Heterosis and Combining Ability over Environments for Cold Tolerance in Sorghum. Elfadil Bashir, Krishna Jagadish and Ramasamy Perumal DO NOT COPY

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1 Heterosis and Combining Ability over Environments for Cold Tolerance in Sorghum Elfadil Bashir, Krishna Jagadish and Ramasamy Perumal

2 Hardiness zones K map Kansas Average low temp. 0 to -10 F Kansas State University

3 Cold tolerant sorghum hybrids advantages: Early season moisture Minimum tillage Longer growing period Increase competitiveness in semi-arid cropping systems Sorghum early planting - Why?

4 Cold stress at germination and seedling establishment Soil temp. (<55 o F) in late spring Chilling symptom Air temp. (<65 o F) in June Poor seedling establishment Reduced growth Root rot

5 PY Chinese land races SQR, Liang Tang AiR,, Hong Ke Zi Gai Gaoliang C Gai Gaoliang ARCH12002 ARCH D ARCH12045 N T SQR Undesirable agronomic traits Tall, poor panicle size and exsertion, lax panice Poor yield performance high tannin content ARCH Advanced breeding lines Population Improvement (Recurrent selection) & Pedigree breeding - PI574599, PI SC35B, DL357B 803B - GMS-KP8B

6 Chinese landraces New Breeding lines Gai gaoliang, Hong Ke Zi, Shan Qui Red, Liang Tang Ai R In 2004, (PI , PI and PI ), adapted lines SC35, 803B, DL357B and a genetic male-sterile (GMS) KP 8B In 2006, F2 stage for photoperiod-insensitive, short, early, compact and semi-compact panicle with complete exsertion ~600 F 6 progeny evaluated for germination and emergence index under chilling stress in growth chambers lines & checks tested under field conditions in Colby No tannin with adapted traits High Tannin Poor adapted traits

7 PY KSU, ARCH advanced cold tolerant breeding lines Tannin free C Early Planting - Hays 2016 Improved germination, early vegetative growth at low soil temperatures April 15 N T Better seedling establishment and improved growth rate after emergence at low aerial temperatures (< 65 F) D April 01 Desirable agronomic traits (short, early, compact panicle with complete exsertion)

8 Materials Seed parents ATx623 ATx645 Redbine58A Pollinators ARCH ARCH ARCH12002 ARCH12012 ARCH12045 Hybrids - 13 hybrids Controls SQR RTx430 Pioneer 87P06 hybrid Methodology Experiments Locations Hays Colby Planting dates Early (April 20) Regular (May 25) Design RCBD 3 Replications Traits Seedlings traits Root length (RL) (cm) Root surface area (RSA) (cm 2 ) Root volume (RV) (cm 3 ) Root weight (RW) (g) Emergence percentage (EP) Emergence index (EI) (days) Seedling biomass 30DAP (SBM) (g) Leaf area (LA) (cm 2 ) Agronomic traits Days to 50% flowering (DF) (days) Plant height (PH) (cm) Panicle length (PL) (cm) 100 seed weight (HSW) (g) Grain yield per Plant (GYP) (g) Grain yield (g m -2 )

9 Biomass (g) Early Normal SQR ARCH ARCH ARCH ARCH ARCH ATx645/ARCH Redbine58A/ARCH Redbine58A/ARCH ATx645/ARCH Redbine58A/ARCH Redbine58A/ARCH Leaf area (cm2) Days to flowering

10 Early & Regular Planting Hays 2017 Germination Germination % Genotypes index Early regular Early regular Early regular Early regular Hybrids Average of 13 hybrids over 3 replications Early Planting - April 20 Flowering in July 15 Harvest by the end of September 30 days shoot biomass (g) Regular Planting - May 25 Flowering in July 30 Harvest third week of ctober Days to flowering

11 Parents: per se & GCA Seedling traits EP EI Agronomic trait DF GYP & GY ARCH12002 and ATx623 Parents ARCH , ARCH12002, ARCH12012, and ATx645, Redbine58A ARCH12002 ARCH , ARCH12045 Emergence percentage (EP); Emergence index (EI); Days to 50% flowering (DF); Grain yield per Plant (GYP); Grain yield per plot (GY)

12 Hybrids: per se, SCA & SH Seedling traits RL, RSA & RV EP EI SBM Agronomic traits DF & PH DF HSW, GYP & GY GYP & GY Hybrids Redbine58A/ARCH , ARCH & ARCH12002 ATx623/ARCH12002, ATx645/ARCH , Redbine58A/ARCH & ARCH1245 ATx623/ARCH12002 & ATx645/ARCH12002 Redbine58A/ARCH ATx623/ARCH12002 & ARCH12045 ATx645/ARCH & Redbine58A/ARCH ATx623/ARCH12002 & ARCH12045 ATx645/ARCH & ARCH Root length (RL); Root surface area (RSA); Root volume (RV); Emergence percentage (EP); Emergence index (EI); Seedling biomass 30DAP (SBM); Days to 50% flowering (DF); Plant height (PH); 100 seed weight (HSW); Grain yield per Plant (GYP); Grain yield per plot (GY)

13 Traits relationship Emergence percentage, plant height and panicle length had significant positive correlation with grain yield in both early and regular plantings Emergence index had significant -ve (early planting) and +ve (regular planting) correlation with days to flowering 30d seedling biomass had significant +ve correlation with root traits and leaf area and ve correlation with days to flowering in both planting dates. But, had +ve correlation with grain yield only in regular planting Days to flowering had significant correlation grain yield in early planting

14 ther advantages Sorghum Early Planting Early planting allows grower free of time in May to do other things (soybean & corn planting & feed cattle) Plant quicker growth shade the ground and help to reduce weed competition (palmer amaranth) Avail more rain in June and July than in August traditionally & avoid pre-flowering drought stress Ready for harvest in middle of September allowing the growers longer cutting hours in a day Early harvest avoid lodging due to freezing and thawing

15 C T N D KSU Elfadil Bashir Krishna Jagadish Anuj Chiluwal Raju Bheemanahallirangappa Rob Aiken Troy stmeyer Jeff Ackerman Tesfaye Tesso Chris Little Geoffrey Morris Vara Prasad Sarah Sexton-Bowser TAMU William L. Rooney USDA-ARS Scott Bean Tom Herald PY Acknowledgements Thank you