FROM DAIRIES TO BERRIES: EVALUATION FOR AGRONOMIC, SOIL HEALTH, AND FOOD SAFETY EFFICACY

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1 FROM DAIRIES TO BERRIES: EVALUATION FOR AGRONOMIC, SOIL HEALTH, AND FOOD SAFETY EFFICACY MEIJUN ZHU, BETSY SCHACHT, CHAD KRUGER, GEORGINE YORGEY, CHRIS BENEDICT

2 Whatcom County Agriculture Dairy Production ~94 Dairy Farms with ~45,000 cows (54% of cows in western WA) 1 30,930 A treated with Manure (39% of total cropland treated in 2012) Small Fruit Production ~17,000 A (2016) 1, 2 #1 Red Raspberry Acreage* #1 Blueberry Acreage* Seed Potato Production Area ~2,700 A (2016) 2 1 USDA-ERS, NASS 2 Benedict, unpublished data

3 Anaerobic Digesters Generalized schematic of the phosphorous and nitrogen nutrient recovery process. Image by Nick Kennedy, WSU WSU Publications on AD:

4 Project Objectives Evaluate the use of manure-derived nutrients for use in high value horticulture crops. Evaluate the potential food safety risks of the use of these products Determine the potential marketplace for such nutrient sources

5 Sites Two Sites Meeker Red Raspberry (~4.6 A) Seven Treatments Draper Blueberry (~2.7 A) Three Treatments

6 Treatment List Red Raspberry Conventional Fertilizer CON Non- Fertilized Check CHK Ammonium Sulfate AS Phosphorous Solids PS Digested Liquid Effluent DLE Raw Manure MA1 Compost COM Blueberry Ammonium Sulfate AS1 1X Ammonium Sulfate AS2 Split Conventional Fertilizer CON

7 Blueberry Red Raspberry Treatment Characterization, 2017 % Carbon Nitrogen % Moisture 100% Dry ph NH 4 -N Total N P 2 O 5 K C:N 1 AS 100.0% PS 63.9% lbs/ton 3 DLE 96.7% MA 93.3% COM 61.3% lbs/ton 6 CON s 37.4 lbs/ton lbs/ton lbs/ton 9.7: lbs/ton 16.5:1 7 CHK 1 AS % s AS % s CON

8 Agronomic Assessments Products Pre-Treatment Analysis Soils Texture Randomization Nutrient (Macro/Micro, NO 3, NH 4, Soluble Salts) Moisture Sensors Quality Bulk Density/Infiltration/ Compaction Pathogen RLN, Phytophthora Horticulture Cane Diameter Primocane Height SPAD Metering Foliar samples Yield Groundwater Suction Cup Lysimeter ~ (checked every 2- weeks (April-October)* **BF1 AS and CON; BF2 AS1, AS2, and CON *BF1 AS and CON; BF2 AS1, AS2, and CON

9 NH 4 ppm CON AS2 Blueberry (7.6 cm) Soil Nitrogen (NH 4 ), AS2> CON > AS1 CON>AS /21 3/23 4/22 5/22 6/21 7/21 8/20 9/19 AS1 AS2 CON

10 Blueberry Foliar Nitrogen, Ammonium Sulfate Full Ammonium Sulfate Split Synthetic Fertilizer (Control) Jul-18 1-Aug-18

11 Blueberry Growth, 2017 Fruit Bud Set Lateral Length Treatment % cm Ammonium Sulfate (AS1) 55.9 a 18.3 a Ammonium Sulfate (AS2) 52.4 a 19.4 a Conventional Fertilizer (CON) 51.7 a 16.1 b p- value

12 Tons/A Grams/Fruit Blueberry Yield (n=2), AS1 AS2 CHK Yield Similar Across Treatments ( )

13 All TRT NO 3 ppm Red Raspberry Soil (7.62 cm) Nitrogen (NO 3 ), All TRTS >COM> CHK 200 All TRTS > CHK MA/DLE/CON/COM/PS > AS/CHK /21/2017 3/21/2017 4/21/2017 5/21/2017 6/21/2017 7/21/2017 8/21/2017 9/21/2017 MA DLE COM PS AS CON CHK

14 NO 3 ppm Red Raspberry Foliar Nitrogen, Ammonium Sulfate Non-fertilized Check Compost Synthetic Fertilizer (Control) Digested Liquid Effeluent Raw Manure Phosphorous Solids Jul Jul-18 1-Aug-18

15 Tons/A Grams/Fruit Red Raspberry Yield (n=9), AS CHK COM CON DLE MA PS Yield Similar Across Treatments ( )

16 Deep Shallow Red Raspberry Bulk Density, COM CON DLE MA PS

17 Summary Results, Blueberry Blueberry early season N higher in AS1, by midseason similar, then CON higher than all (possibly problematic No yield or plant growth difference Low foliar nitrogen High EC levels in 2016, but no other years More to come!

18 Summary Results, Red Raspberry Treatment differences for N Late season N presence, issue? CHK levels soil levels low, but no foliar impact No yield or plant growth difference No clear pattern with bulk density (numerical pattern) Foliar N sufficient levels, increasing over time High EC levels in 2016, but no other years More to come!

19 Acknowledgements Randy Honcoop Farm Curt Maberry Farm Regenis CHS Northwest

20 Survey Opportunity! Want to help with this project?