TABULAR PRESENTATION OF THE APPROVED AND THE PROPOSED REVISIONS TO THE TOBACCO VARIETY TESTING MANUAL

Transcription

1 TABULAR PRESENTATION OF THE APPROVED AND THE PROPOSED REVISIONS TO THE TOBACCO VARIETY TESTING MANUAL ITEM APPROVED PROPOSED Participating Agency NTA, UPLB-IPB, ACAP and NTA, UPLB-IPB, ACAP, PCARRD PRIVATE SECTOR AND PRIVATE SECTOR PART I Entries In the absence of a PSB war, the best commercially grown variety will be used as check. The number of entries including the check is 12 In the absence of a PSB var., the best commercially grown variety or the farmer preffered variety will be used as check. The number of entries including the check is 4 Test Locations Batek (province & No. of Location) Iloilo 2 Leyte 1 Mis. Oriental 1 Cotabato/Maguindanao 1 Pangasinan/ La Union 1 Batek (province & No. of location) Area I (Iloilo/Leyte/ Pangasinan/ La Union) Area II (Misamis Oriental) Area III (Cotabato/ Maguindanao/ Zamboanga) Footnote None With footnote Recommendation to the NSIC at least two seasons in at least five locations or a total of 10 environment tests for Burley, cigar filler and batek tobacco. For batek tobacco, the required number of environment tests are: at least eight (8) for area I and six (6) for areas II and III PART II Objective none Second sentence: The trials will be using the participatory approach, i.e. the farmers and private sectors, together with NTA staff, will be conducting the actual trials with the supervision of the NTA researchers, while the private sector will assist in the physical, chemical and other quality tests.

2 Experimental sire design and layout. Cultural and post-harvest management practices A randomized.. with 4 replications will be used in all trials. The latest recommended package of technology for each tobacco type will be followed A randomized with at least 5 replications will be used in all trials. Each farmer cooperator will serve as a replicate and will the four entries which include the check. There should be atleast 5 cooperators in one location or environmental grouping (e.g. lower and upper vega in Cagayan Valley). The check variety may vary according to farmer s preference. The minimum population per variety will be 500 and the maximum will be The latest recommended package of technology for each tobacco type will be followed (Include copy of POT) Data to be gathered Gather data from 10. otherwise specified Sentence deleted Leaf length and width Stalk legth and plant height Take length and width only from the 10 th leaf. Measurements will be taken after the second priming while the leaves are still attached to the stalk. Stalk length.. uppermost part of the flower Mean leaf legth and width of 50 randomly selected harvested leaves at each of priming 2,3,4, and the last priming. Stalk length.. base to the tip of the flowerhead from 50 random sample plants per variety per farmer cooperator.. samples should be taken from the inner rows. Specific leaf weight Select ten representatives. From the 2 nd, 4 th and 6 th priming. Take 12 leaf punches or discs in an area free of large lateral veins using cork borer. Cured leaves Select 20 representative leaves from each variety at each of priming 2, 3, the last priming, randomly take six (6) punches or discs in areas free of large lateral veins using cork borer. Cured yields

3 Crop value Crop Value= Gather sample leaves from designated harvest rows/plot. Weigh after curing or before they will be classified and graded. Before each priming do a stand count so that the dead plants will be accounted for. Computation on a hectare basis is: Weigh sample leaves by grade after they are classified and graded. This data will be used for crop value computations on a hectare basis. Obtain the price per grade from the NTA standard price for the current year. Total weight of A (kg) from all priming / variety No of sample plants/ variety x plant pop n x price of A This is the actual weight of leaves (cured or fermented) before classification. Before each priming, take an actual count to account for the dead plants in the yield computation per hectare compute yield per hectare using following formula: Weigh sample leaves by grade after they are classified and graded.. Obtain the price per grade from the actual sales value or from the NTA standard price for current year. Compute the crop value using the following formula: Total weight of A (kg) =from all priming / variety No of sample plants/ variety x plant pop n x price of A Compute the crop value of B, C up to R, following the above procedure, then take the sum of the values of all classes to obtain the crop value per hectare. Qualitative characters None Any characteristic observed by the farmer that may contribute to the acceptability or nonacceptability of the variety by the farmer or buyer. Examples are easy to harvest, easy to sure, etc. Percent grade distribution Chemical Characters This will be proportion of high, middle and low quality leaves per plot. The data grinding ground and weighed samples will be submitted to the Laboratory Facilities and Instrumentation Services Division (LFISD) of the industrial Research This is an arbitrary prouping which represents the proportion of high middle and low quality leaves per variety The data grinding.. Ground and weighed samples will be divided into two batches. One will be submitted to the techno-laboratory Services of the Research Department

