Resistance. Why should I care? Oliver T. Neher

Transcription

1 Resistance Why should I care? Oliver T. Neher oneher@amalsugar.com

2 Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org W. Billen, Pflanzenbeschaustelle, Weil am Rhein, Bugwood.org Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org Jim Baker, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org Frank Peairs, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org David Cappaert, Bugwood.org

3 Insecticide Resistance Western flower thrips Affects many crops Transmits important virus species (e.g.tswv) KNOWN RESISTANCE Carbamates (1A) Organophosphates (1B) Cyclodiene organochlorines (2A) Phenylpyrazoles (2B) Pyrethroids (3A) Neonicotinoids (4A) Spinosyns (5) Avermectins- Milbemycins (6)

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5 Fungicide Resistance Cercospora beticola (Cercospora leaf spot) Affects sugar beet leaves KNOWN RESISTANCE Methyl benzimidazole carbamates (1) QoI fungicides (11) Organo tin compounds (30) DMI fungicides

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7 Herbicide Resistance Kochia scoparia (Kochia) KNOWN RESISTANCE EPSP synthase inhibitors Photosystem II inhibitors Synthetic Auxins ALS inhibitors

8 Herbicide Resistant Species over Time

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10 Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) Causes life-threatening diarrhea 250,000 infections/year 14,000 deaths/year $ 1,000,000,000 in excess medical costs/year

11 Resistance Why should I care?

12 Discovery and Development Costs of a New Crop Protection Product $$ Funding $$ Research Development Registration Time

13 Discovery and Development Costs of a New Crop Protection Product 1995 Category Sub Category Cost ($m.) Research Chemistry 32 Biology 30 Toxicology/Environ. Chemistry 10 Total 72 Development Chemistry 18 Field Trials 18 Toxicology 18 Environ. Chemistry 13 Total 67 Registration 13 Total 152 P. McDougall, The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development and Registration in 1995, 2000, and 2010 to R&D expenditure in 2014 and expectations for A Consultancy Study for CropLife International, CropLife America and the European Crop Protection Association March 2016

14 Discovery and Development Costs of a New Crop Protection Product Category Sub Category Cost ($m.) Cost ($m.) Research Chemistry Biology Toxicology/Environ. Chemistry Total Development Chemistry Field Trials Toxicology Environ. Chemistry Total Registration Total P. McDougall, The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development and Registration in 1995, 2000, and 2010 to R&D expenditure in 2014 and expectations for A Consultancy Study for CropLife International, CropLife America and the European Crop Protection Association March 2016

15 Discovery and Development Costs of a New Crop Protection Product Category Sub Category Cost ($m.) Cost ($m.) Cost ($m.) Research Chemistry Biology Toxicology/Environ. Chemistry Total Development Chemistry Field Trials Toxicology Environ. Chemistry Total Registration Total P. McDougall, The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development and Registration in 1995, 2000, and 2010 to R&D expenditure in 2014 and expectations for A Consultancy Study for CropLife International, CropLife America and the European Crop Protection Association March 2016

16 Crop Protection Product Discovery and Development Lead Time Number of years between the first synthesis and the first sale of the product The observed increase could be related to greater complexity in data requirements for the registration process and to the process itself P. McDougall, The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development and Registration in 1995, 2000, and 2010 to R&D expenditure in 2014 and expectations for A Consultancy Study for CropLife International, CropLife America and the European Crop Protection Association March 2016

17 Number of Products Processed leading to a Successful Product Launch Research 52, , , ,574 Development Registration Rate of developing resistance is potentially higher than the development of new products P. McDougall, The Cost of New Agrochemical Product Discovery, Development and Registration in 1995, 2000, and 2010 to R&D expenditure in 2014 and expectations for A Consultancy Study for CropLife International, CropLife America and the European Crop Protection Association March 2016

18 How to prevent resistance? 1. Understand how resistance develops 2. Resistance management 3. Learn from past mistakes

19 Resistance Development is most likely linked to genetic mutation Mutation can be single or multi gene Single gene mutations to site specific pesticides are more likely to occur

20 Susceptible weed Resistant weed Modified source: J.L. Gunsolus

21 Risk of resistance Pesticide - Mode of action Single target site vs. multiple target sites Secondary modes of action (e.g. burn down..) Tank mixes increased risk reduced risk

22 Pathogens / Pests Risk of resistance Monocyclic / polycyclic one or many populations per season Ability to produce resistant mutants/offsprings with fitness (able to survive and reproduce) Genetic recombination - exchange of genetic material, influx of out-of-area strains increased risk reduced risk

23 Resistance management Basis of good management practices Detection Chemical Diversity Good Stewardship

24 Resistance management Detection and monitoring Observing escapes Weed patches occur year after year and are spreading Different weed species are managed but one survives Pests survive applications Observing loss of efficacy Source: BayerCropSciences

25 Resistance management Detection and monitoring Assessing loss of efficacy between applications Collect resistant weed plants and/or seeds or Collect diseased plant parts with pathogen Contact your local extension specialist or consultant Bio-assays for herbicides Plate assay for fungicides

26 Assessing loss of efficacy Herbicide dose response Resistant kochia plants after 28 days being sprayed with 12 different doses of dicamba (lb/ac)

27 Resistance management Chemical diversity Mode of action Trade names and chemistries might be different but target site might be in common Source: BayerCropSciences

28 Resistance management Common name Trade name Chemical class Mode of action Trifloxistrobin Gem 500 Oximino-acetates QoI-fungicide (Quinone outside Pyraclostrobin Headline SC Methoxy-carbamates inhibitor) Source: BayerCropSciences

29 Resistance management Chemical diversity Frac code

30 Frac code Be careful with pesticides consisting of two or more compounds Different chemical, same mode of action

31 Resistance management Chemical diversity Frac Fungicide Resistance Action Committee IRAC Insecticide Resistance Action Committee HRAC Herbicide Resistance Action Committee

32 Resistance management Chemical diversity Consider crop rotation Many crops have chemicals that act on the same MoA ( Headline) Herbicide resistant crops increase the use of a single MoA Use of single MoA increases chance of resistant weeds

33 Resistance management Companion/partner compounds Avoid applying a chemical as standalone product Always include either tank mixes or part of a pesticide rotation

34 Resistance management Companion/partner compounds Companion compounds will reduce selection pressure and potentially take out resistant organisms

35 Resistance management Companion/partner compounds Older, multi-side compounds with low risk for resistance Unrelated single-side compounds Pre-packed mixtures Reduces the risk for resistance Broader control spectrum Enhanced duration of protection

36 Resistance management Good stewardship Apply only when strictly necessary Restrict number of at risk treatments per season Replace chemicals with cultural practices / sanitation Avoid unnecessary or cosmetic applications Use soil applied, pre-plant/pre-emergence herbicides Use protective fungicides (multi-side) Avoid eradicative use

37 Resistance management Good stewardship Maintain recommended dose Reduced doses can enhance the development of resistance ~ 10 % 1x FRAC 3 (Triazole includes Headline) ~30 % 0.5x 0.25x Leaf blotch of wheat (Septoria tritici) 1x, 0.5x, 0.25x of Epoxiconazole

38 Resistance management Good stewardship Application timing Apply pesticides at the right developmental stage of the pest

39 Resistance management Good stewardship Application timing Scouting & monitoring

40 Resistance management Good stewardship Coverage & spray volume Use sufficient carrier to guarantee good coverage Excellent coverage for contact or protective pesticides is a MUST Systemic products are more forgiving Calibrate equipment

41 Thank you.. October 1951, application of sulfur