PASTURE MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE (PMS) Division Forage Science and Pasture Technology

Transcription

1 PASTURE MANAGEMENT & SCIENCE (PMS) Division Forage Science and Pasture Technology

2 Course contents Discuss about : Pasture establishment Integrated pasture system (oil palm, rubber etc.. Pasture and its variety Grazing system (carrying capacity, soiling rate, Pasture maintenance Pasture suplementation Ranch instruments Forage conservation

3 Objectives & Concern Produce high quality herbage through out the year Stable in dry matter production Stable in quality (digestibility, major nutrients) Ecologically friendly Profitable Selected species, which is adated to envirionment (!!) reduce production cost

4 Farming systems in the tropics Humid months Vegetation belts Crop and animal farming systems Rain forest and mountain forest (evergreen ombrophile) Humid savanna, High grass savanna or monsoon forest Dry savanna Dry steppe or dry forest (e.g.miombo) Shrub salt steppe Shrub savanna (e.g. coatinga) Semi-desert Thorn & succulent steppe Desert Little animal farming, mostly goats & Asian buffalo Ranching Rainfed farming Irrigated farming Shifting cultivation rice,small holdings, plantation etc. HUMIDITY LIMIT OF GRAZING Increasing large animal husbandry diseases, tsetse Only savanna seasonal arable farming Tree & shrub cultivation Various kinds of cultivation pasture tarming predominates AGRONOMIC ARIDITY LIMIT New world Dry and irrigated ranching farming, oases ARIDITY LIMIT OF ANIMAL FARMING Episodic nomads, hunter & gatherers ARIDITY LIMIT OF HUMAN HABITATION Arid months

5 Forage Production System Forage estate Pasture Creeping (twinning & trailing) type, some Grazing base Integrated system : oilpalm base, rubber base

6 Forage Estate (Garden) Forage garden is : The area, where farmer deliberately cultivates grass and/or legumes in monoculture or multiple cropping system Features Intensively managed Nutrient exports is considered Selected species : standing, trees & bunch type Cut and carry system; cut-carry & put system

7 Grass estates/garden # high fiber content # energy source acetic acid # mostly genus graminae and poaceae # responsive to nitrogen # mechanization highly possible Corn Setaria splendida Euclaena mexicana Moth dwarf Napier grass King grass

8 4. Kebun Rumput Elephant grass (Napier grass cv. Taiwan, African)

9 Forage Business Jateng 2004 Variable cost: Rp. 12,5 Mio/ha/y Revenue: Rp. 31,54 Mio/ha/y Profit: Rp Mio/ha/y B/C: 1,49 BEP : 2,49 th Harvest time 6 times/year Fresh production 229 ton/ha/y Price Rp 100/kg Jabar 2011 Variable cost: : Rp Mio/ha/y Revenue : Rp 46,480 Mio/ha/y Profit: Rp. 31,580 Mio/ha/y B/C : 2,19 Harvest time 7 times/year Fresh production: 290,5 ton/ha/y Harga Rp. 165/kg (Prasetyo, 2004, BPTP Jateng) (Data Primer, 2011)

10 Energy source forage species Sorghum ton/ha/harvest Crude protein14-15%, TDN 65% Brix value (sweetness) 17% Ensiling process 7-14 days Yearly ratoon 3 times Pay attention to lignin (varietas Citayam, numbu), Varietas midrib low lignin content.

11 Legume & Broad leaf Garden Protein suplement Functional feed Antioxydant Herbal function Antihelmintic (anti cacing) Nitrogen beneficial Green concentrate (Konsentrat Hijau)

12 Calliandra Trichantera gigantea Gliricidia sepium leucocephala Desmanthus virgatus Bauhinia Sp.

13 Example: Lamtoro replaced convensional concentrate Australia developed areal to cultivate Leucaena (Lamtoro) until ha, Amarasi, Kupang-NTT uses 53%-72% in ransoom increases cattle weight 0,7 kg/day Australian cattle can consume only <30%, due to mimosin content

14 Broad leaf species High quality forages Flemingia congesta (macrophylla), Hahapaan Production 8-12 t DM/ha/yr ph 4-8 CH , drought tolerant Crude Protein %, Ca : % Reproduction by seed Feeding range <15% Harvest on 6-14 weeks

15 Trichantera gigantea Production DM t/ha/yr Ash : 16-20%, Ca : % Digested DM 50-70% Crude Protein 17-22% Harvest on days Shade tolerant Precipitation mm/yr ph 4.5

16 Desmodium renconii Production DM t/ha/yr Digested DM 56-67% Crude Protein 19-24% Harvest on 50-60days Preipitation >1500, drought untolerance ph

17 Glirisidia sepium (gamal, ki hujan) Production DM t/ha/yr Digested rate DM 60-65% Crude Protein 19-30% Feeding rate 20% Harvest on 8-12 weeks Precipitation , drought tolerance ph

18 Leucaena lecochepala Production DM 6-15 t/ha/yr Digested rate DM 65-70% Crude Protein 24-32% Feeding rate 5-10% Harvest on 8-12 weeks Precipitation , drought tolerance ph

19 Morus alba (Murbei) Crude protein 18-20% Palatable Utilization rate 50% Production rate ton/ha/yr Harvest on 8-12 weeks Mineral content 10%

20 New species used for poultry Ganyong(Canna edulis) Cichorium intybus Centela Kriminil Comfrey Trichantea gigantea Melissa officinalis Medicago sativa