UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI RESEARCH COMPENDIUM

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1 UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI RESEARCH COMPENDIUM The Use of Organic Manure in the Management of Plant- Parasitic Nematode in Nigeria Maina, Y. T 1. Mohammed, F. K 1. Galadima, I. B 1. Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria ytmaina@yahoo.com Year of Publication 2012 Journal of Environmental Issues and Agriculture in Developing Countries, Vol. 4, No. 1, This review focused on the sophisticated methods of controlling nematodes that are out of reach of most farmers. The study which made use of secondary data, primarily evaluated the use of organic manure in the management of plant parasite nematode in Nigeria. The effects of synthetic pesticides misuse around the world include costly environmental pollution and disruption of balance of nature in addition to their high cost and non availability. There is therefore the need to investigate methods which will maximize crops production under the prevailing farming systems suitable to local farmers. Several organic products have been shown to possess nematicidal properties and are available, inexpensive and economical methods of nematode management. As an alternative to chemical control, it has been shown that organic manure can release ammonia, phenols, azadirachtin, selannin, meliantriol and many other substances, which show nematicidal properties. The use of organic manure was found to be easy and economical in controlling plant-parasitic nematodes. Preliminary Studies on Insect Pest Incidence on Tomato in Bama, Borno State, Nigeria D. M. Mailafiya 1,*, M. M. Degri 1, Y. T. Maina 1, U. N. Gadzama 2, I. B. Galadima 1 of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Borno State, Nigeria 1

2 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Borno State, Nigeria Year of Publication 2014 International Letters of Natural Sciences, 5 (2014) This study assessed the insect pest infestation of tomato during 2011 and 2012 in three localities namely Bula Kuliye, Kajeri and Soye of Bama Local Government Area, Borno State, Nigeria. Fifty plants were randomly checked per farmers field for insect pest recovery and count. Sampling was carried out in five to nine farmers fields per locality. With %, 9-62 %, % and 5-9 % species composition respectively across localities, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) followed by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) were more predominant insect pests of tomato in these localities over Tetranychus sp. (Acari: Tetranichidae) and Spodoptera litoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Total proportion of infested tomato plants per farmers field ranged from %, and was significantly higher in Bula Kuliye and Kajeri than in Soye. Total number of insect pests per plant/leave and bored fruits per farmers field fell between 2-5 and 21-35, and likewise, was higher in Bula Kuliye and Kajeri than in Soye. Although tomato plant infestation and fruit damage were found to be moderate or high in these localities, future studies on the bionomics or population dynamics of these insects remain essential for establishing their economic status. Evaluation of Synergistic Effect of Neem and Poultry Manure on Root Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) Infecting Rice Hassan Mohammed Auwal* 1, Ibrahim Buba Galadima 1, Jacob Madu 1, Paul Joseph 1 of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria 2

3 Open Access Library Journal, 2: e Field experiment was conducted in 2014 to test the efficacy of different organic amendments on the control of root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.). The different materials are sole neem, sole poultry manure, and a combination of neem and poultry manure. Neem was applied at the rate of 160 g per plot, poultry manure was applied at the rate of 1120 g per plot, combination of neem and poultry manure was applied at 1280 g per plot and Furadan was applied at 16 g per plot. Nonamended plot served control. Results obtained showed a combination of neem and poultry manure that produced the highest nematode suppression with a population of 58.3, followed by sole neem and poultry manure that produced 81.7, 94.7 respectively. This is compared to the chemical nematicide, Furadan that produced the least population of The control treatment produced the highest population of Reduction in nematodes population was concomitant to increase in rice growth and yield parameters. Combination of neem and manure produced the highest rice yield of 108 g which is significantly not different from manure that produced 107 g of rice. Among the three experimental factors neem produced the least rice yield of 88.2 g. This is compared to Furadan that produces g rice. The non-amended control treatment produced the smallest quantity of rice which is 66.5 g. Enhanced Nematicidal Effect of Cowdung Soil Amendment by Neem (Azadirachta indica). Ibrahim Buba Galadima* 1, Hassan Mohammed Auwal 1, Ismail Abubakar 1, Jacob Madu 1, Paul Joseph 1 1 Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria ibgaladima@unimaid.edu.ng auwal@unimaid.edu.ng 3