4 Department of NTA for chemical analysis. of the NTA, while the other sample will be submitted to the laboratory of the private company. PHILIPPINE TOBACCO VARIETAL TESTING MANUAL PART 1. POLICIES AND GUIDELINES A. RATIONALE A considerable number of tobacco varieties are introduced/developed in the country both by the government and the private sector. Many of these varieties are not properly evaluated based on their agronomic performance and reaction to insect pests and diseases but are already planted by the farmers in commercial quantities. A unfilled multi0location varietal testing is important and necessary so that only the variety/varieties which have high yield and quality and/or are resistant to pest can be recommended to the National Seed Industry Council for release as commercial variety/varieties. B. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the multi-million trials are to test and evaluate the performance of different varieties/stable breeding lines of all tobacco types sponsored by the government or private agencies, and to recommend to the National Seed Industry Council outstanding selections for cultivation in the Philippines. The cooperative Advanced Trial is a research program and a continuation of the effort of different government and private agencies involved in the development of new and improved tobacco varieties for the Philippines. C. PARTICIPATING AGENCIES The multi-location advance trials shall be jointly conducted and managed by the following research institutions and various sectors of the tobacco industry involved in tobacco varietal improvement. 1. National Tobacco Administration (NTA) 2. University of the Philippines at Los Baños Institute of Plant Breeding (UPLB-IPB) 3. Philippines Council for Agriculture and Resources Research Development 4. Selected members of the Association of Colleges in Agriculture of the Philippines (ACAP) 5. Private Sectors: a. Farmers b. Manufacturers c. Buyers / Exporters D. ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS The varietal trials shall be implemented by a group known as the National Tobacco Technical Working Group (TCTWG). It shall be headed by a chairman and a co-chairman. They shall be assisted by a pool of researchers from different disciplines (Plant Breeding, Plant Physiology, Agronomy and Plant Pathology, Entomology and Etc.) in evaluating the

5 different entries. The TCTWG shall have a Secretariat which will keep records and monitor its activities. Researchers of the different research institutions, both public and private, who are directly involved in Tobacco breeding or in the conduct of the variety testing program may become members of the technical working group upon the recommendation of the agency concerned and with the concurrence of the majority of the members of the group. The group shall meet at least twice a year, once before the meeting of the National Seed Industry Council and the other before the start of the tobacco season. The performance of the different entries at various test sites will be evaluated and discussed. The entries to be dropped, retained and the new entries for testing will be determined by the group. The variety selection to be recommended to the National Seed Industry Council (NSIC) and the naming of the variety will be decided in the meeting. The NTA shall be the general coordinator of the Cooperative Advanced Trials. It will receive and package the seeds of promising lines which will be sent along with yield labels and data sheets to testing stations. It will consolidate the results of the trials. 1. Entries for testing. it is a general requirement that entries for advanced trials should have been evaluated for at least two seasons in replicated experiments by plant breeders of the agencies concerned. Entries for testing shall be accompanied by the following information along with the seeds tobacco type, place of origin (introduction) or parents and cross combinations (stable breeding lines) days to first priming, plant height, number and size of leaves, yield per Ha, grade index, % nicotine, % reducing sugars and reactions to pests. Entries should be phenotypically homogenous and acceptable to the seed certifying agency of the NSIC when and in the event that they are recommended as varieties. The best variety among the PSB varieties shall be used as the check. In the absence of a PSB variety, the best commercially grown variety or the farmer preferred variety will be used as check. The number of entries including the check for each tobacco type shall not exceed four. 2. Test Locations. Entries shall be tested in at least five (5) locations for neutral flavor Virginia, four(4) for full flavor Virginia and cifar-filler, five(5) for burley, and six(6) for Batek tobacco. Test locations should represent the majority of the area planted to a given tobacco type which are as follows. Virginia Tobacco Low Nicotine High Nicotine La uñion 1 1 Ilocos Sur I (Magsingal or San Juan) 1 1 Ilocos Sur II (Candon or Sta. Lucia) 1 1 Abra 1 1 Ilocos Norte 1 1 TOTAL 5 (4)* 4(3)*

