Effect of Integrated nutrient management (INM) on soil properties, yield and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

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1 2017 RELS ISSN: Res. Environ. Life Sci. 10(7) (2017) on soil properties, yield and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) Abhishek Tiwari, Ankit Tiwari*, N.B. Singh and Arvind Kumar Department of Agronomy, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad , India * (Received: October 04, 2016; Revised received: February 26, 2017; Accepted: March 03, 2017) Abstract: An investigation was conducted in kharif season of 2013 to access the impact of INM on soil properties and Economics of the rice yield. The experiment was laid out in Randomized block design (RBD) with 12 treatment combinations viz. :N 0 P 0, :25% recommended NPK through fertilizer, :50% recommended NPK through fertilizer, :75% recommended NPK through fertilizer, :100% recommended NPK through fertilizer, :50% recommended NPK through fertilizer+50% N (FYM), :75% recommended NPK through fertilizer+25% (FYM), :75% recommended NPK through fertilizer+50% (Wheat cut straw), :75% recommended NPK through fertilizer+25 per cent of N (Wheat cut straw), 0 :50% recommended NPK through fertilizer+25% N through Sesbania green manuring, 1 :75% recommended NPK through fertilizer+25% N through Sesbania green manuring, 2 :Farmers practice N 90 P 30 with three replications. The treatment :R50%+50%FYM was found significantly superior over control and other rest of the treatments in about all aspects of yield and yield attributes. Treatment :R50%+50%FYM was best with total NPK uptake i.e., (124.0), (37.3) & (133.6) respectively and also best with soil EC (0.27) & OC (0.47), maximum gross return (Rs. 92,093), maximum net return (Rs. 66,420) & maximum Benefit cost ratio B:C (2.59) along with all parameters of yield and yield attributes i.e, panicles per m 2 (345.2), largest panicle (28.9 cm), maximum number of grain per panicle (156.1), highest test weight (24.2), maximum grain (5459 kg/ha) & straw (7042 kg/ha) yield. Key words: INM, Rice, Soil properties, Yield, Economics Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important cereal crop of India occupying million ha contributing to 30% of the total cultivated area of the country. It is an aquatic grass belongs to the genus Oryza and family Poaceae. However, modern chemical based agriculture practices have led to several new challenges, viz., declining productivity, degradation of soil and water resources, diminishing biodiversity and increase in environmental pollution. Under such situation organic nutrient management has significant role in improving productivity of crop and soil fertility. Integrated nutrient management of fertilizers and organic manures, therefore, is one of the viable options for sustaining soil health visà- vis crop productivity (Bajpai et al., 2006). Continuous use of only chemical fertilizers in rice-wheat cropping system resulted in the decline in the yield potential of the crops of this cropping system and also deteriorated physico- chemical properties of soil. Recent diagnostic survey indicates that in many intensively cultivated areas, farmers have resorted to use of greater than the recommended dose of fertilizer, particularly nitrogen to maintain crop productivity (Dwivedi et al., 2001). Use of organic manure, green manuring, crop residues along with inorganic fertilizer not only reduces the demand of inorganic fertilizer but also increases the efficiency of applied nutrients due to their favourable effect on physical, chemical and biological properties of soil (Prasad et al., 1992). Thus integrated approach of nutrient supplied by chemical fertilizer along manure is governing importance especially in rice based cropping system. Further, considerable improvement in grain quantity and quality of rice has been observed under integration use of organic and inorganic fertilizer as compare to recommend dose of fertilizer (RDF) applied with inorganic fertilizer. Keeping all above facts in view the present study was undertaken to access the impact of integrated nutrient management on soil properties and to work out the economics of rice yield. Method and Materials The present investigation was under taken during kharif 2013 at the Agronomy Research Farm of Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad. The experimental site falls under subtropical climate in Indo-Gangetic plains having alluvial calcareous soil and lies between 26 47' North latitude and 82 12' East longitude at an altitude of 113 m from mean sea level. The region receives annual rainfall ranging from mm and 90 per cent of which is received in Mid-June to end Research in Environment and Life Sciences 640