4 Open Access Library Journal, 2: e Field experiment was conducted during the rainy season (summer) of 2014 to determine the effect of mixture cow dung of neem on population of root knot nematode infesting okra. A parcel of land highly endemic to population of root knot nematode was chosen for the experiment. Treatments include sole neem at 11.5 g, sole cowdung at 100 g and mixture of cowdung and neem at g were applied to individual crop stand in plots of size 2.0 M by 2.0 M. Furadan, a chemical nematicide was applied as a standard check. Non amended plots in which no treatment was applied served as a control. Crop stands numbering 16 per plot were planted with okra. The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected on nematodes population and plant growth parameters and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using Fisher s least significant difference (LSD). Results obtained showed mixture of neem and cow dung produced 27.6 second stage juvenile which was the lowest population obtained, with a concomitant highest okra yield of yield of 2.4 tons/hectre (T/ha). Sole neem and cow dung suppressed nematodes population by 35.3 and 98.6 respectively with attendant okra yield of 1.9 and 1.4 T/ha respectively. Amendment of soil with mixture of neem and cow dung substantially suppressed Meloidogyne spp. Infesting okra and may provide practical control of root-knot nematodes as part of sustainable nematode management system. Management of Plant Parasitic Nematode in Okra (Abelmuschus esculentus L. MOENCH) Using Neem Leaf Powder and Carbofuran in Sudan and Northern Guinea Savannah, North Eastern Nigeria. Mohammed F. K 1 and Galadima I. B 1. of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria kublibiu@yahoo.com ibgaladima@unimaid.edu.ng 4

5 Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol. 11 Nos. 1 and 2, 2015: ISSN X Field trial was conducted at the Teaching and Research farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, during the 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons to determine the effectiveness of four cowpea varieties in nematode management. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design. Four cowpea Varieties (IT89KD-288, IT90K-277-2, Kanannado and Borno Brown), form the treatments. Scutellonema, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchorynchus, Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne and microbivorous species were identified. Tylenchus and Trichodorus were only found in traces in IT90K and IT89KD-288 suppressed populations of all identified nematode genera except Meloidogyne. Kanannado reduced populations of Scutellonema, Helicotylenchus (only in 2006) and Hoplolaimus. Borno Brown reduced populations of only Scutellonema and Hoplolaimus. IT90K which had the lowest nematode populations had significantly the highest yield in both 2006 and 2007 compared to those recorded under the other three varieties. Effect Of Four Cowpea Varieties In The Management Of Nematodes In Maiduguri, Semi-Arid Region Of Nigeria 1 F. K Mohammed, S. O. Afolami 2 and Galadima I. B 1. 1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria 2 Department of Crop Protection, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta kublibiu@yahoo.com ibgaladima@unimaid.edu.ng Researchjournali s Journal of Agriculture Vol. 2 No. 11 November

6 Field trial was conducted at the Teaching and Research farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, during the 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons to determine the effectiveness of four cowpea varieties in nematode management. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design. Four cowpea Varieties (IT89KD-288, IT90K-277-2, Kanannado and Borno Brown), form the treatments. Scutellonema, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchorynchus, Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne and microbivorous species were identified. Tylenchus and Trichodorus were only found in traces in IT90K and IT89KD-288 suppressed populations of all identified nematode genera except Meloidogyne. Kanannado reduced populations of Scutellonema, Helicotylenchus (only in 2006) and Hoplolaimus. Borno Brown reduced populations of only Scutellonema and Hoplolaimus. IT90K which had the lowest nematode populations had significantly the highest yield in both 2006 and 2007 compared to those recorded under the other three varieties. Assessment of Local Methods of Vegetable Crops Preservation in Bama Local Government Area of Borno State, Nigeria. 1 Mohammed Bukar Ngamdu 2 Bura Ibrahim Burabe 3 Ibrahim Buba Galadima 1Department of Geography, Yobe State University P.M.B. 1144, Damaturu, Yobe State. Nigeria 2Department of Agricultural Extension Services, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria. 3Department of Crop Protection, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria. ibgaladima@unimaid.edu.ng International Journal in Physical and Applied Sciences (Impact Factor ) IJPAS vol.02 Issue-09, (September, 2015) ISSN: , p The study focuses on local method of vegetable crops preservation in six out of nine district of Bama Local Government Area of Borno State. Primary and secondary data were used for the study; Primary data was obtained through interview with the respondents using 6

