Opportunities and Challenges in Soybean Production

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1 Opportunities and Challenges in Soybean Production Hans Kandel, NDSU Extension Agronomist Why Not Higher Soybean Yields? (compared to corn) Soybean has ~50 percent higher energy content per lb of seed and is 7% heavier per bushels than corn It has photorespiration, losing up to 1/3 rd of photosynthesis to this useless process Practical Yield Physiology Starting to fill seeds slightly earlier or extending seed filling slightly longer can increase yields greatly 34.5 bushel 2014 Disease Herbicide tolerance 1

2 Un-adapted variety For example, when a variety adapted to a southern latitude (shorter days and longer nights) is grown further north, the longer day lengths and cooler night temperatures cause it to remain growing vegetatively longer, resulting in an excessively tall plant. Soybean respond to: Day length -----(increasing length of night) Heat Units Interaction between the two Moving Early Variety South A variety adapted to a northern latitude, when grown further south under shorter day lengths and warmer nights, will cease vegetative growth earlier than normal, resulting in smaller plants and reduced yields. Photoperiod sensitive Each variety depends on a critical period of darkness to change from the vegetative to the reproductive stage. Variety Selection Soybean respond to changing day length, so the actual calendar date of maturity achievement is affected by latitude. Each variety has a narrow range of northsouth adaptation. ratings are 000, 00, 0, 1, 2, etc followed by a number from 0-9. For example MN0302 is 0.3 is early group 0 variety. 2

3 Maturity Relative maturity ratings for private varieties are provided by their owners. Later maturing varieties can be expected to have higher yields. Soybean yield and quality are assured at physiological maturity. This date is determined visually by noting the actual date when 95 % of pods show mature color. High Protein Soy Cultivars for Tofu and Soymilk NorPro AC Proteina AC Proteus Toyopro Proto AltaPro MinnPro Disease Herbicide tolerance Specialty markets Disease Herbicide tolerance Food Soybean Market Varieties must be a non-gmo Varieties must be developed using conventional breeding techniques Conventional varieties can be grown using conventional or organic production systems 3

4 Disease Herbicide tolerance Protein and Oil Environmental impacts on soybean Protein and oil Location specific environmental impacts (like soil type and other geographical traits) affect long term quality trends However, annual variation in weather patterns affects year over year variation in soybean quality Click here Disease Herbicide tolerance 4

5 Field History Grower s Perception Root diseases Yes 11% No 89% Iron Chlorosis score 4 Foliar diseases Yes 41% No 59% Herbicide injury Yes 0% No 100% Iron Chlorosis score 5 Source: Dr. Jay Goos Phytophthora Root Rot Most damaging disease of all the root rots Caused by Phytophthora sojae Symptoms Dark lesions progressing up the stem from the soil Wilted plants Table NDSU Roundup Ready Soybean Iron-deficiency Chlorosis Trial 3-site Mean 3-site Mean Company Variety IDC 1 Company Variety IDC 1 Legend LS 03R Thunder Astro 1.6 Northstar 0090R2 1.3 Dairyland 1340/R2Y 1.7 Dyna-Gro 34RY Legend LS 009R Legend LS 02R Syng NK NKS02-B IDC score was 1-5 scale with 1-green, 5- dead. Herbicide tolerance Table NDSU Soybean Iron-deficiency Chlorosis Yield Trial, Author, T. Helms. IDC 2014 Seed Yield Company/ Leonarburg Gales- Avera Brand Variety Mat. Score 1 Erie ge (date) (1-5) (bu/a) Channel 0508R2 9/ Channel 1108R2 10/ Dahlman 52009RR2Y 9/ Iron-deficiency chlorosis visual score based on one site: 1-green, 3-yellow, 5-dead tissue. 5

6 Table NDSU Soybean Iron-deficiency Chlorosis Yield Trial, Author, T. Helms. (date) (1-5) (bu/a) Channel 0508R2 9/ Channel 1108R2 10/ Dahlman 52009RR2Y 9/ BUSHEL PER ACRE NDSU Table 6/13. RR Soybean yield and IDC Iron-deficiency chlorosis visual score based on one site: 1-green, 3-yellow, 5-dead tissue. 1 IDC score was 1-5 scale with 1-green, 5-dead. IDC SCORE 1-5 Table NDSU Soybean Iron-deficiency Chlorosis Yield Trial, Author, T. Helms. IDC 2014 Seed Yield Company/ Leonarburg Gales- Avera Brand Variety Mat. Score 1 Erie ge IDC 2014 Seed Yield Company/ Leonarburg Gales- Avera Brand Variety Mat. Score 1 Erie ge (date) (1-5) (bu/a) Channel 0508R2 9/ Channel 1108R2 10/ Dahlman 52009RR2Y 9/ Iron-deficiency chlorosis visual score based on one site: 1-green, 3-yellow, 5-dead tissue. Main Factors in Variety Selection Herbicide tolerance Specific stress situations 2013 NDSU RR Soybean yield and IDC 2012 Keep egg levels low - Yield BUSHEL PER ACRE 1 IDC score was 1-5 scale with 1-green, 5-dead. IDC SCORE 1-5 Data: SCN variety test - Ted Helms 6