2 of September. The soil of the experimental field was silt loam, having ph 8.8, organic carbon 0.37, available N, P and K 102 kg ha -1, 13.8 kg ha -1 and 355 kg ha -1 respectively. The transplanting was done on 14 th July, 2013 using 20 days old seedlings of rice cultivar Sarjoo-52 at the spacing of 20x10 cm using 2-3 seedlings per hill. There were twelve treatment combinations as detailed below: : N 0 P 0, : 25 per cent of recommended NPK through fertilizer, : 50 per cent of recommended NPK through fertilizer, : 75 per cent of recommended NPK through fertilizer, : 100 per cent of recommended NPK through fertilizer, : 50 per cent of recommended NPK through fertilizer + 50 per cent N through FYM, : 75 per cent of recommended NPK through fertilizer + 25 per cent through FYM, : 75 per cent of recommended NPK through fertilizer + 50 per cent through wheat cut straw (WCS), : 75 per cent of recommended NPK through fertilizer + 25 per cent of N through wheat cut straw (WCS), 0 : 50 per cent of recommended NPK through fertilizer + 25 per cent of N through Sesbania green manuring, 1 : 75 per cent of recommended NPK through fertilizer + 25% of N through Sesbania green manuring, 2 : Farmers practice N 90 P 30. The recommended dose of fertilizer for 100% was 120 kg N, 60 kg P 2 O 5 and 60 kg K 2 O ha -1. The panicles were counted in the 0.25 m 2 randomly selected from spots from each plot, and its total values were taken for panicle per m 2. Total grains were counted from the same threshed panicles used for counting spikelets per panicle grains were counted from the grain samples drawn from each net plot grain yield. The weight of these counted grains was recorded as test weight. Threshed grains were separated out manually and grains were sun dried to moisture of 14% before recording their weight. Straw yield was recorded by subtracting the weight of grains from the weight of each net plot. Harvest index of each plot was calculated with the help of following formula: Harvest index (%) = Grain yield (q/ha) x 100 Total biological yield (q/ha) Electrical conductivity was determined with the help of EC meter in 1:2.5 soil water suspensions as described by Jackson (1973). Organic carbon was determined with the help Walkley and Black s rapid titration method as advocated by Walkley and Black s (1934). The available nitrogen content in soil samples was determined by alkaline permanganate method as described by Subbiah and Asija (1956). The available phosphorus in soil determined by Olsen s method as per procedure described by Olsen s et al. (1954). The available potassium in soil was determined by Morgan s method as advocated by Jackson (1973). Results and Discussion Yield and yield attributes: The yield attribute data are presented in Table 1 which clearly shows that the Treatment (50%RDF+50%FYM) was the best treatment amongst all of rest treatments. Integrated nutrient management (INM) treatments were found significantly superior over control as well as all other treatment combinations at harvest. Treatment (50%RDF+50%FYM) was best in all aspects of yield attributes viz., panicles per m 2, panicle length, grains per panicle, test weight (g), grain & straw yield. Treatment (50%RDF+50%FYM) produced maximum number of panicles per m 2 which was at par with Treatment 0 (50%RDF+50%GM) followed by (75%RDF+25%FYM) and (R100%). The maximum number of panicles per m 2 (345.2) was observed in (50%RDF+50%FYM) which was at par with 0 (332.8) followed by (329.3) and (324.6). The valuable effect of organic compost on yield and yield attributes could be ascribed to the fact that after complete decomposition and mineralization, the manures supplied available straight to the plants and also had solubilizing effect on fixed forms of nutrients in soil. Similar results were also found by Gupta and Sharma (2010) and