7 questionnaires. Secondary source of data use for the study include textbook, journals, magazines, previous studies and seminar paper. Descriptive statistics such as percentage and frequency were used for data analysis. It was discovered from the study that the majority of the respondents were male with 70.0% while the 30.0% were female, the study also shows that 6.0% of the respondent fall within the age range of years, 6.0% falls within the range of years and 84.0% fall within 40 years and above. There was long period of years spent in vegetable farming with 8.0% have less than 5 years experience, 20.0% have 6-10 years experience, 26% have 11-15years and 46.0% have more than 16 years farming experience. The result also indicates the methods of vegetable preservation used by the respondents in the study area that 2% of the vegetable farmers use dehydration, 18% of the respondents use cooling method, 40% are using drying method also 40% are using addition of chemicals. From the result, it was recommended that the majority of the farmers used chemicals as a method of preservation and some responded that it is harmful if not properly used. Thus government and other voluntary organizations should try to enlightened farmers on the hazard of chemical application in preservation. The people in the study area are using sun-drying method sometimes because it is cheaper. The effects of this method is that it creates favourable condition for the pathogenic organism like; bacteria, virus and fungi so there is need for government to provide adequate storage facilities in order to reduce the hazard of such method (sun-drying). Effective means of transportation should be available in order to ease the movement of vegetable from producing area to the consuming centre. Education and mobilization for efficiency in production, handling, processing and storage. Impact Factor The Use of Cowpea Variety and Carbofuran in Management of Cowpea Nematodes in Maiduguri, Semi-Arid Region of Nigeria. 1 F. K. Mohammed, D. Aminu 2 and I. B. Galadima 1 of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria 2 Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria 7

8 Journal of Agricultural Economics, Environment and Social Sciences 1 (2): December, ISSN: P A field trial was conducted at the Teaching and Research farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri, during the 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons to determine the effectiveness of four cowpea varieties and carbofuran singly and in combination in nemarode management. A factorial experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Four cowpea varieties (IT89KD- 288, IT90K-277-2, Kanannado and Borno Brown) and two levels of carbofuran (0.0kg a.i/ha and 1.2kg a.i/ha) form the treatments. The following nematode species were identified: Scutellonema, Helicotylenchus, Tylenchorynchus, Hoplolaimus Meloidogyne and microbivorous. However, Tylenchus and Tylenchodorus species were only found in traces in IT90K and IT89KD-288 varieties supressed population of all identified nematode genera except Meloidogyne. Kanannado reduced populations of Scutellonema, Helicotylenchus and Hoplolaimus (only in 2006). Borno Brown reduced the populations of only Scutellonema and Hoplolaimus. Variety IT90K with or without carbofuran had suppressive effect on all the nematode genera identified except Meloidogyne. Only Scutellonema population was reduced whether or not the varieties were treated with carbofuran. Treating the varieties with the carbofuran gave a higher percentage reduction compared to the respective controls in both 2006 and Significant yield increases were recorded when plots were treated with 1.2 kg a.i/ha carbofuran when compared to the respective controls. IT90K kg a.i/ha carbofuran recorded significantly the highest yield in both years. Assessment of nematicidal potential of mixture of neem seed and poultry manure on root knot nematode (meloidogyne species) infecting cowpea. 1 Hassan M. A., 2 Musa, H., 2 Isyaku, M. S., 1 Ibrahim, B. G., Ugochinyere, M. O. and Jacob M. of Maiduguri, Nigeria. 8

