Adaptation to Climate Change of the Mediterranean Agricultural Systems (ACLIMAS)

Transcription

1 Adaptation to Climate Change of the Mediterranean Agricultural Systems (ACLIMAS) SWIM (Sustainable Water Integrated Management) - Demonstration Project "European Neighborhood and Partnership (ENP) financial co-operation with Mediterranean countries" - Partner 3, INRA-Morocco (H. Ouabbou, and O. Elgharras) - Partner 11, UdL-Spain (R. Savin, and G. Slafer) - Partner 13, AGENDA-Morocco (Azzeddine El Brahli) 2 nd ANNUAL MEETING Rabat, October 2013, Morocco SWIM - Sustainable Water Integrated Management Demonstration Project

2 Rainfall in Morocco during 2012/2013 growing season More than 700 mm in the North; Ranged from mm and mm in the southern and eastern part of Morocco 400 to 500 mm in the Chaouia Ourdigha region.

3 Weather conditions: Rainfall Rainfall in Chaouia Ourdigha is very erratic, changing from a year to another and within the same growing season. Less than 200 mm (1995, 2007) Around 600 mm 1996 During this growing season the average rainfall in the region is about 500 mm

4 Rainfall during the growing season in different on-farm implementation sites Precipitation ranged from 399 mm to 495 mm at Ain Nzagh and Gdana, successively. With a confidence interval of 96 mm

5 The specific objectives 1. Improve the initial conditions in target areas. 2. The applicability for the selected combinations of genotypes and management practices at demonstration fields; 3. On-ground implementation of the best performing genotypes and management practices; 4. Train local farmers on the application and implementation of proposed management practices; 5. Dissemination of the results of the action through the thematic guidelines, brochures, field days, seminars etc Evaluate the on-ground sustainability of the proposed adaptation measures considering the economic, social and environmental dimensions at farm level;

6 Improve the initial conditions in target areas. zero tillage machine; Two lap top computers, and two printers; weather station. a four wheel drive car (yet to acquire);

7 Demonstrate the applicability for the selected combinations of genotypes and management practices Our objective is utilizing sustainable and resourceefficient crop rotations that: 1. 0ptimize production and maintain the productive potential of the soil, 2. Introduce potential new cash crops, especially canola for its important role in cropping systems, 3. Disseminate techniques for more efficient water capture and utilization in dry-land crop systems using zero tillage, and 4. Apply management strategies for enhancement of soil chemical fertility, especially Nitrogen.

8 Activities undertaken: 2012/2013 Demonstration trial The demonstration plot is located at Sidi El Aydi Experimental station (31 15 N, 7 30 W). Demonstration plot Weather station Administratio Weather station

9 Activities undertaken: 2012/2013 Demonstration trial Plant material Three Durum wheat (T. turgidum, var durum ): cvs. Carioca, Marzak, and Vitrico Canola (Brassica napus L.): cv. Seven Lentil (Lens culinaris Med.): cv. Bakria Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): cv. Moubarak Vicia (Vicia sp): cv. Guich Sowing date 16 November 2012; Main plots (20 x 44m), conducted under zero-tillage and following typical agronomic management in the region. The design was a CRBD (3 replicates).

10 146 m ACLIMAS DEMONSTRATION TRIAL, SEA, 2012/ m 20 m 146 m Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3 Wheat 1 (Vetrico) Wheat 1 (Vitrico C.pea Moubarak) Lentil (Bakria) Canola (Seven) Wheat 2 (Marzak) Vicia (Guich) wheat 1 = vitrico wheat 2 = marzak wheat 3 = carioca vicia = guich c. pea = moubarak canola = seven lentil = bakria C.pea (Moubarak) Vicia (Guich) Canola (Seven) Lentil (Bakria) Wheat 3 (Carioca) Wheat 1 (Vitrico) Wheat 2 (Marzak) Wheat 1 (Vitrico) C.pea Moubarak) Wheat 3 (Carioca) Canola (Seven) Wheat 3 (Carioca) 1 m 20 m Vicia (Guich) Lentil (Bakria) Wheat 2 (Marzak) 44 m 7 m 44 m 7 m 44 m 7 Treatments x 3 Reps = 21 treatments

11 Grain Yield (g m -2 ) Grain Yield (g m -2 ) of all species used in the demonstration trial 600 Durum wheat Durum wheat genotypes presented higher yields than the alternative crop species.