6 Burley Tobacco Pangasinan 2 Isabela 2 Mindoro 1 Cotabato (Tupi) 1 TOTAL 6(5)* Cigar Filter Lower Vega Upper Vega Isabela 2 1 Cagayan 1 1 Ifugao 1 1 Nueva Viscaya 1 TOTAL 8(5)* Batek** Area I (Iloilo/Leyte/Pangasinan/La Uñion) 7 Area II (Misamin Oriental) 5 AreaIII 5 (Cotabato/Maguindanao/Zamboanga) For cigar-filler tobacco, test locations should include the upper and lower vega of the Cagayan Valley. Periodic cisits to the testing sites will be made by selected members of the TTWG. 3. Dropping of entries. The entries shall be evaluated for a minimum of two plantings. Any entry maybe dropped from further testing based on its agronomic performance and/or its reactions to pests. As a general rule, all entries that are significantly inferior to the check variety for two consecutive normal growing seasons in majority of the testing locations should be discarded. The entries to be retained shall be determined by the TTWG. 4. Reccomendation to the National Seed Industry Council. Any of the entries maybe recommended by the NSIC for release as a commercial variety provided the following number of tests has been satisfied: at least two seasons and locations for a total of at least eight(8) environment tests for low nicotine flue-cured tobacco; and at least two seasons in at least three(3) locations or a total of six(6) environment tests for high nicotine flue-cured; at least two seasons in at least (5) locations or a total of ten (10) environment tests for Burley and Cigar-filler. For batek tobacco, the required number of environment tests are: at least eight(8) for area I and six(6) for areas II and III. The coefficient of variation for yield in any test should not be more than 20%. In the initial years, a new selection may be recommended to the NSIC on the basis of superior yield and quality over the checks. However, a selection which is not distinctly superior in yield over existing varieties may also be recommended if the selection posseses special attributes, i.e., resistance to major pests and tolerance to environmental stresses.

7 E. PRODUCTION OF INITIAL SEEDS It should be the responsibility of the agency who sponsored the variety to maintain a reasonable quantity of breeder seeds to provide the needed stock in the production of foundation/certified seeds. The production of foundation seeds shall be handled by government seed farms and/or selected farmer-cooperators following the seed certification standard of the NSIC. The quality shall be based on the estimated seed requirement of the tobacco industry. PART II. DIRECTIONS FOR CONDUCTING REGIONAL TESTS A. OBJECTIVE Advance tests are conducted to identify new tobacco selections that have high yield, adaptability, resistance to major pests and good quality of cured leaves. The trials will be using the participatory approach, i.e. The farmers and private sectors, together with the NTA staff, will actively participate. The farmers will be conducting the actual trials with the supervision of the NTA staff will actively participate. The farmers will be conducting the actual trials with the supervision of the NTA researchers, while the private sector will assist in the physical, chemical and other quality tests. B. LOCATIONS Locations or stations for advanced trials for each tobacco type shall be determined and approved by the Tobacco Technical Working Group of NSIC. C. ENTRIES There will be a maximum of four entries one of which will be the check variety. D. EXPERIMENTAL SITE, DESIGN AND LAYOUT The experimental site should be a representative soil type for a given location. The site should have uniform soil texture, depth, fertility, and slope and should be welldrained. ( Experimental farms with slight slopes will be acceptable). A randomized complete block design with at least five (5) replications will be used in all trials. Each farmer cooperator will serve as a replicate and will plant the four (4) entries which include the check. There should be at least five (5) cooperators in one location or environmental grouping (e.g. lower and upper vega in Cagayan Valley). The check variety may vary according to farmers preference. The minimum population per variety will be 500 and the maximum will be E. CULTURAL AND POSTHARVEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES The latest recommended package of technology for each tobacco type will be followed. (Please see attached copy of POT). F. GRADING AND CLASSIFICATION This will be based on the latest grading and classification standards established by the NTA on collaboration with the private sector.

