Agricultural Biodiversity promoting adaptive capacity within production systems. Paola De Santis, Devra Jarvis

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1 Agricultural Biodiversity promoting adaptive capacity within production systems Paola De Santis, Devra Jarvis

2 What we do Bioversity seeks to provide evidence of the benefits of agricultural biodiversity for: Improved productivity, resilience and resistance in farming systems Better human health through improved nutrition & diversified diets Enhanced options for income generation Benefits are secured through: Informed policies, public awareness, increased capacities to manage biodiversity Upscale benefits through: Widely applicable methods based on greater understanding of benefits

3 How we work A Research Agency for development With partners (NGOs, IGOs, Universities, local communities and others) No laboratories or field sites Through networks

4 Where we work A staff of over 300 operating from 30 locations around the world

5 Building Better Use of Agricultural Biodiversity Build strong scientific evidence base to convince the major development actors Adopt different development models Based on better use of the adaptive capacity of local diversity Taking into consideration cultural values Combining multi-functional benefits of diversity Document and conserve traditional knowledge Ensure Awareness

6 The on-farm project (Jarvis et al., PNAS, 2008) maize, beans, chili, squash durum wheat, faba bean, barley maize, beans, rice, barley, finger millet, taro, sponge gourd, pigeon pea Mexico Morocco Hungary Nepal Area planted Simple globally applicable diversity measures: Richness, evenness, and divergence Peru Ethiopia Crop variety Burkina Faso Vietnam maize, chili, casava, cotton, peanuts sorghum, cowpea, millet, okra sorghum, durum wheat rice, taro

7 Communities having smaller farm-field areas show more differentiation in varietal composition. 5 Jarvis et al., PNAS 2008 Importance of a large number of small farms evolving distinctly diverse 4 varietal strategies as a major force that maintains crop genetic diversity on-farm -LN (1-div vergence) 3 2 Small scale farmers represent 45-60% of the world s rural dollar-poor (Lipton 2006) ln Farm Area (>50sqm)

8 Agricultural diversity is managed and maintained by small scale farmers in the developing world. 2-5 traditional apple varieties per farm, 8-10 per community, + wild apple for rootstock, seedlings and fruits Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan Traditional varieties of Phaseolus lunatus in Cuban home gardens cover the diversity of the entire national exsitu collection. 30 home gardens per agroecosystem - a sampling strategy. Cuba and Guatemala 2-3 traditional rice varieties per farm (0.2 ha), 34 per community, with any two plants drawn at random within a farm differed in 25% (within a community 77%) Nepal and Vietnam 4-5 traditional sorghum varieties per farm (1.2 ha) and 23 per community with any two plants drawn at random within a farm differed in 69% (within a community 91%) Burkina faso Jarvis et al. 2008

9 The Importance of Agrobiodiversity Conventional view As a source of traits for crop improvement at global level

10 Country inter-dependence, simplification and vulnerability 2008 Value of France Production 2007 Value of US Production Maize Wheat Apple Rice Sorghum Beans USDA stat US$ Billions X Data 52 Wheat 10.4 Maize 4.4 Potatoes Apples US$ Billions Sorghum 0.05 Rice FAOSTAT. As a source of traits for crop improvement at global level

11 The Importance of Agrobiodiversity Conventional view As a source of traits for crop improvement at global level Unconventional: more sustainable agriculture As a source of traits for participatory crop improvement through PPB/PVS

12 Community institutions with the capacity to access, conserve and benefit from diversity JBT1 JBT2 JBT4 JBT5 JBT6 JBT7 Aromatic Non-aromatic PB1 RBN AZU JBT3 IR In 2006, Jethobudho rice is formally released through the Nepalese Seed system as Nepal s first farmer bred registered variety

13 The Importance of Agrobiodiversity Conventional view As a source of traits for crop improvement at global level Unconventional: more sustainable agriculture As a source of traits for crop improvement through PPB As a source of increased income and improved livelihoods, especially in marginal areas

14 Options for income generation Better marketing of local crops (case of leafy vegetables in Kenya with >1,100 % rise of sales over 2 years) Major constraints to consumption of indigenous leafy vegetables were the cost, lack of time and knowledge in food preparation

15 Local food sources: shorter, more equitable, more transparent market chains 300 farming families monitored increased their production from 31 to 400 tons a month

16 The Importance of Agrobiodiversity Conventional view As a source of traits for crop improvement at global level Unconventional: more sustainable agriculture As a source of traits for crop improvement through PPB As a source of increased income and improved livelihoods, especially in marginal areas As a source of better nutrition

17 Indigenous fruit and leaf vegetables suppliers of ascorbic acid, micronutrients (minerals & vitamins), anti-oxidants Traditional leafy vegetables for nutrition More than 200 species in Kenya Much more nutritious Source of improved family nutrition

18 The Importance of Agrobiodiversity Conventional view As a source of traits for crop improvement at global level Unconventional: more sustainable agriculture As a source of traits for crop improvement through PPB As a source of increased income and improved livelihoods, especially in marginal areas As a source of better nutrition As a valuable contribution to sustaining cultural, ethnic traditions and identity

19 Sustaining cultural, ethnic traditions and identity Diversity field fora and seed fairs to promote traditional know-how Such is the Happenings of a Village