12 SC corrected Grain Yield (g glucose m -2 ) -2 Grain Yield corrected by synthesis cost (SC) of biomass accumulated in grains (g glucose m -2 ) The computations are based on knowledge of the biochemical conversion processes that occur during growth, and biochemical composition of storage organs :1 line Real Grain Yield (g m -2 ) Sinclair, TR and de Wit, CT (1975). Science 189: Part of the difference in yield may be explained in terms of energy budget because The energy required to produce 1 g of wheat is less than producing 1 g of canola, or legume. But even with the correction, grain yield is higher in wheat than in the other crops.

13 Grain Weight, SC corrected (mg glu grain -1 ) Performance of Durum wheat vs. alternative crops Yield = Grain number x Grain weight 400 Carioca Grain Number (grains 10 3 m -2 ) Grain Yield corrected by synthesis cost of biomass accumulated in grains (g glucose m -2 ) vs. Grain Number m -2 for all genotypes and species analyzed. Marzak Vitrico Canola Lentil Chickpea Faba bean Ratio of D.Wheat vs. NUMBER GRAIN WEIGHT Canola Lentil Chickpea Faba Vicia sp bean Ratio between Durum wheat (mean of 3 varieties) and alternative crop species of Grain Number m -2 and Grain Weight (SC corrected, g glucose grain -1 ). Superior performance of Durum wheat vs. alternative crop species can be explained by a higher Grain Number m -2 when compared to food legumes, or a higher Grain Weight, when compared to canola.

14 Total Aboveground Biomass, SC corrected (g glu m -2 ) Harvest Index, SC corrected (g glu grain/g glu aboveground biomass) Performance of Durum wheat vs. alternative crops Yield = AG Biomass x HI TT from sowing (ºC d) Carioca Marzak Vitrico Canola Lentil Chickpea Vicia sp. Aboveground Biomass corrected by synthesis cost (g glucose m -2 ) vs. Thermal Time from sowing (Tb=0ºC) for all genotypes and species Harvest Index corrected by synthesis cost of biomass accumulated (g glucose in grains g glucose in total aboveground biomass -1 ) for all genotypes and species. Superior performance of Durum wheat vs. alternative crop species can be explained by a higher Total Aboveground Biomass at maturity, compared to all other all species, and by a higher Harvest Index when compared to chickpea and Vicia.

15 Leaf Area Index (m 2 m -2 ) Leaf Area Index vs. Thermal Time from sowing (Tb=0ºC) for all genotypes and species analyzed. Duration of crirical period for grain yield definition was plotted under figure Carioca Marzak Vitrico Canola Lentil Chickpea Vicia sp TT from sowing (ºC d) Leaf Area Index was consistently higher for wheat varieties during the whole crop cycle, and particularly during critical period for grain filling.

16 Summary Performance (i.e. grain yield) of Durum wheat was superior than that of others alternative crops like food legumes and canola. This differential performance could be explained in terms of a higher grain number m -2 (compared to food legumes) or a higher grain weight (compared to canola). Durum wheat produced a total aboveground biomass higher than any of other crop specie during the whole crop cycle, and presented a higher harvest index also (in comparison with chickpea and vicia). Leaf area index was higher in Durum wheat compared to others crop species.

