"Production of straw and other agricultural

Transcription

1 "Production of straw and other agricultural residues in Republic of Macedonia and possibilities for use as bio fuel". Ordan Cukaliev, Ph.D., Faculty for Agricultural Sciences and Food- Skopje Workshop "Cereals straw and agricultural residues for bioenergy in New Member States and Candidate Countries", 2-3 October 2007, Novi Sad, Serbia Republic of Macedonia general data Total area 25,713 km2 Population 2 million Precipitation 609 mm/year Runoff coeff Catchments: Aegean (Vardar r. and tributaries) 22,319 km2 Adriatic (C. Drim & Ohrid, Prespa) 3,350 km2 Black Sea (Strumica) 44 km2

2 Republic of Macedonia -Releif structure The Republic of Macedonia is a mountainous country with many lowlands. The average altitude of the whole territory is 850 meters. According to the Spatial Plan of the Country, 1.9% of the territory is covered by water (lakes), 19.1% are Plains and valleys, and the biggest part of 79% are hills and mountains. Plains and valleys in Macedonia occupies a total area of 4,900 km 2 scattered throughout the country. Hypsometric characteristics of Macedonia Level of elevation Area km 2 % Up to 200 m m m m m Over 2000 m Total m

3 Climate Key Climatic Indicators at Major Meteorological Stations River Basin Station Rainfall Temp. Wind Sunshine Cloudiness Air Humidity (mm/year) ( C) (m/sec) (hours/day) (0-10) Vardar Gevgelija Treska Sol.Glava Pchinja K.Palanka Bregalnica Shtip Crna Prilep Crn Drim Ohrid Strumica Strumica Average temperatures

4 Precipitation Agroecological Indices.

5 Agroecological Indices. Macedonian Agriculture Macedonian Agriculture is accounted for 13-15% of the GDP (only in production sector) Annual trade exchange of agricultural products is over 500 mil. US$ Irrigated Land is hectares ( ha eff.) Labor force in Agriculture 23-25% Arable land: ha (80%private property, 20% former combinats)

6 Agriculture Land Use Land use Arable crop land Irrigated Rainfed Pasture Forest and woodland Other land (ha) 612,200 60, , , , , (ha) 634,297 31, , , , ,349 Use of arable land Year Arable land and gardens Sown Area total cereals industrial crops vegetable crops fodder crops Nurseries Fallow and uncultivated

7 Use of fertilizers and agro chemicals Year Irrigated area in ha Use of fertilizers in t Use of Agrochemicals in t fertilizer use kg/ha Agrochemical use kg/ha ,45 0, ,26 0, ,36 0, ,70 0, ,73 0, ,97 0,52 Cereal Production in ha wheat rye barley oats maize rice total Average

8 Yield of Cereals in kg/ha 2000 wheat rye barley oats maize rice Averag Conversion factors grain: straw Engel R., Long F., Carlson G., Wallander R. (2005) Estimating Straw Production of Spring and Winter Wheat, Fertilizers Facts, No 33, Montana Extension Service, Bozeman Spring wheat 1,33 Winter wheat 1,64 James A. Duke Handbook of Energy Crops. unpublished. Rice 2 wheat is 1.23 barley is 1.45 oats is 1.16 rye is 0.70 other cereals are 1.10

9 Conversion factors grain: straw Edwards R.A.H., Suri M., Huld M.A., Dallemand J.F., (2005) GIS-Based Assessment of Cereals Straw Energy Resource in the European Union, Proceedings of the 14th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate protection, October 2005, Paris Winter wheat and barley straw=grain*0,769-0,129*arctan((grain-6,7)/1,5) for Macedonian yield ratio grain:straw is 1,21 for barley fits in low yield, high straw ratio end of the curve for Macedonia result is 1,19 this relation gives grain straw ratio from 1,06 to 1,61 (increase with yield increasing Conversion factors grain: straw Ratio biological yield : grain yield (own results) Winter wheat 3,00 3,21 (depend on fertilizer rate)

10 Straw production in Macedonia wheat rye barley oats rice total area yield t/ha 2,671 1,773 2,427 1,349 4,908 grain:straw ratio 1,21 0,70 1,20 1,16 2,00 straw yield in t/ha 3,23 1,24 2,91 1,56 9,82 grain production in t straw production in t Straw production in Macedonia Straw production in Republic of Macedonia is t, majority from: winter wheat 66,6% and barley 26,7%

11 Straw use in Macedonia Straw is most common bedding material for cattle production in the country. Number of cattle is (2005) Average use of straw for bedding is 1-2 t/head Average straw used for bedding (1,5 t/head) is t Surplus of straw is t Straw can be valuable energy source in the country Vine grape production in ha Year Average Total wine area in ha

12 Biomass from vine grape production Average grape yard area is ha According Ilic, M, Grubor B., Tesic M., (2004) The state of biomass Energy in Serbia, Thermal Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp 5-19 pruning residues of grape vine are 4-8 t/ha. Using average 6 t/ha pruning residues from grape yards are (almost equal as straw surplus) This biomass is almost not used Fruit production number of trees in 000 Apples Pears Plums Cheries Sour cheries Apricots Peaches Average

13 Biomass from fruit production According Ilic, M, Grubor B., Tesic M., (2004) The state of biomass Energy in Serbia, Thermal Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp 5-19 Pruning residues in fruit trees vary from 1 kg/tree for some apple varieties up to 7 kg/tree for some plums and peaches Similar coefficient are used in calculation of bomas production fro orchards (next slide) Biomass production from orchards Apple Pear Plum Cherrie Sour cherrie Apricot Peach Total No. trees kg/tree Biomass production in t , ,

14 Biomass production from orchards Apple Pear Plum Cherrie Sour cherrie Apricot Peach Total No. trees kg/tree Biomass production in t , , "Production of straw and other agricultural residues in Republic of Macedonia and possibilities for use as bio fuel". Thank You Workshop "Cereals straw and agricultural residues for bioenergy in New Member States and Candidate Countries", 2-3 October 2007, Novi Sad, Serbia