Actions for a climate-smart agriculture

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2 Actions for a climate-smart agriculture Crop Management Market and Trade Soil and Water Management Agroforestry Integrated Food Energy Systems Infra-structure Access to Climate Information Breeding for Climate Resilience Intercropping with legumes Crop rotations Crop diversity Real Time crop monitoring Use of locally adapted crop Cover crops Combined crops Value chain and marketing Improved storage and processing Fair trade and benefit sharing Consumers behaviors Pay more for substantial quality and less for products aesthetics Soil Husbandry Conservation agriculture Contour planting Soil Water storage Water Reuse and Desalination Irrigation UGV and robotics Dams, pits, ridges applications Rehabilitating degraded landscapes Boundary trees, hedgerows Nitrogen-fixing trees on farms Multipurpose trees Fruit orchards Biogas Energy plants Low energy crop husbandry Low energy irrigation systems Improve rural infrastructure to cope with climate risks (flooding or water shortage) Smart agricultural water infrastructures governance Illegal abstraction control Improve storage capability Automated smart water governance Use of climate analogues to predict future changes Farmer exchanges Local expertise in climate science and agriculture Introduce forecasting and scenario planning Big Data repositories and management Terraces, bunds Alternate wet/dry rice Planting pits Battilani, modified from Meinzen-Dick et al 2013

3 CLIMATE CHANGE SECURE FOOD PRODUCTION IRRIGATION shall secure sufficient food production while adapting agriculture to climate change

4 SEIZE THE OPPORTUNITIES The Chinese use two brush strokes to write the word 'crisis' One brush stroke stands for danger, the other for opportunity. Be aware of the danger but recognize the opportunity. John F. Kennedy Pioneering Knowledge-based Management in Bio-economy

5 CIRCULAR ECONOMY=WATER REUSE=IRRIGATION=BIOMASSES Three major principles govern the circular economy: Preserve and enhance natural capital by controlling finite stocks and balancing the flow of renewable resources. Optimize resource yields by circulating products, components, and materials in use at the highest possible levels at all times. Make the system more effective by eliminating negative externalities. CIRCULAR ECONOMY=BIOMASSES=IRRIGATION=WATER REUSE

6 ADAPTIVE WATER REUSE IN AGRICULTURE PROACTIVE RETURN OF INVESTMENTS INTEGRATING TWW Reuse into existing farming practices (incremental innovation) JOINTLY DESIGNING Waste Water treatments and farming practices optimizing towards predefined targets (paradigm shifting)

7 Anthropogenic impacts on environment can be totally avoided or repaired? Sustainability and footprint concepts need to be further developed allowing more inclusive and holistic application. Agreement and acceptance of bearable threshold of environmental impacts Recognise the role and responsability of rural and civil society managing mankind adapted natural environments: the agro-ecosystem.

8 AG112 - Water & Irrigated agriculture Resilient Europe Innovation barriers for water reuse in irrigation Lack of knowledge on how to manage irrigation using alternative water Need of improved knowledge transfer, training for adequate management and specific skills required when irrigating with alternative water resources Technical difficulties in waste water treatment (adequate low-cost purification technology), storage (lack of land), and distribution infrastructures Need to adapt irrigation technology (e.g. water filtering systems) to water reuse to avoid high maintenance cost and shortened irrigation system lifespan.

9 WATER REUSE IN AGRICULTURE: MANAGE THE COMPLEXITY ONE SIZE FIT ALL Accepting the impossibility to dominate farming complexity and its interactions with the environment, the only possible choice is to apply the PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE, setting thresholds at the highest level. FIT FOR PURPOSES Managing farming complexity and its interactions with the environment, the safety level is calculated according to the specific crop husbandry practicies and UWW treated accordingly.

10 WATER REUSE AND NUTRIENTS RECOVERY Water Reuse can contribute up to 10-15% of irrigation supply, even more with decentralised treatments Nutrient Recovery: A Waste Water Treatment Plant treating 200 million m 3 /year can recover up to 290 t/y of NITROGEN (value up to /y) and 74 t/y Phosphorus (value up to /y). These amounts can supply up to 1000 ha of processing tomato. (WERF, State of the Knowledge September 2011)

11 a b b N MIN P K Ca* Mg* TotNPK Tot ha** ha** ha** ha** ha** ha** ha** Surface water Groundwater Tap Water FTS- Safir MBR- Safir *Maxsupplyconsidered=50%plantuptakefor40tyield;**Irrigationdepth=2000m 3 y - E uro h a - 1 y Gross Margin Delta GM mgl NMIN P K Ca a b Mg Tap water FTS MBR 0.00 Surface water Groundwater Tap water FTS MBR EU Project SAFIR A. Battilani Treated Wastewater Reuse on Potato- 7th ISHS Symposium on Irr. Hort. Crops, Geisenheim (DE) July 2012