Singh (2006). The length of panicles and grains per panicle were found maximum in (50%RDF+50%FYM) which was at par with 0 (50%RDF+50%GM) followed by (75%RDF+25%FYM) and 1 (75%RDF+25%GM). The maximum length of panicles per m 2 (28.9) was found in which was significantly at par with 0 (27.9) followed by (27.6) and 1 (27.0). Same trend were also noticed in case of grains per panicle. The maximum grains per panicle were found with (156.1) which was at par with 0 (150.5) followed by (148.9) and 1 (145.5). The maximum test weight was recorded in (50%RDF+50%FYM) i.e which was at par with 0 (50%RDF+50%GM) (24.10) followed by (R100%) (23.85) and 1 (23.40). Grain and straw yield of rice was found increased with increasing doses of nutrients (NPK) up to 100% RDF applied either through inorganic fertilizer or with integration of organic sources. The maximum rice grain yield (54.59 q ha -1 ) and straw yield (70.42 q ha -1 ) was obtained in (R50%+50% FYM) which was significantly at par with 0 (50%RDF+50%GM) followed by (R75%+25%FYM). Grain and straw yield were obtained better with inorganic fertilizer and combination of organic manures in comparison with different NPK levels applied alone might be improved physical condition of soil thereby improving the efficiency in utilization of native as well as applied nutrients. FYM acts as a store-house for macro and micro nutrients both which may enhanced the metabolic process vis-à-vis enlarged source and sink capacity ultimately increased the grain and straw yields. The results are in agreement with those of the finding of Sowmya et al. (2011), Singh et al. (2011) and Majumdar et al. (2007), who have reported for sustained production in a rice-wheat cropping system, integrated nutrient management involving both organic manures/ residue and chemical fertilizers. Nutrient uptake: N, P, and K uptake by rice was significantly increased when level of nutrients (NPK) increased up to 100% RDF (120:60:60kg NPK ha -1 ) using fertilizer alone or combination with organic manures (FYM, WCS and Sesbania green manure). The maximum uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was observed with (R50%+50% FYM) followed by and 1 (Table 2). The application of green manuring and FYM along with chemical fertilizers was found better as compared to wheat cut straw. It might be due to optimum supply of nutrients either through inorganic Research in Environment and Life Sciences 641

3 Table-1: Impact of INM on yield attributes, grain, straw yield and harvest index of rice Treatments Panicles Panicle Grains/ Test Grain yield Straw yield Harvest (m 2 ) length (cm) panicle wt. (g) (kg ha -1 ) (kg ha -1 ) index (%) :Control :R25% :R50% :R75% :R100% :R50%+50%FYM :R75%+25%FYM :R50%+50%WCS :R75%+25%WCS :R50%+50%GM :R75%+25%GM :Farmers practice SEm± CD at 5 % NS Table-2: Effect of INM on Nitrogen, Phosphorus & Potassium uptake (kgha -1 ) in rice crop Treatments N Uptake N uptake Total P uptake P uptake Total K Uptake K uptake Total in Grain in Straw uptake grain in straw uptake in Grain in Straw uptake :Control :R25% :R50% :R75% :R100% :R50%+50%FYM :R75%+25%FYM :R50%+50%WCS :R75%+25%WCS :R50%+50%GM :R75%+25%GM :Farmers practice SEm± CD at 5 % Table-3: Economics of different treatments and INM effect on EC, OC and available N, P & K in soil Economics Available Nutrients (kgha -1 ) Treatments Cost of Gross Net B:C EC OC N P K cultivation Return Return :Control :R25% :R50% :R75% :R100% :R50%+50%FYM :R75%+25%FYM :R50%+50%WCS :R75%+25%WCS :R50%+50%GM :R75%+25%GM :Farmers practice SEm± CD at 5% NS Research in Environment and Life Sciences 642

4 fertilizers or with integrated approach resulted in better growth of roots which extracted higher amount of nutrients from soil resulting in higher uptake of nutrients grain and straw yields. The highest N, P and K uptake by grain and straw was recorded in (R50%+50% FYM) through inorganic & organic fertilizer, which was significantly superior over rest of the treatments and at par with 1 (138.8) followed by 0 (135.2) because both organic and inorganic methods of fertilizers were given in the treatment so chemical fertilizer had comparatively faster release of nutrients and after decomposition organic fetilizers were also available straight to the plants which results in higher grain and straw yields