Conservation Agriculture for Climate Change Adaptation in East Asia and the Pacific
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1 Climate Change and Adaptation in Agriculture for East Asia and the Pacific Region: Issues & Options FAO-WB Expert Group Meeting, Rome, May 16-17, 2011 Conservation Agriculture for Climate Change Adaptation in East Asia and the Pacific Theodor FRIEDRICH Plant Production and Protection Division (AGP) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
2 Introduction CA globally and regionally CA for CC adaptation/mitigation Policy and Investment Conclusions outline
3 introduction Challenge to feed the world Natural resource base dwindling Sustainability: no option but necessity; link/integrate production with sustainability One new strategic goal of FAO: Sustainable Crop Production Intensification (SCPI) CA is the core strategy of SCPI = applied sustainable agriculture
4 CA globally and regionally FAO definition: Conservation Agriculture (CA) is an approach to managing agroecosystems for improved and sustained productivity, increased profits and food security while preserving and enhancing the resource base and the environment. CA is characterized by three linked principles, namely: 1. Continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance. 2. Permanent organic soil cover. 3. Diversification of crop species grown in sequences and/or associations.
5 CA: more than just no-till: never till with other best practices (IPM, IPNM, IC- LS, agroforestry,...) it is sustainable agriculture and ecosystem management organic matter and carbon recycling biodiversity (rotation, soil life) biological processes climate change adaptation and mitigation CA globally and regionally
6 CA globally and regionally Advantages for the farmer: Farmer s livelihood less machinery cost 70% fuel saving 50% labour saving % input saving less drudgery stable yields, food security = better livelihood/income
7 US Soil Conservation Service conservation tillage First no-till in the US Faulkner (US) Fukuoka (Japan) commercial no-till/us dustbowl Siberia/USSR first no-till demonstration in Brazil Oldrieve/Zimbabwe Argentina, Paraguay; Mill. ha IITA no-till research adoption Brazil plantio direto na palha experiments in China, Indogangetic Plains New boost: Canada, Australia, Kazakhstan, Russia, China, Finland...; Africa History and Adoption of CA CA globally and regionally Dustbowl
8 CA globally and regionally Conservation Agriculture worldwide 117 Million ha >50% continental, dry large scale USA 26.5 <25% Canada 13.5 temperate, moist tropical savannah >70% other LA 2 large scale Brazil 26 Paraguay 2.5 smallholder temperate, moist Argentina 26 large scale Europe 1 arid Africa 0.5 tropical savannah smallholder subtropical, dry large scale large scale Kazakhstan 1 continental, dry irrigated China 1 smallholder Australia 17 arid up to 90% large scale
9 CA for CC adaptation Climate Change: Higher variability extended drought periods extreme precipitation = less reliable rainfall
10 CA for CC adaptation Response strategy for Adaptation Increase the resilience through: diversity in the cropping diversity in the overall production higher flexibility/more timely operations agronomic practices that work for drought, rain, heat, cold, wind
11 CA globally Diversity = rotations = long term profit different rooting structures pest and desease management weed management soil cover/residue managment strategy higher long term productivity, risk reduction
12 CA globally...maintaining soil cover in dry lands Fodder Firewood...a challenge which needs a community solution! same removal Livestock is pride no-till tillage
13 Adaptation extreme events: CA for CC adaptation Erosion: stubbel, mulch, crops aggregate stability (OM) Heat: mulch Frost: mulch
14 CA for CC adaptation Adaptation to drought: better rooting snow catching with residues more water in soils (1 % OM = 150 m3/ha) reduced water losses (evaporation) better efficiency (water/crop -30%)
15 Adaptation to heavy rain: water recharge (biopores) water quality (leaching/erosion) better infiltration (flooding) CA for CC adaptation
16 CA for CC mitigation CA CC-mitigation options: Sequestration: Maximize soil as carbon sink reduce soil carbon emissions maximise biomass production enhance soil carbon input Emission reduction: Rice methane (no flooding) Nitrous oxide (N-, compaction management) Fuel emissions Emissions from input manufacturing
17 Experiences in DPR Korea and China Policy and Institutional Support
18 Policy and Institutional Support Soya Wheat Rice Potato Cabbage Maize
19 Policy and Investment Policies: China: CA mentioned in number 1 party document CA promoted to prevent dust storms around Beijing before the Olympic games Subsidies for mechanization exclude ploughs; priority to no-till seeding equipment DPR Korea: CA promoted by Ministry of Agriculture and the Academy of Sciences as approach to sustainable and intensive agriculture
20 Policy and Investment Investments: Overall CA is profitable for farmers Initial investment requirements Capacity building: depending on extension (5 50 $/farmer; 100%?) Equipment: $/ha for seed-drills (50% based on Chinese equipment; 10 years depreciation, 2 weeks planting window) evtl. soil rehabilitation: $/ha (lime, herbicide, fertilizer, subsoiling) Investment offset: fuel and emission savings/carbon sequestration; disaster risk Total: China 500 mill. farmers, 140 mill. ha arbl. land DPRK 3 mill. farmers, 2.5 mill. ha arbl. land
21 US$/ha CA globally - impact 200 Financial Benefits of Conservation Agriculture Wheat Production in Northern Kazakhstan (IRR = 28%) Investment -200 Tillage saving Higher yield -300 Chemical weeding Benefit -400 Years
22 conclusions Conclusions: CA - is universally applicable/location specific is really existing on 8% of farmland is growing exponentially is compatible with MDGs, UN conventions and FAO s strategic objectives is productive and sustainable (win-win) is responding to climatic challenges requires supportive policies for accelerated adoption
23 With CA Agriculture can be part of the solutions, not of the problem! Thank you for your attention! More information:
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