12 PRECISION (FERT)IRRIGATION EU Project FIGARO

13 MANAGE THE COMPLEXITY IRRIGATION STRATEGIES FOR OPTIMISED WATER USE MAXIMISING YIELD EU Project SAFIR EU Project W4Cs

14 MANAGE THE COMPLEXITY DESIGN IRRIGATION STRATEGIES FOR WATER REUSE EU Project W4Cs

15 MANAGE THE COMPLEXITY UTWW 1 st Year - Potato 2 nd Year - Maize 3 rd Year Processing Tomato ADOPTING IRRIGATION INTENSIVE CROP ROTATION EU Project W4Cs

16 MANAGE THE COMPLEXITY EU Project W4Cs

17 Acidification Pump Gravel Filter Backflush Gravel Filter Heavy Metal Removal Device 150 mesh Screen Filter UV disinfection Fertigation Dosing Pump Heavy Metal Removal Device Backflush Water Sampling Water Sampling Schema of the modular, movable irrigation water treatment Costs Analysis: HMR 3/6 cent m -3, UV 0.9/1.4 cent m -3, GF extra costs 0.1/0.2 cent m -3 EU Project SAFIR

18 AG112 - Water & Irrigated agriculture Resilient Europe Innovation barriers for water reuse in irrigation Lack of knowledge on how to manage irrigation using alternative water Need to set realistic targets for water reuse with sufficient flexibility Site specific management (crops, soils, climates) Real time assessment of water quality

19 PRECISION IRRIGATION PLATFORMS

20 Precision Irrigation: the future NEW REMOTE AND PROXIMITY SENSORS OPERATION OPTIMIZATION TOOLS INTEGRATION IN ROBOTIC PLATFORMS BIG DATA BASED WATER GOVERNANCE NEARLY «PER PLANT» MANAGEMENT WATER REUSE

21 AG112 - Water & Irrigated agriculture Resilient Europe Innovation barriers for water reuse in irrigation Suboptimal use of alternative water resources Economically often not (yet) competitive Treated waste water does not comply with end users needs (e.g. nutrient content, inorganic and microbiological contaminants) Need for improved water storage and purification / treatment to align quantity (quality) of alternative water supply with plant needs Individual responsibility of farmers for risks (sanitary, financial)

22 AG112 - Water & Irrigated agriculture Resilient Europe Innovation barriers for water reuse in irrigation Negative perception / lack of acceptance of water reuse From Consumers point of view undifferentiated fears concerning health risks and lack of awareness about possible crop contact with the reused irrigation water Consumer rarely reward water reuse under of sustainability point of view From farmers point of view great dependency on water supplier and fear of contaminants when using reclaimed water (food safety / farmers health/ soil contamination), but also fear of salinization of soils Unsecure market access for crops produced when applying water reuse Lack of coherent regulation across the EU and for 3 rd country imports for crops produced with reclaimed water

23 WATER REUSE IN AGRICULTURE: CONSUMERS PERCEPTION AND TRADE BARRIERS Consumers are interested in what is at work in the products they eat, how these products were produced and delivered, and what their effect is on the body. There is a ladder of brand equity in food. There is a lot attached to the values and culture. Ultimately, the brand should be the link with the consumer and tell the story. McKinsey & Company, kg per year of FRUITS and 180 kg per year of VEGETABLES per capita in MED COUNTRIES 0.85 litres per day of food water Almost 40% of the daily water intake About 2 glasses per day of irrigation water are taken 50 to 90% of crop water requirement are meet by irrigation water

24 What s Him thinking? The apple you re eating is produced with spring treated wastewater water

25 AG112 - Water & Irrigated agriculture Resilient Europe Innovation barriers for water reuse in irrigation Lack of legislation facilitating water reuse for irrigation No commonly agreed rules and safety measures / need for a common approach across EU when applying water reuse For some countries too demanding, strict requirements in national legislation, lacking flexibility regarding crops and uses Need to ensure public health while taking into account various uses and users

26 AG112 - Water & Irrigated agriculture Resilient Europe Innovation barriers for water reuse in irrigation Lack of financial incentives High direct and indirect costs related to water reuse implementation Low return on investments (lifespan of investments in irrigation infrastructure and equipment) Lack of support schemes for water reuse similar to those for renewable energies to cover additional water costs

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28 Technological innovation and water reuse In 1998 a survey reported that most municipal engineers or environmental officials, who manage wastewater, if asked about the latest advances in wastewater treatment technology, will respond that little has changed in the last 10 years. Upgrading technology usually means mainly to add advanced control systems or new technologies to improve the efficiency and operation of centralized systems. There has been and still there is minimal pressure to radically alter existing systems or practices: hence, little had changed from TWW AS AN INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT: FUNCTIONAL WATER

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