Diatomite and re-use coal waste as promising alternative for fertilizer to environmental improvement

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1 Artile Ditomite n re-use ol wste s promising lterntive for fertilizer to environmentl improvement Mohmm Hssn Syyri-Zhn 1, AolHmi Gholmi 2, Somyeh Rezeepour 2 1 Assistnt Prof, Deprtment of Soil Siene, Fulty of Agriulture, University of Birjn, Birjn, Irn 2 Deprtment of Soil Siene, Fulty of Agriulture, University of Birjn, Birjn, Irn E-mil: msyri@irjn..ir, mh.syyr@gmil.om Reeive 21 Deemer 214; Aepte 3 Jnury 215; Pulishe online 1 June 215 Astrt Applition of onventionl fertilizers hs een ontriuting muh pollutnt to the environment. This stuy ime to ssess the potentil of itomite n re-use ol wste s non hemil fertilizer to environmentl improvement. The experiments were evlute in 2kg pots uner greenhouse onitions t 4 levels of itomite power inluing, 1, 2, 4 g/kg soil s well s 5 levels of ol wste power inluing, 2, 4, 8, 16 g/kg soil se on ompletely rnomize esign with three replitions. Tretments of itomite n ol wste were mixe well n kept uner fiel pity moisture for 4 months. The results showe tht the effets of itomite n ol were signifint on EC, K n P onentrtions in soil while the ol wste showe more influene on eresing of soil ph. Aing itomite up to 4 g/kg in soil inrese EC, K n P viz. 2.92, 1.19 n 1.54 times respetively ompre to ontrol smple. Using of 16g/kg of ol in soil inrese EC (2.89 times) n erese ph (1.6 times) whih h le to inrese vilility of tre elements tht enhne plnt growth. The highest io-ville onentrtions of K n P in soil otine t 8 n 4 g/kg of itomite n ol wste respetively. This stuy emonstrtes tht goo fertilizer n e proue y using itomite n ol wste; however, further reserh is require. Keywors itomite; ol wste; phosphorus; potssium; EC; ph. Proeeings of the Interntionl Aemy of Eology n Environmentl Sienes ISSN URL: version.sp RSS: E mil: piees@iees.org Eitor in Chief: WenJun Zhng Pulisher: Interntionl Aemy of Eology n Environmentl Sienes 1 Introution 1 Introution Agriulturl tivities relte to fertilizers hve een ontriuting mny toxi ontminnts to the environment, whih mostly onsist of orgni n in orgni ompouns, posing serious risks to wter, ir n soil soures s well s helth of soiety (Syi n Rezei, 214, Syye n Syi, 211). Using of hemil fertilizer n the ishrge of their wste into the environment (soil, wter, n ir) hs eome ritil prolem in mny ountries inluing Irn. The environmentl pollution ue to using hemil fertilizer is onition of glol onern with regrs to its implitions on plnts, nimls, n humn helth (Binu et l., 29).