8 DATA TO BE GATHERED 1. Agronomic characters a. Days to flower/ topping. The number of days from transplanting until 50 percent of the variety population have one to three fully opened flowers. b. Days to first priming. Form transplanting date to the first harvesting. c. Days to last priming. From transplanting to the last harvesting. d. Number of harvestable leaves. It will be based from the number of harvested leaves per plant. For batek tobacco, the number of leaves per stalk position and the intended uses of leaves will be noted. e. Mean leaf length and width of 50 randomly selected harvested leaves at each of priming 2, 3, 4 and the last priming. Length is measured from the base to the tip and wigth, at the broadest portion of the leaf. f. Stalk length and plant height. Stalk length is measured from the frst node above the ground to the last leaf scar. While plant height is measured from the base to the tip of the flower head from 50 random sample plants per variety per farmer cooperator. Samples should be taken from the inner rows. g. Specific leaf weight. Select twenty (20) representative leaves from each variety at each of priming 2, 3, 4 and the last priming. Randomly take six (6) leaf punches or discs in areas free of large lateral veins using cork borer. Punch in a uniform manner from leaf to leaf, then oven dry leaf discs at 110 C for 3 hours and 15 minutes before weighing. Calculate specific leaf weigh based on the oven dry weight in g per 1000 square cm using the following formula: SLW: (g / 1000 sq cm) = 1000 x oven dry weight of discs (g) (radius of cork borer) 2 x 3.24 x no. of discs Or = Over dry weight of discs x TAS Total area of sample h. Cured yield. This is the actual weight of leaves (cured or fermented) before classification. Before priming, take an actual stand count to account for the dead plant in the computation of yield per hectare. Compute the yield per hectare using the following formula Yield/ha (tons) = Total weight of leaves (kg) From all priming variety No. of sample plants/ variety x plant pop n/ha x ton / kg

9 i. Crop value. Weigh sample leaves by grade after they are classified and graded. Obtain the price per grade from the actual sales value or from the NTA standard price for the current year. Compute the crop value using the following formula: Yield/ha (tons) = Total weight of leaves (kg) From all priming variety No. of sample plants/ variety x plant pop n/ha x ton / kg Compute the crop value of B, C, up to R, following the above procedure, then take the sum of the values of all classes to obtain the crop value per hectare. j. Percent grade distribution. This is an arbitrary grouping which represents the proportion of high, middle and low quality leaves per variety. k. Qualitative characters. Any characteristics observed by the farmer that may contribute to the acceptability or non-acceptability of the variety by that farmer or buyer. Examples are easy to harvest, easy to cure, etc. 2. Chemical Characters The data on chemical characters (% nicotine and % reducing sugars) are taken from a bulked sample of one leaf per grade for each priming in three (3) replications. Half of the lamina will be stripped and prepared for grinding. Ground and weighed samples will be divided into two batches. One will be submitted to the Techno-Laboratory Services of the Research Department of NTA while the other sample will be submitted to the laboratory of the private company. Sampling will be done by combining the following:: For full flavor: a. P 1 and P 2 b. P 3 c. P 4 d. P 5 and P 6 e. P 7 to P n 3. Other Data For neutral flavor: a. P 1 b. P 2 and P 3 c. P 4 and P 5 d. P 6 to P n e. a. Lamina midrib ratio (LMr) This is applicable for cigar wrapper only. Five (5) cured leaves per grade at P 3 and P 5 will be taken from all replications as representative samples of each entry. The lamina will be separated from the midrib and each part will be weighed separately. The LMR will be computed as: LMR = Weight of lamina (g) / priming Weight of corresponding midrib (g)