and thus have excessive uptake of nutrients. Similar results were also reported by Banik et al., (2006) in respect of nutrient uptake. Economics: The maximum gross (Rs.92,093 ha -1 ) and net returns (Rs. 66,420 ha -1 ) and the lowest cost of cultivation (Rs. 25,653 ha - 1 ) were recorded under. The benefit-cost ratio (B:C) was also found highest in (2.59) (Table 3). Maximum cost of cultivation Rs ha -1 was recorded in (100% RDF) against lowest cost of cultivation of Rs ha -1 under control treatment. Gross income increased with increase in NPK up to 100% RDF. Maximum gross income of Rs ha -1 was recorded under (R50%+50%FYM) followed by 0 (R50%+50%GM) and (100% RDF) (Rs and ha -1 ), respectively. Maximum net return (Rs ha -1 ) was noticed in (R50%+50%FYM) followed by (Rs ha 1 ) and minimum under the control (Rs 3059 ha -1 ). Highest benefit cost ratio (B:C) of 2.59 was observed in (R50%+50%FYM) followed by 0 (2.40) and 1 (2.12) and minimum under the control (0.13). Soil fertility: There was significant improvement in organic carbon if integrated nutrient system or balanced fertilization with optimum doses was adapted. Continuous application of chemical fertilizers alone reduced the organic carbon content in the soil over its initial content. Significant build-up was observed in all those treatments where chemical fertilizer was applied along with organic manure such as FYM, Sesbania green manure and wheat cut straw. The maximum reduction was noticed in control plot (receiving neither chemical fertilizer nor organic manure) while maximum build- up was measured in receiving (R50%+50%FYM) (Table 3). The improved organic matter content of soil by the Treatment (combination of chemical fertilizers and organic manure) may be due to build-up of organic matters through application of organic manures. The soil organic matter increases the fertility of soil by improving its properties. The results are in line with those Gupta and Sharma (2010), Sepehya et al. (2012), Das et al. (2014), Kumar et al. (2012). Application of manures along with inorganic fertilizer reduced the soil EC substantially as compared to the application of inorganic fertilizer alone (Table 3). Availability of nitrogen increased with the increasing doses of nutrient from 0-100% RDF applied through fertilizer alone as well as in combination with organic sources. Available phosphorus in soil was increased at harvest might be due to increase in the level of NPK up to 100% RDF either applied alone or in combination with organic manures. Maximum available phosphorus in soil at harvest was recorded in (Table 3) might be increase in solubility of nutrients due to production of organic acids during decomposition of organic manures under integrated nutrient supply system. FYM and Sesbania green manuring were more effective in increasing availability of P in soil as compared to Wheat cut straw (WCS) mainly due to higher availability of organic phosphorus present in FYM and Sesbania after its mineralization. Similar findings were also reported by Sowmya et al. (2011), Sepehya et al. (2012). There was reduction in K availability in soil with continuous cropping from 355 kg ha -1 to 215 kg ha -1 after completion of 27 cycles under unfertilized plots, the reduction was minimum with integrated nutrient management and maximum with control. Reduction of available potassium in soil was minimum either increase in the level of nutrients (NPK) up to 100% RDF through fertilizer alone or in combination with organic manures (FYM, WCS and Sesbania green manure) after crop harvest. However, use of improved organic amendments such as FYM, wheat cut straw, green manures (Sesbania) along with the inorganic fertilizer boost up the fertility of soil and also increases the yield of the rice. An organic amendment also improves the physical, chemical and biological properties and health of soil as well. References Anonymous: Annual Progress Report AICRIP 2001, Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad, 3: (2001). Bajpai, R.K.; Upadhyay, S.K.; Joshi and Tripathi, R.S.: Productivity and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.)- wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping under integrated nutrient supply system. Indian J. Agronomy, 47: (2002). Bajpai, R.K., Chitale, S., Upadhyay, S.K. and Urkurkar, J.S.: Long-term studies on soil physico-chemical properties and productivity of rice - wheat system as influenced by integrated nutrient management in Inceptisols of Chhattisgarh. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 54: (2006). Banik, P., Ghosal, P.K., Sasmal, T.K., Bhattacharya, S., Sarkar, B.K. and Bagchi, D.K.: Effect of organic and inorganic nutrients for soil quality conservation and yield of rainfed low land rice in sub-tropical plateau region. J. of Agronomy and Crop Sci., 192: (2006). Das, B., Chakraborty, D., Singh, V.K. Aggarwal, P., Singh, R., Dwivedi, B. S. and Mishra, R. P.: Effect of integrated nutrient management practice on soil aggregate properties, its stability and aggregate-associated carbon content in an intensive rice-wheat system. Soil & Tillage Research, 136: 9-18 (2014). Dey, J.K.: Integrated nutrient management in ahu rice in hill zone of Assam. Journal of Agriculture Soil Science Society of north east India, 13: (2000). Dutta, M. and Chauhan, B.S.: Effect of nutrient management practice on the performance of upland rice in a newly developed terraced land. Indian Agriculture, 54: (2010). Dwivedi, B.S., Shukla, A.K., Singh, K. and Yadav, R.L.: Results of PDCD based trails from the state of Uttar Pradesh. In Development of farmers Resources based Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply System: Experience of an FAO-ICAR-IFFCO Collaborative Project and AICRP on STCR (Subba Rao, A, and Srivastava, S. Eds.).pp , Indian Institute of soil science, Bhopal, India (2001). Gupta, V. and Sharma R.S.: Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and nutrients uptake based cropping, conducted at Jabalpur (M.P.). Research on Crops, 11: (2010). Research in Environment and Life Sciences 643

5 Jackson, M.L.: Soil chemical analysis, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (1973). Jaybala, A.; Polaniappan, S.K. and Chellah, S.: Evaluation of integrated nutrient management techniques in rice. 36: (1999). Krishna, A.; Biradarpatil, N.K. and Channappayoundar, B.B.: Influence of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) cultivation on seed yield and quality. Karnataka J. Agril. Sci., 21: (2008). Kumar, V., Tripathi, H. C. and Mishra, S. K.: Impact of integrated nutrient management on yield, economics and soil fertility in hybrid rice (Oryza sativa) - mustard (Brassica juncea) cropping system. New Agriculturist, 23: (2012). Majumdar, B.; Venkateshi, M.S. and Saha, R.: Effect of nitrogen FYM and non-symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria on yield, nutrient uptake and soil fertility in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.). Indian J. Agri. Sci., 77: (2007). Murthy, R.K.: Productivity and economics of rainfed rice as influenced by integrated nutrient management. Madras Agricultural Journal, 99: (2012). Olsen, S.R., Cok, C.V., Watanable, P.S. and Dean, L.A.: Estimation of available phosphorus in soil by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S.D.A. Circular, 34: 939 (1954). Panda, S.C.; Patro, H.; Panda, P.C. and Reddy, G.M.V.: Effect of integrated nitrogen management on rice yield and physico chemical properties of soil. Crop Research (Hisar), 18: (1999). Prasad, R., Sharma, S.N., Singh, S. and Lakshmanan, R.: Agronomic Practices for increasing nitrogen use efficiency and sustained crop production. In: Abstracts of National symposium for Resource Management for sustained production,25-28 Feb. Indian Society of Agronomy, Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner, p. 8 (1992). Sengar, S.S.; Wade, L.J.; Baghel, S.S.; Singh, R.K. and Singh, G.: Effect of Integrated nutrient management on rice (Oryza sativa L.) in miffed lowland of South East Madhya Pradesh. In. J. Agron., 45: (2000). Sepehya, S., Subehia, S.K. Rana, S.S. and Negi, S.C.: Effect of integrated nutrient management on rice-wheat yield and soil properties in a north western Himalayan region Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 40: (2012). Singh, A. and Awasti, R.P.: Organic and inorganic sources fertilizer for sustained productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) wheat (Tritium aestivum) sequence on humid hill soils of Sikkim. Indian J. Agronomy, 41: (1998). Research in Environment and Life Sciences 644