2 71 Applition of non hemil fertilizer hs provie high qulity prouts free of hrmful grohemils for humn sfety (Syi n Tori, 29). Severl stuies hve een one on the effet of ifferent non hemil fertilizer on soil physio-hemil properties to improve environmentl qulity. Disposl of ol mine wste is ostly prolem for soli wste mngement. Col is seimentry rok n omustile n it is generlly inluing the elements of ron, hyrogen, nitrogen, sulfur. Mjor pplitions of ol use s fuel. This mtter is importnt ue to mjor mines n vilility of seimentry rok in Irn. Up to now few stuies were one on the vrious uses of ol in soil siene. The reserhers foun tht the use of ol hs gret effet on reuing the prolems of smetite lys in the soil. Mjor impts of ol wste re ommonly relte with hnges in soil hemistry, inluing ph n onentrtions of elements (soil fertility) n lso n improve soil struture n wterholing pity (Crlson n Arino, 1993). However, Vn er Burg et l. (212) hs een reporte the negtive effet of ol on the stility n soil fertility. Ditomite hs high porosity, high permeility, smll prtile-size, lrge surfe re, low therml onutivity, for this tht mkes it suitle for wie rnge of inustril pplitions (Inglethorpe 1993). Typil hemil nlyses of pure itomites generlly ontin 7-8% sili (SiO 2 ), porosity 85%, ulk ensity.2-.4 g/m 3, n ontin other elements like TiO 2, Al 2 O 3, Fe 2 O 3, MnO, MgO, CO, N 2 O, K 2 O, P 2 O 5. Ditomite is moifier mteril whih use in the mking of nitrogen fertilizers for griulture. Physil hrteristis of pure itomite re similr hlk n usully white to gry. Prtile size of itomite vries from 5 to 1 µm, ut the ominnt size is etween 5 to 1 µm. All (211) reporte tht using of ifferent itomite pplition, 1.5, 3 n 4.5 g/kg soil, reue the negtive effets of slinity on two vrieties of lover. Krtepe et l. (24) y exmining of ftoril esign stuie the effet of itomite n moifie itomite on le ville in soil n reporte tht mngnese itomite ompre to rue itomite h more effetive on eresing of le onentrtion n inresing of soil ph s well. Therefore, in the present stuy, n ttempt is me to ssess the potentil of itomite n re-use ol wste s non hemil fertilizer to environmentl improvement. 2 Mteril n Methos In orer to stuy the effet of itomite n ol wste on some hemil properties of soil, n experiment ws onute in ompletely rnomize esign with 3 replitions in the greenhouse of the Fulty of Agriulture, University of Birjn in 213. Tretments of itomite inluing ontrol (D ), 1 (D 1 ), 2 (D 2 ) n 4 (D 4 ) g/kg soil n mounts of ol wste were use ontrol (C ), 2 (C 2 ), 4 (C 4 ), 8 (C 8 ) n 16 (C 16 ) g/kg soil. Power of ol n itomite well mixe with the soil n trnsferre to the pots. The soils hve een inute for 4 months uner fiel pity moisture onition then trnsferre to the lortory for testing. In this stuy, some hemil properties of soil were mesure suh s hnges in ph, EC (S/m), P n K ville of soil. To mesure the ph, EC, the soil pste ws prepre n then ws mesure y using ph meter evies n EC meter. Olson metho ws use to mesure the mount of ville P of soil smples y spetrophotometer n for soil ville K ws use metho of mmonium ette n ws nlyze flme photometer. Results were nlyze using SAS for omprison protete LSD test t signifine level of 1%. 3 Results n Disussion Anlysis of vrine showe signifint effet of the use of ol n itomite (P<.1) on hnges in soil EC (Tle 1).

3 72 Tle 1 Vrine nlysis of ifferent tretments of Col n Ditomite on EC, ph, K n P in soil. Effet Df Col (g/kg soil) EC ph S/m K P Tretment **.11 ** ** 5.28 ** ** Resiul CV (%) ns,*,**: non-signifint n signifint t 5% n 1% proility level respetively. Df Ditomite (g/kg soil) EC ph K S/m.4 ns ** P 11.6 ** Inresing of ol to the soil use rising of soil EC signifintly ompre to ontrol so tht the lest mount of EC oserve in ontrol (.9 S/m) n the mximum of it in ing 8%wt ol (2.6 S/m). At the levels of 2, 4, 8 n 16 %wt ol, EC of soil h inrese 1.42, 1.89, 2.89 n 2.48 times ompre to the ontrol respetively (Fig. 1). Bse on the results to hieve n optimize the use of ol s hep n onvenient wy to just the slinity of soils in ri n semi ri res, euse the slinity prolem fe minly in these res. Aing of ol up to 8% wt inrese slinity of soil from.9 to 2.89 S/m n if the mount of ol (8%wt) ws lulte for the weight of one hetre of soil, (y ssuming soil epth: 15 m, ulk ensity:1.4 g/m 3 n re of 1 h: 1m 2, so 1 h= 2,1, kg soil) so it is equl to roun 16 ton/h, therefore y ing of high mount of ol rising rte of slinity is low n it hs positive effet on physio-hemil hrteristis of soil. The results of the men omprison showe tht the lowest EC oserve in the ontrol (.9 S/m) n the highest of it ws otine in 4% wt of itomite (2.63 S/m). Aing of itomite 1, 2, 4 g/kg soil use inrese in eletril onutivity of soil (ECe) s mentione 1.46, 2.18 n 2.92 times ompre with the ontrol respetively (Fig. 2) ECe (S/m) e.5. Col tretments (g/kg soil) Fig. 1 The effet of ol tretment on ECe of soil (smll letters inite signifint ifferene).