7 The flowers are selfpollinated Days for soybean development, Carrington, Year VE V1 R1 R5 R7 R8 VE-R8 4yr average 0.0 maturity Stage to stage From Planting yr average maturity Stage to stage R1 From Planting G. Endres Soybean Reproductive Development R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 Seed Filling Pod Development Flowering Indeterminate Growth Vegetative Growth Days after flowering Source: R. Severson Full Maturity 95% of the pods have reached their mature color Harvestable 7-10 days after R8 Plant populations can be assessed Planting Management 150,000 established plants per acre is enough to maximize yield, if they re all healthy and evenly distributed Variety, varietal maturity, row spacing, and planting date don t seem to affect seeding rate/plant population response much 7

8 Planting Rate: Established Stand, Carrington REC. Data Planting Rate Stand PLS/acre plants/acre 100,000 91,000 (91%)* 150, ,700 (82%) 200, ,600 (76%) Carrington REC commercial soybean seed inoculant yield compared with untreated check Row spacing x population study 7, 14 and 28 row spacing Source: Greg Endres, Carrington REC. Within years a significant difference is indicated with a *. Nodulation Problems Old source of inoculum- (2 yr. Old) Seed mixing and handling Seed treatments can hinder-depends on Fungicide Root rot problems!!! Wet, saturated soils High ph or high in salts Cold soils Dry soils The Carrington REC The 13-year average shows a significant 2.1 bushel per acre and a 0.9% protein advantage with inoculation compared with the untreated check. 8

9 The Carrington REC The inoculant average for each year includes numerous inoculation treatments The majority of trials were conducted on ground without prior soybean production. Importance of Nitrogen Nitrogen (N) is essential for plant growth Cellular respiration Chlorophyll synthesis N can help provide high yields Excessive N Delayed maturity High vegetative growth Lodging Risk of disease Soybean Trial Information Minot 2014 Soybean sown into virgin soybean ground Inoculant Types None Vault NP Liquid Inoculant (multi strain) Tag Team (Rhizobia bacteria and fungus Penicillium bilaii to make P more available to the plant Granular & Liquid N fixation Atmosphere 78% N 2 gas Most plants cannot use this source Leguminous plants are able to benefit from this resource with nodule forming rhizobacteria Soybean has been found to fix lbs/ac of N Heavy N in the soil depresses nodule development and activity Yield of Soybean Grown Using Different Inoculant 2014 Minot, ND Soybean Yield With and Without N, * 4% increase Bu per acre Source: Shana Pederson 9

10 Yield of x Treatment check 50 lbs Emergence 75 lbs Emergence 50 lbs Urea 25/25 lb Urea 50 R2-3 split Emergence Yield of 6088 x Treatment check 50 lbs 75 lbs 50 lbs 25/25 lb Urea 50 lbs Emergence Emergence R2-3 split Emergence check Yield of x Treatment 50 lbs Urea 75 lbs Urea 50 lbs Urea 25/25 lb Urea 50 R2-3 split Emergence Emergence Emergence Soybean yield in bu/a NW 22 raised bed study +16% Yield of 6088 x Treatment Bushel per acre check 50 lbs 75 lbs 50 lbs 25/25 lb Urea 50 lbs Emergence Emergence R2-3 split Emergence 2012 NDSU Fargo Saturated-soil, neutral ph, Roundup Ready Soybean Variety Fee Test Saturated Dry Wet Dryland soil average Company Entry Maturity Yield* Yield** Yield date Bu/A Bu/A Bu/A Seeds RR2Y 12 Sep REA Hybrids 65G22 13 Sep Legend Seed LS03R2 12 Sep REA Hybrids 66G22 13 Sep Proseed P Sep Average 14 Sep LSD(0.05) % yield loss due to excess water Tile Drainage Design Workshops Sioux Falls, SD February 17 & 18 SDSU SE Reg Ext Ctr St. Cloud, MN February 25 & 26 Holiday Inn Grand Forks, ND March 10 & 11 Alerus Center Sioux Falls Winnipeg 10