Understanding yield potential and bread making quality in bread wheat. Simon Griffiths Crop Genetics John Innes Centre

Transcription

1 Understanding yield potential and bread making quality in bread wheat Simon Griffiths Crop Genetics John Innes Centre

2 The evolution of GRAIN yield and quality in wheat Ancient ield and quality alleles Triticum urartu AA Triticum speltoides -like BB Post-domestication eld and quality alleles and combinations Triticum turgidum AABB Triticum aestivum AABBDD Triticum spelta AABBDD Triticum tauschi DD

3 (after Slafer & Rawson, 1994) Yield and quality are extremely complex traits Light High temps Drought Water Cold temps

4 Understand yield & quality by Getting to the genes Relevant Target traits Parent selection Populations Genotyping & Phenotyping Near Isogenic Lines Clone genes New alleles

5 Crossing Marker Assisted Backcrossing 50% DH1 P1 and P2 F 1 P1 75% BC1 P1 87.5% BC2 BC2F2 16 lines fixed for each parental class at GOI

6 Resources Developed Under the Wheat Genetic Improvement Network

7 Getting to the genes Target traits Parent selection Populations Genotyping & Phenotyping DArT Low data point cost Near Isogenic Lines New alleles Clone genes Paragon Deletion Set Gene based markers BAC Libraries (pooled) Cheap sequencing Genome Projects: Rice Brachypodiu Wheat Barley Point mutations Paragon forward screens Cadenza TILLING Transformation Watkins Collection

8 Getting to the genes Target traits Parent selection Populations Genotyping & Phenotyping DArT Low data point cost Near Isogenic Lines New alleles Clone genes Paragon Deletion Set Gene based markers BAC Libraries (pooled) Cheap sequencing Genome Projects: Rice Brachypodiu Wheat Barley Transformation Point mutations Paragon forward screens Cadenza TILLING Transformation Watkins Collection

9 Paragon deletion lines indexed with DArT, a resource for physical mapping and functional genetics in wheat Developed response curve from Gy Optimum dose= 250 Gy Gy lines available Ppd, Vrn, GSS, RhtD1 screens give ~7 hits per genome 96 lines screened with DArT- multiple deletions per line, from single maeker absence to whole chromosome

10 Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism is now a high throughput technique Conventional SSCP ran on non-denaturing acrylamide ABI3730 capillary electrophoresis (modified polymer)

11 New Vrn alleles and genes in 800 lines of the Distribution of growth habit alleles in wheat varieties around the world in 1930 s United Kingdom AE Watkins Collection USSR Spain China Canary Islands wi nter spr ing Iran Afghanistan Australia new inconclusive

12 Paragon EMS examples Stature Maturity Seed shape

13 Examples of ongoing projects that feed relevent effects into a gene discovery pipeline at JIC

14 Understand yield & quality by Getting to the genes Relevant target traits Parent selection Populations Genotyping & Phenotyping Near Isogenic Lines Clone genes Eg- BBSRC-INRA Nitrogen Use Efficiency WGIN Wheat functionality Animal Feed Organic Wheat Grain shape CSI Dwarfing CSI New alleles

15 Investigating Wheat Functionality Through Breeding and End Use Malacca X Charger Hereward X Malacca Shango X Shamrock

16 The importance of working across disciplines Traits chosen for NILs at JIC: Loaf volume L* Firmness concavity Number of cells/slice area Cell wall thickness Cell volume Coarse cell diameter Trade Organisations: Campden and Chorleywood Food Research Association National Association of British & Irish Millers Federation of Bakers Baking Companies: Allied Technical Centre RHM Technology ADM Academic: John Innes Centre Rothamsted Research University of East Anglia Funders: Defra HGCA BBSRC Plant breeders: Limagrain RAGT Syngenta Milling Companies: ADM Milling Heygates Smiths Flour Mills

17 Understand yield & quality by Getting to the genes Relevant target traits Parent selection Populations Genotyping & Phenotyping Near Isogenic Lines Clone genes New alleles

18 Height and flowering time NILs Analysis of multiple years and sites data of basic agronomic traits from a number JIC populations A sub set of QTL emerge- large effect and detected across environments The best examples of this are height and flowering time Following up within the JIC NIAB alliance

19 Most robust earliness per se effects segregating in UK germplasm 3A Average ffect- ~2.5 days 1D Average effect ~3 days

20 Understand yield & quality by Getting to the genes Relevant target traits Parent selection Populations Genotyping & Phenotyping Near Isogenic Lines Clone genes New alleles So what is relevant?

21 Average Wheat Yield of countries producing more than tons < >8

22 WORLD WHEAT YIELD TRENDS (5 Year Moving Average - tonnes/ha) tonnes/hectare Source: Chudleigh, Year (ending 30 June)

23 Identification of genetic variation deployed by CIMMYT wheat breeders Bacanora Grain yield Weebil Grains m 2 Grain weight Grains spike -1 Spikes m 2 Grains spikelet -1 Spikelets spike -1 Spikes Plant -1 Plants m 2 Strong biomass effect on chromosome 1B is a good candidate.

24 Understand yield & quality by Getting to the genes Relevant target traits Parent selection Populations Genotyping & Phenotyping Near Isogenic Lines Clone genes New alleles

25 Positional Cloning of Rht8 Reduced height 8identified by Colin Law in lines such as Mara, maps to 2D near Ppd-D1 Mara allele common in Mediterranean germplasm- GA insensitive dwarfs are not. Are there Rht8 alleles in Western European varieties? Fine mapping of the Mara gene underway by Debora Gasperini in a JIC-NIAB PhD project.

26 Conclusions Rapid advances in genomics allow us to approach questions that, not so long ago, were intractable A serious bottleneck is lack of appropriate germplasm Focus of this work is to build germplasm that will allow us to address the big challenges facing world agriculture

27 Acknowledgements JIC John Snape Lesley Fish Liz Sayers Simon Orford James Simmonds Leodie Alibert Michelle Leverington-Waite Steve Reader Yingkun Wang Debora Gasperini Jignaben Ankleshwaria Laurence Herry Mike Ambrose CIMMYT Matthew Reynolds WGIN Andy Philips Peter Shewry Kim Hammond Kossack Paragon deletions Peter Jack Nicola Hart Andrzej Killian SSCP Peter Issac Numerous at IBERS and SCRI NIAB Wayne Powell Andy Greenland

28 Paragon Mutant Development Single Seed Descent (SSD) under glass