Key Concept 1.1. A. Humans developed increasingly diverse and sophisticated tools including multiple uses of fire as they adapted to new environments

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1 Key Concept 1.1 Throughout the Paleolithic era, humans developed sophisticated technologies and adapted to different geographical environments as they migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australasia, and the Americas. I. Archeological evidence indicates that during the Paleolithic era, hunterforager bands of humans gradually migrated from their origin in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, adapting their technology and cultures to new climate regions A. Humans developed increasingly diverse and sophisticated tools including multiple uses of fire as they adapted to new environments Tools used by early humans Uses of fire How did tools and the use of fire reflect human ability to adapt to new environments?

2 B. People lived in small groups that structured social, economic, and political activity. These bands exchanged people, ideas, and goods. What was the social structure of early bands of humans? What types of goods would early humans have traded? What was the political structure of early bands of humans?

3 Key Concept 1.2 Beginning about 10,000 years ago, some human communities adopted sedentism and agriculture, while others pursued hunter-forager or pastoralist lifestyles different pathways that had significant social and demographic ramifications. I. The Neolithic Revolution led to the development of more complex economic and social systems A. Possibly as a response to climatic change, permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean. Agriculture emerged independently in... Describe WHERE each of the following regions is located (do not use country names!), approximately WHEN agriculture developed in that region? Mesopotamia Nile River Valley Sub-Saharan Africa Indus River Valley Yellow River (Huang He River) Valley Papua New Guinea Mesoamerica The Andes

4 B. People in each region domesticated locally available plants and animals. List the specific plants and animals that were domesticated in each region. Mesopotamia Nile River Valley Sub-Saharan Africa Indus River Valley Yellow River (Huang He River) Valley Papua New Guinea Mesoamerica The Andes C. Pastoralism developed in Afro Eurasian grasslands, affecting the environment in a variety of ways. Define PASTORALISM. How did pastoralists impact the environment?

5 D. Agricultural communities had to work cooperatively to clear land and create the water control systems needed for crop production, drastically affecting environmental diversity Read the article (link) about water control systems on Freemanpedia ( just the section about the Neolithic Revolution unless you are curious about the rest ). Why were water control systems necessary? What examples of water control systems are listed in the article? Define them if you don t know what they are. What was the benefit of water control systems? How did water control systems help bring about the first civilizations? How did one maintain control over water systems?

6 II. Agriculture and pastoralism began to transform human societies. A. Pastoralism and agriculture led to more reliable and abundant food supplies, which increased the population and led to specialization of labor, including new classes of artisans and warriors and the development of elites. Read the article (link) about social, political, and environmental characteristics of early civilizations on Freemanpedia. Summarize the key ideas from each of the following sections using specific examples as much as possible. A New Social Order Larger Social Group Formation Formation of Governments and Social Classes B. Technological innovations led to improvements in agricultural production, trade, and transportation. Use the links provided on Freemanpedia to discover uses of pottery and wheels (illustrative examples from the College Board). How would they have improved early civilizations? POTTERY WHEELS / WHEELED VEHICLES

7 C. Patriarchal forms of social organization developed in both pastoralist and agrarian societies.

8 Key Concept 1.3 The appearance of the first urban societies 5,000 years ago laid the foundations for the development of complex civilizations; these civilizations shared several significant social, political, and economic characteristics. I. Core and foundational civilizations developed in a variety of geographical and environmental settings where agriculture flourished. II. The first states emerged within core civilizations in Mesopotamia and the Nile River Valley A. States were powerful new systems of rule that mobilized surplus labor and resources over large areas. Rulers of early states often claimed divine connections to power. Rulers also relied on the support of the military, religious, or aristocratic elites. Explain how rulers used divine connections to maintain power - especially relevant in this time is the Mandate of Heaven under the Zhou Dynasty.

9 B. As states grew and competed for land and resources, the more favorably situated had greater access to resources, produced more surplus food, and experienced growing populations, enabling them to undertake territorial expansion and conquer surrounding states. Freemanpedia uses the example of the Hittites as a state with favorable access to resources. Summarize who the Hittites were, what resources they had access to, and how they used it to expand. C. Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of new weapons and modes of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations. Composite Bows Explain how each of the following transformed warfare. Iron Weapons Chariots Horseback Riding

10 III. Culture played a significant role in unifying states through laws, language, literature, religion, myths, and monumental art. A. Early civilizations developed monumental architecture and urban planning. Illustrative examples (define and explain their purpose/relevance) Ziggurats Pyramids Defensive Walls B. Systems of record keeping arose independently in all early civilizations and writing and record keeping subsequently spread. Cuneiform Illustrative examples (define and explain their purpose/relevance) Hieroglyphs C. States developed legal codes that reflected existing hierarchies and facilitated the rule of governments over people. Illustrative examples (define and explain their purpose/relevance) Code of Hammurabi (Babylonia) Code of Ur-Nammu (Sumer)

11 D. New religious beliefs that developed in this period continued to have strong influences in later periods. Illustrative examples (define and explain their purpose/relevance) Vedic Religion Hebrew Monotheism Zoroastrianism E. Interregional cultural and technological exchanges grew as a result of expanding trade networks and large-scale population movements, such as the Indo European and Bantu migrations. Indo-European Migrations Illustrative examples (provide specific evidence/goods) Bantu Migrations Trade between Mesopotamia and Egypt Trade between Egypt and Nubia Trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley Trade between China and Southwest Asia

12 F. Social hierarchies, including patriarchy, intensified as states expanded and cities multiplied. Use your textbook to describe three specific examples of social hierarchies or patriarchy in three different early civilizations.

13 Period 1 Change Analysis Chart (courtesy of Bill Strickland - AP World History guru extraordinaire)