9 2Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University Dutse, Nigeria. Year of Publication 2006 Dutse Journal of Agriculture and Food Security (DUJAFS) Vol. 4 No. 2, December, 2017 Root knot nematode infecting cowpea and other vegetable crops is one of the major constraints to sustainable production. The root galls nematodes, common in the tropical soil is of particular importance where most smallholder farmers are unaware of them. Recently, nematicides are often used as a major method of control. Despite their efficacy, synthetic nematicides are hazardous to human and environment. The objectives of this study was to assess the nematicidal potential of need seed powder (NSP) and poultry manure and determine the efficacy of their combination. Field experiment was conducted on heavily infected soil by root knot nematode (Meloidogyne species). The experimental treatments include sole neem seed powder, sole poultry manure, furadan and combination of NSP and poultry manure. The results show NSP and poultry manure increased plant growth and reduced nematodes nematode populations significantly when compared with the control. The combination of NSP and poultry manure significantly reduced the nematode gall index and the reproduction factor, and increased plant height, fresh and dry shoot weights, and root length compared to all treatments. Since combination of NSP and poultry manure seem to perform better than sole applications, it could provide farmers with simple, low cost approach for the control of RKN of cowpea. Effect of organic amendment and carbofuran on population of root knot nematode and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). I. B. Galadima* 1, F. K. Mohammed 1 and M. A. Hassan 1 of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria 9

10 Journal of Arid Agriculture, Special Issue, 2017, pp Year of Publication 2017 Source of funding Self Field experiment was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm, University of Maiduguri, during the 2016 dry season to investigate the use of Mahogany leaf powder (MLP) and poultry litter in combination and sole application of each in managing root knot nematode (RKN) infecting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Data collected included shoot height, root length, fresh and dry shoot weight, fresh and dry root weight, fruit weight, galling index, initial and final nematode population. The result of the experiment shows that plots treated with the combination of MLP and poultry litter recorded the highest shoot height (62.50cm), fruit weight (13.12 kg), root length (32.20 cm), shoot weight (55.29 g) and lowest galling index (1.71). Combination of MLP and poultry litter at 10 g/stand and 40 g/stand resulted in more percent reduction of nematode population than carbofuran and sole application of MLP and poultry litter. Results obtained also indicated that population of nematode and gall index is high in control, this leads to concomitant decrease in growth and yield of tomato. Therefore, the result showed that the treatments used in the study especially MLP + poultry litter positively influenced the growth and yield of tomato. The result of this experiment confirmed the use of organic amendment as an effective farm input for managing RKN with a resultant increase in the growth and yield of tomato. Thus, it could be recommended for growers of tomato in the study area. A review on the use of entomopathogenic fungi in the management of insect pests of field crops. 1 Maina U. M, I. B. Galadima 1, F. M. Gambo 1 and D. Zakaria 1 of Maiduguri, P.M.B 1069, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria 10

11 Year of Publication 2018 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018; 6(1): E- ISSN: P-ISSN: Insect pest management has been dominated by the use of synthetic pesticides since its discovery. This has continued for decades until the publication of Rachel Carson s Silent spring in 1962, which awaken the world on dangers pose by the synthetic chemicals. Since then, the search for alternative pest control products, which is safe and effective, has been prioritized. This review was aimed at bringing to the fore the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) commercially available and the prospect of using them as an alternative to synthetic chemicals. It was reported that, more than 171 mycoinseticides have been produced with at least 12 species from the over 800 fungi species identified as pathogenic to insects. Most of these products were developed based on Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosoroseus propagules. They are currently available in countries of North and South America, Europe and Asia, with few in Africa and Middle East. Mycoinsecticdes have been found effective in controlling insect pests of economic importance in agriculture; however, the successful marketing and utilization of these products have been rather slow, largely due to; high cost, low production efficiency, low performance under challenging environmental conditions and lack of awareness, however, mycoinsectide is gradually becoming popular. Therefore, mycoinsecticides have the potentials to play a key role in integrated pest management (IPM) programme for effective and relatively safe insect pest management in field crops. To achieve this, vigorous research measures needs to be taken to improve on; their performance under challenging environmental conditions, the formulations that will increase persistence, longer shelf life and ease of application, pathogen virulence and spectrum of action. 11