4 ECe (S/m) Ditomite (g/kg soil) Fig. 2 The effet of itomite tretment on ECe of soil (smll letters inite signifint ifferene). Bse on the nlysis of vrine, using ifferent levels of ol h signifint effet (P<.1) on soil iity ut itomite effet ws not signifint on soil ph (Tle 1). The results showe tht low levels of ol (, 2 n 4 wt%) h no signifint effet on soil ph, ut the higher mounts (8 n 16% wt) ws signifintly reue soil ph (Fig. 3). Soil ph in tretments of D 8 n D 16 h erese of 4.56 n 5.2% respetively ompre to ontrol. This eline in soil ph my e ue to omintion of elementl sulfur in the ol. Sine soil phs is mjor ftor in the soluility n vilility of plnt nutrients (Kooheki n Srmny, 1998) n often of nutrients is ville t ph of etween 6-7 (Truog, 1961). Heiri zeh et l. (213) reporte tht low iity of ol issolve is useful of its hemil properties n this ftor is importnt to menment of sline-soi soil n proly low ph in solution environment of the given ol in soil use y solule sulfte nion. These results to or with the stuies of Rhimi et l. (28), they stuie the effets of ol mining on wter ph n showe tht ol mining use shrp erese in the ph of wter roun environment. But Coling et l. (1997) revele tht use of ol omustion prouts is useful for menment of i soils n foun tht this type of mtters hve positive effet on inresing soil iity. Results showe tht itomite pplition h no effet on soil iity. Soil ph Col tretments (g/kg soil) Fig. 3 The effet of ol tretment on soil ph (smll letters inite signifint ifferene).

5 74 Aing ol n itomite use in the hnging of soil ville phosphorus n potssium n these hnges were signifint (P<.1, Tle 1). The results of the ompre mens showe tht mximum ville K ws oserve in the tretment D 8 (23.44 mg/ kg soil) n minimum of it in D 16 (16.62 mg/kg soil) (Fig. 4). Heirizeh et l. (213) y using of, 5, 1, 2 n 5 tons wste ol ust per hetre stte tht the mximum mount of potssium otine in pplition of 5 ton/h in sny soil n pplition of 5 ton/h in ly soil. Aoring to the results (Fig. 5), it oul e expresse tht the highest ville K (28.34 mg/kg soil) otine when ws e 4% wt itomite n lowest of it in 1 %wt ( mg/kg soil). Aville Potssium of Soil Col tretments (g/kg soil) Fig. 4 The effet of ol tretment on ville K in soil (smll letters inite signifint ifferene). 25 Aville Potssium of soil Ditomite tretments (g/kg soil) Fig. 5 The effet of itomite tretments on ville K in soil (smll letters inite signifint ifferene). Compring of the effet of ifferent tretments of ol on ville P of soil showe tht mximum of P (11.89 mg/kg soil) oserve in 4 %wt ol n minimum of P in the ontrol (8.2 mg/kg soil) (Fig. 6). Heiri zeh et l. (213) ws reporte the mximum of ville P oserve in 2 tons wste ol per hetre in light n hevy soils. Results revele tht y inresing of itomite inrese soil P onentrtion of soil n with pplition of 1, 2 n 4 g/kg soil, soil P onentrtions inrese 1.3, 1.47 n 1.54 times more ompre to the ontrol. The highest P onentrtion (12.61 mg/kg) ws otine in 4%wt of itomite. There

