(2), [6] Hiremath, L. B. (2005). Economics of production and processing of fruits and vegetables. Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing, 1(6), [7] Husain, A. M., Ahmed, J. U., Talukdar, M. K., & Momen, M. A. (1979). An economic analysis of the fruit enterprise of Chittagong Hill tract. Research Report, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bureau of Socio-economic Research and Training, Mymensingh. [8] Jha, K. K. (2012). Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Pineapple growers. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education Special Issue, 1, [9] Malcom, C. B. (1999). Post harvest food losses and the world food problem. Geneva: Dept of Food Science and Technology publishing Co. [10] Olayinka, I. B. (2013). Profitability and constrains of pineapple production in Osun state. Journal of Horticultural Research, 21(2), [11] Padmini, T. (2002). Problem and prospects of pineapple cultivation in Kerala. Doctoral dissertation, University of Kerala, Trivandrum. [12] Rani, S., Bhavani, G., Devi, I., & Raju, V. T. (2005). Marketing of pineapple in Vishakapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh. In J. Prasad, Encyclopedia of Agricultural Marketing (Vol. 10, pp ). [13] Roy, D., Bondhyopadhyay, A. K., & Ghosh, A. (2013). Identification of technological gaps in pineapple cultivation in some selected areas of West Bengal. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, 2(3), [14] Sarkar, M. C. (1996). A study of pineapple marketing in some selected areas of Moulavi Bazar district. M.Sc. Thesis, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. [15] Singh, B. B., Singh, K. P., Singh, D. K., & Roy, D. P. (1990). Marketing of pineapple in North Tripura. Indian Journal of Agricultural Marketing, 4(2), [16] Ubi, W., Iqwe, H., Ekpe, S., & Ibro, O. (2005). Preleminary trial of fertilizer types on pineapple (Ananas comosus) grown on coastal and sand of cross river state, Nigeria. Globbal Journal of Pure and applied Science, 11(4), Table 1: Major pineapple producing countries in the World, Rank Country Production (Million tonnes) Area (Million Hac.) Yield (Tonnes/ hac.) 1. Costa Rica Brazil Philippines Thailand Indonesia India Nigeria AIJRHASS ; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 79

5 8. China Mexico Colombia Others World Source: FAOSTAT, 2016 website ( Table 2: Area, production and productivity of pineapple from to in India. Area (in 000 Production (in Productivity (MT/ Years Growth rate Growth rate hec.) Metric Tonnes) Hac.) Growth Rate CAGR AAGR Source: Horticulture Statistics Division, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare. Table 3: List of top ten pineapple producing states of India in , with concentrated pockets of Pineapple producing districts. Rank States Districts 1. West Bengal Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, DakshinDinajpur, Uttar Dinajpur, Koch Behar 2. Kerala Ernakulum, Alappuzha,Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta, Kottayam, Idukki, Thrissur, Malappuram, Kozhikode, Wynadu, Kannur, Palakkad, Kasargodu 3. Assam Karbi-Anglong, Nagaon, Cachar, N.C.Hills, Dhemaji, Sonitpur, Dhubri 4. Tripura West Tripura, North Tripura, Dhalai Tripura 5. Karnataka Shimoga, Kodagu, Uttar Kannada, Dakshin Kannada, Udupi 6. Manipur Senapati, Thoubal, Charchandpur, Bishnupur, East Imphal 7. Nagaland Dimapur,Kohima, Longleng, Zunheboto 8. Meghalaya Ribhoi, West Garo Hills, East Garo Hills 9. Bihar Purnia, Kishanganj, Saharsha, Madherapura 10. Andhra Pradesh Palakonda and Seethampeta Table 4: State-wise area and production of pineapple in and States Production (in 000 Metric Area (in 000 Hec.) Percentage Percentage Tonnes) W.B Assam Bihar Nagaland Tripura Meghalaya Karnataka Manipur Kerala Others Total Source: Horticulture Statistics Division, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare. AIJRHASS ; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 80

6 Table 5: State-wise productivity of pineapple in and States Productivity (Metric Tonnes/ Hectare) Growth rate W.B Assam Bihar Nagaland Tripura Meghalaya Karnataka Manipur Kerala Total Source: Horticulture Statistics Division, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare, and Table-6: Country-wise export of pineapples from India (2001 to 2016). Quantity Value Country Rs. in Rs. in Tonne % Tonne % (Volume) % % (Volume) Lakcs Lakcs U.A.E Saudi Arabia Oman Nepal Netherlands ** ** Maldives U.K Bahrain Qatar Russia 15.00* * Others countries Total Source: APEDA & FAOSTAT, *2007 **2006 Table 7: Export of Pineapple from India in the Last Ten Years Years Qty. (ton s) Value (In Rs. Lakh) , Source: APEDA Database, 2017 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 AIJRHASS ; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 81

7 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5 AIJRHASS ; 2018, AIJRHASS All Rights Reserved Page 82