10 b. Burning rate Five (5) randomly selected leaves from all grades from four (4) replications will be separated from each variety plot at P 3 and P 5. Six (6) points will be burned using a nichrome wire two (2) points each at base, middle and tip portions of each leaf. The rate of burn (second per point) will be recorded and the average per leaf will be computed. PART III. PROCEDURES IN RATING FOR RESISTANCE TO PEST A. DISEASES 1. ROOT KNOT NEMATODE Rating is done after the last priming by counting the number of galls in the roots of all plants in the inner rows. Take the average of the rating in all plants as follows: RATING SCHEME a. Gall Index No. of galls/ plant Above 100 b. Reaction category Gall index rating Reaction 1 Resistant 5 Intermediate 9 Susceptible 2. TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS Observe all plants in each entry at the last harvest. Resistant entry should be free from any typical tobacco mosaic virus symptoms. 3. CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS Rating for resistance is done at button or flowering stage on all plants as follows: CMV Rating Reaction Category Description 1 Highly Resistant < 1% of the population per variety infected but with local symptoms only 3 Resistant 1-5% of the plants with chlorotic or necrotic local

11 lesion, followed by mild systematic, symptom consisting of mosaic or mottle with minimum leaf distortion and negligible stunting of the plants. 5 Moderately Resistant 6-10% of the population with both local and systematic mosaic symptom prominent but distortion observed on few leaves only; moderate stunting 7 Susceptible 11-20% of the plants develop severe mosaic and leaf distortion on about 50% of the leaves; plants stunted. 9 Highly Susceptible >21% of the plants develop severe leaf malformation, distortion and stunting. 4. POTATO VIRUS y Ordinary Strain Rating is done at button stage on all plants as follows: PVY Rating Reaction Category Description 1 Resistant None of the plants show any visible symptom 5 Moderately Susceptible <20% of the plants show mild vein banding 9 Susceptible >20% of the population show mottling, vein banding and leaf area reduction.

12 5. BLACK SHANK Rating is based on the percentage of all plants that wilt at third priming. Black Shank Rating Reaction Category Description 1 Highly Resistant 0-1% plants wilted 3 Resistant 2-5% plants wilted 5 Moderately Resistant 6-10% plants wilted 7 Susceptible 11-25% plants wilted 9 Highly Susceptible >25% plants wilted 6. CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT The rating of the varieties is based on the number of spots per plant at all primings designated as follows: CLS Rating Reaction Category Description 1 Highly Resistant No spot 3 Resistant Moderately Resistant Susceptible Highly Susceptible >21 B. INSECT PEST 1. Myzus persicae (Tobacco aphid) Resistance rating is done at 25, 60 & 90 DAT based on the following scheme: Aphid Rating Reaction Category Description 1 Highly Resistant No plants with aphid colony 3 Resistant 1% plants with aphid colony 5 Moderately Resistant 1.1-2% plants with aphid colony 7 Susceptible 2.1-5% plants with aphid colony 9 Highly Susceptible >5% plants with aphid colony

13 2. Helicoverpa sp ( Tobacco Butworm) The rating is based on lead area damaged on sample plants PVY Rating Reaction Category Description 1 Resistant <1% leaf area damaged, no debudded plants 5 Moderately Susceptible 2.5% leaf area damaged, 2% plants debudded 9 Susceptible >5% leaf area damaged, >2% plants debudded