17 146 m Demonstration trial (2013/2014) 146 m Rep 1 Rep 2 Rep 3 Wheat 1 (Vitrico) C.pea (Moubarak) Lentil (Bakria) 1 m 20 m Canola (Seven) C.pea (Moubarak) Wheat 2 (Marzak) Vicia (Guich) Vicia (Guich) Canola (Seven) Carioca Marzak Vitrico 1 m 20 m Lentil (Bakria) Wheat 2 (Marzak) Wheat 3 (Carioca) Vicia (Guich) Wheat 3 (Carioca) Wheat 1 (Vitrico) Canola (Seven) Lentil (Bakria) Wheat 1 (Vitrico) C.pea (Moubarak) Wheat 3 (Carioca) Wheat 2 (Marzak) Each main plot will be split in two sub-plots: N1: DAP N2: N added 44 m 7 m 44 m 7 m 44 m 3 durum wheat genotypes 7 rotations: Wheat/Wheat (3), Canola/Wheat, Chickpea/Wheat, Lentil/Wheat, and Vicia/Wheat. 2 Nitrogen Applications, All these treatments repeated 3 times

18 Monitoring soil water profiles PR2 Soil Moisture Profile Probe PR2/6 Monitor soil water profiles during the whole growing season. The PR2/6 soil moisture probe can monitor soil moisture to a depth of 100 cm. 14 access tubes will be installed to monitor soil moisture in each sub-plot (1 rep)

19 On-ground implementation of the best performing genotypes and management practices Site Nº Site Main Farmer name Other Farmers involved Surface (ha) Previous Crop previous Tillage system crops sown and area ( ) 1 Sidi Boumehdi Lekbir El Kamel 2 Sidi Mouhcine El Mohammed Hassani Ben Rahal 3 Souaka Zitouni Bayoud 4 Toualet Mohamed (Lahyout) Hatimi 5 Gdana Hamid Moufaoued 6 Oulad Said Toubane Barradi 7 Ain Nzagh Mohamed ben Zhour 50 4 Bread wheat Conventional 2 ha Durum wheat; 2 ha forage-mixture 30 3 Durum wheat, Under No Till (NT) 1 ha Durum wheat, 1 Canola; Forage for 1 year ha Canola, 1 ha Forage (Pea) crop 15 6 Bread wheat Conventional 2 ha Durum wheat, 3 ha canola, 1 ha forage 20 4 Durum wheat Conventional 2 ha Durum wheat, 2 ha canola 30 4 Fallow NT > 5 years 2 ha Durum wheat, 2 ha Chick Pea 10 4 Fallow NT 4 years 2 ha Durum wheat, 2 ha Chick Pea 10 7 Bread wheat NT 9 years 3 ha Durum wheat, 2 ha Canola, 2 ha forage 8 Tamadroust Said Lahrichi 20 7 wheat NT 2 years 4 ha Durum wheat, 3 ha Canola 9 Jemaa Riah Mustapha 10 4 Fallow Conventional 2 ha Durum wheat, 2 Aabid ha Canola 10 Oulad Said Mohamed 10 5 Cereal conventional 1 ha Durum wheat, 2 Rochdi ha Canola, 1 ha peas TOTAL

20 Physical and Chemical Soil characterization In all sites, soil profiles were physically and chemically characterized; Large variation exists among sites in soil depth, texture, organic matter etc..

21 On-farm implementation trials (Grain yield: kg/ha) Grain yield (Kg/ha) Carioca Tomouh Marzak Canola Sidi M. Ben Rahal Souaka Lahyout Gdana Oulad Said Tamadroust Jemaa Riah

22 On-farm implementation trials (Biomass yield: kg/ha) Biomass (kg/ha) Carioca Tomouh Marzak Canola Chickpea Mixture: Barley/Pea Sidi Boumehdi Sidi M. Ben Rahal Souaka Lahyout Gdana Ain Nzagh Tamadroust Jemaa Riah

23 2013/2014 On-farm implementation (Sidi M hammed Ben Rahal) Rotations: Mixture/Wheat; Wheat/wheat; and Canola/wheat Two nitrogen application (N1 and N2) in each sub-plot Total of 18 treatments

24 2013/2014 On-farm implementation (Lahyout) Rotations: Mixture/Wheat; Wheat/wheat; and Canola/wheat Two nitrogen application (N1 and N2) in each sub-plot Total of 18 treatments