6 75 ws no signifint reltionship etween 2%wt n P onentrtion in soil n lowest of P onentrtion oserve in the ontrol (8.2 mg/kg soil) (Fig. 7). Aville Phosphorus Col tretments (g/kg soil) Fig. 6 The effet of ol tretment on ville P in soil (smll letters inite signifint ifferene). Aville Phosphorus Ditomite tretments (g/kg soil) Fig. 7 The effet of ol tretment on ville K in soil (smll letters inite signifint ifferene). 4 Conlusion Anthropogeni tivities suh s griulturl prtises relte to fertilizers re treting the environment y relesing mny pollutnts to ir, wter n soil. The environmentl pollution ue to using hemil fertilizer is onition of glol onern regring environmentl helth. Applition of non hemil fertilizer hs provie high qulity prouts free of hrmful grohemils for humn sfety. Re-use of ol wste n itomite showe inresing vilility of P n K in soil n eresing of soil ph y ing of ol s well whih h le to inrese vilility of tre elements tht enhne plnt growth. This stuy emonstrtes tht goo fertilizer n e proue y using itomite n ol wste; however, further reserh is require.

7 76 Referenes All MM Impt of Ditomite nutrition on two Trifolium Alexnrinum ultivrs iffering in slinity tolerne. Journl of Plnt Physiology n Biohemistry, 3(13): Binu T, Sumi MM, Rmsmy EV. 21. Deontmintion of wter pollute y hevy metls with Tro (Colosi esulent) ulture in hyroponi NFT system. Environmentlist, 3: Crlson CL, Arino DC Environmentl impts of ol omustion resiues. Journl of Environmentl Qulity, 22(2): Coling RB, Zeto S K, Bligr V Boron umultion y mize grown in ii soil mene with ol omustion y-prouts. Fuel, 75: Heiri Zeh M, Tghvi H, Moghm M Evlution of properties of hemil, physil n fertility of wste ol for using in griulture (wste ol in ol wshing ftory of Zrn-Kermn). Journl of Engineering of Irrigtion n Wter, 14(4): Inglethorpe SDJ Inustril Minerls Lortory Mnul: Ditomite. BGS tehnil report WG/92/39, Nottinghm, British Geologil Survey, UK Krtepe N, Eroğn N, Ersoy-Meriçoyu A, Küçükyrk S. 24. Preprtion of itomite/c(oh) 2 sorents n moelling their sulphtion retion. Chemil Engineering Siene, 59(18): Kooheki A, Srmniy G Crop Physiology. Jh-Dneshghi Mshh, Ini Rhimi M, Dehrzm B, Khoi A, Feroust F. 28. Evlution of the effets of ol mining of Trzeh on the wter helth of re. In: Proeeings of the 11th Ntionl Conferene of Environmentl Helth. Zhen. University of Meil Sienes of Zhen, Ini Syi MH, Rezei MR Impt of ln use on the istriution of toxi metls in surfe soils in Birjn ity, Irn. Proeeings of the Interntionl Aemy of Eology n Environmentl Sienes, 4(1): Syi MH, Tori S. 29. Geohemistry of soil n humn helth: A Review. Pollution Reserh, 28(2): Syye MRG, Syi MH Vritions in the hevy metl umultions within the surfe soils from the Chitgr Inustril Are of Tehrn (Irn). Proeeings of the Interntionl Aemy of Eology n Environmentl Sienes, 1(1): Truog E Minerl Nutrition of Plnts. University of Wisonsin Press, Mison, USA Vn er Burgh G, Meyer F, Coertzer L Evluting the impt of ol mining on griulture in the Delms, Ogies n Lenr istrits, A fous on mize proution. A Report y BFAP, South Afri