20 The Importance of Agrobiodiversity Conventional view As a source of traits for crop improvement at global level Unconventional: more sustainable agriculture As a source of traits for crop improvement through PPB As a source of increased income and improved livelihoods, especially in marginal areas As a source of better nutrition As a valuable contribution to sustaining cultural, ethnic traditions and identity As a source of resilience and stability against abiotic and biotic threats

21 Abiotic: Diverse sets of varieties for unpredictable environmental conditions Farmers management of genetic diversity prevents dilution of the stress resistance characteristics of local varieties Unpredicatable rainfall = Site1 Site 2 Variety diversity Site 3 Sawadogo et., 2006

22 Biotic: Diverse sets of varieties for managing pests and diseases One third of global harvest lost to pests and diseases Hypothesis of project: intra- specific diversity in farmers fields reduces vulnerability and damage to crop Diversity to improve resistance and resilience Morocco, Ecuador, China, Uganda

23 Determining when and where intra-specific diversity is the answer (and when it is not) Participatory Diagnostic : Focus Group Discussion; Household Survey; Technical Evaluation (laboratory and field analysis) Field assessment; On farm trials; Collection of pathogen Field assessment; On farm trials; Collection of pathogen variation; On station trials; Glass house experiments.

24 Intra-specific diversity in farmers fields reduces vulnerability and damage to the crop (reducing the probability of crop loss in the future) Diverse sets of varieties within a crop with: Non-uniform resistance Less probability that migrations of new pathogens or mutations of existing pathogens will damage the crop Local mixture of 3 barley landraces (Shangrila)

25 How to support and promote agrobiodiversity

26 Seed flows, seed access and seed production: A key element for communities to buffer and adapt to change Custodians of diversity Population size, geneflow, migration, selection OS OS OS 115 Dudhe anadi Gift Ekle Madhese 48 Mansara Purchase Purchase Gurdi Purchase Kathe gurdi Ekle Purchase Purchase Ekle, anadi Madhese Madhese 173 Purchase Purchase Rato anadi Gift Jetho budho Pakhe Gift Gift Purchase Ekle Gift Gurdi Kathe gurdi Exchagne Panhele 126 K. gurdi Madhese Purchase Kathe gurdi Seto gurdi Ekle Jetho budho Gift Sano madhese Purchase 156 Mansuli Radha Madhese Mixed grain Sano madhese Purchase 158 Mana muri Radha 159 Madhese OS OS Radha 167 Subedi et al., 2003 OS Madhe Gift Radha 9 Gift Khumal 4 Radha Thulo madhese Mansuli Gift Pakhe jarneli Purchase Gift Pakhe jarneli Mansuli Naltumme Mansuli Naltumme Gift Gift Gift 207 OS Radha OS Sabitri Gift Gift Food grain Radha 9 Radha 9 Thulo mansuli Radha 9 Gift 100 Food grain Radha Radha Mansuli 80 Radha 9 Gift 164 Radha % de Agricultores 20 0 Meta-populations Rice seed networks in Nepal Yuca Maíz Frijol Maní algodón Ají Collado et al., 2005 Isolation and seed source Amazonian Peru No intercambia Intercambio con la comunidad Intercambio entre y con la comunidad

27 Community institutions with the capacity to access, conserve and benefit from diversity Diversity Field Fora Supporting seed systems in low heritability environments Participatory varietal evaluation Fora for learning and exchange Building trust in seed systems Community Biodiversity Registry Documentation Monitoring Marketing Biopiracy Ownership

28 Access to landraces from Community Seed Bank increases particularly for the very poor Year Number of farmers of different socioeconomic Rich Medium Poor Total No. of landrace s Seed (Kg) (23) 34 (33) 45 (44) (11) 25 (39) 32 (50) (20) 37 (42) 33 (38) (17) 14 (40) 15 (43)

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30 Platform goal To enhance the sustainable management and use of agrobiodiversity for meeting human needs by improving our knowledge of all its different aspects

31 Platform objectives Support development of an adequate knowledge base Identify ways in which agrobiodiversity can contribute to global challenges Identify and facilitate new research partnerships

32 Some key features Avoid duplication Support integration and synthesis of knowledge from different areas Identify knowledge gaps Involve farmers and communities, respect and strengthen traditional knowledge Respond to international agendas Multidisciplinarity Link custodians, managers and beneficiaries

33 Platform activities Exchanging information Supporting linkages and sharing experiences Providing discussion fora Supporting preparation of reviews Making information available Identifying policy issues Making available methodologies and good practices Strengthening research collaboration Supporting cross cutting research and new partnerships

34 Current activities Inputs to FAO programme development Agrobiodiversity and food security to 2050 Agrobiodiversity and sustainable intensification Climate change Publishing the synthesis on using agrobiodiversity to cope with climate change An analytical framework for working with communities on climate change responses Meeting changing needs for agrobiodiversity materials (Bolivia and Sarawak) Building the African dimension

35 The Future Thank you for your attention Acknowledgements and thanks: Participating farmers, local, national and international institutes organisations and partners, SDC, DGIS, FAO, UNEP/GEF, WSU, Ford Foundation, IFAD, IDRC, GTZ/BMZ, JICAS, National Government Funding