25 2013/2014 On-farm implementation (Souaka) Rotations: Mixture/Wheat; Wheat/wheat; and Canola/wheat Two nitrogen application (N1 and N2) in each sub-plot Total of 18 treatments

26 2013/2014 On-farm implementation (Ain Nzagh) Rotations: Mixture/Wheat; Wheat/wheat; and Canola/wheat Two nitrogen application (N1 and N2) in each sub-plot Total of 18 treatments

27 2013/2014 On-farm implementation (Sidi Boumehdi) Rotations: Mixture/Wheat; and Wheat/wheat Two nitrogen application (N1 and N2) in each sub-plot Total of 12 treatments

28 2013/2014 On-farm implementation (Gdana) Rotations: Chickpea/Wheat; and Wheat/wheat Two nitrogen application (N1 and N2) in each sub-plot Total of 12 treatments

29 2013/2014 On-farm implementation (Oulad Said) Rotations: Mixture/Wheat; Wheat/wheat; and Chickpea/wheat Two nitrogen application (N1 and N2) in each sub-plot Total of 18 treatments

30 Field day: 1 Sidi Boumehdi Date: January 29, 2013 participants: 08 scientists from INRA 49 participants (farmers, extension services, Ministry of agriculture departments, NGO s etc.. Main subject: The importance of weed control under zero tillage

31 Leaflet Field day: Sidi Boumehdi A leaflet about the field day was printed and widely disseminated

32 Field day: 2 Sidi M hammed Ben Rahal Date: February 12, scientists from INRA 60 participants (farmers, extension services, Ministry of agriculture departments, NGO s etc.. Subject: The importation of crop Rotation in conservation agriculture

33 Leaflet Field day: Sidi M hammed Benrahal A leaflet about the field day was printed and widely disseminated

34 Poster Congress of Spanish Plant Physiology Society, Lisboa, July 2013

35 Publication in a news paper: Agriculture du Maghreb N 66, March 2013

36 Training course for technicians Aim: Date: February 2013 Duration: 3 days Number of participants: 19 technicians Lecturers: 4 scientists from INRA and 1 from AGENDA Train local technicians, with the participation of local stakeholders on the application of proposed management practices under no tillage system. Target group: Technicians from different directorates of the ministry of agriculture with the participation of some farmers. Course content: 1. The problematic of Moroccan agriculture. 2. Environmental characterization: tools and techniques. 3. Introduction to conservation agriculture. 4. Soil physical and chemical properties. 5. Mechanization and conservation agriculture. 6. Technical packages under conservation agriculture. 7. Environmental services of conservation agriculture 8. Field trip: on hands on experience in implementation trials.

37 Train local farmers on the application of the proposed management practices Training activity Objective participants 1. Hands on no till drill - Drill setting, adjustment, calibration and farmers and Tractor drivers maintenance. and entrepreneurs 2. Information on climate change, its impact on agriculture in dry-land area and agricultural practices to increase WUE - Involvement of farmers on the project; - Understanding of the new challenges facing agriculture; - Learning on how to adapt the conventional farming ; - To the new agro-ecological conditions. Famers, developers 3. Decisions making tools for crop management and monitoring - Understand and use the new tools for crop management ; - Learn on how to monitor some crop parameter such as fertilizer deficiencies, weed and disease infestation; - effect of crop residue and rotation on yield Stakeholders, researcher Technician and farmers 4. Conservation agriculture principles for sustainable production system - Methods of increasing water productivity and economic profitability; - Long term effect on soil quality and its impact on production; Developers and farmers

38 2013/2014 Disseminate the results of the action Brochure 1 : Best farmer s practice in limited rainfall area Soil sampling and interpretation of soil analysis; Importance of crop rotation; Choice of the appropriate genotype; Date and rate of seeding; Fertilisation; Weed management; Disease control; Brochure 2: Durum wheat quality Appreciation of durum wheat quality Factors affecting Wheat quality Added value of durum wheat products

39 Thank you for your attention